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LS 1 > Midterm 1 (Ch. 25-28) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Ch. 25-28) Flashcards

1
Q

Node (phylogenetic tree)

A

where ancestral lineage splits

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2
Q

Tip (phylogenetic tree)

A

recently evolved; can be species but doesn’t have to be

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3
Q

Properties of living organisms (5)

A
  • made of cells (cell theory)
  • use energy to stay alive and reproduce
  • process info to respond to ext. and int. environment
  • reproduce/replicate
  • products of evolution
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4
Q

Proximate question

A

mechanistic question (how does it work)

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5
Q

Ultimate question

A

evolutionary (why and how does it exist)

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6
Q

Parts of scientific method

A

observation, hypotheses, predictions, test predictions (experiment), conclusions

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7
Q

Null hypothesis (H_0); what is it and how is it used

A
  • thing being tested has no effect, or that there is no pattern other than chance (random) effects
  • try to prove predictions by disproving (rejecting) null hypothesis
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8
Q

Inferential statistics

A

compare data to null hypothesis of no pattern or chance pattern

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9
Q

Homologies (and types)

A

similar traits due to shared ancestry (can be genetic or development)

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10
Q

Structural homology

A

similar structures across related organisms despite different functions

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11
Q

Evolutionary lineage

A

one or a series of ancestor-descendant relationships, often in context of evolutionary tree

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12
Q

Speciose (adj)

A

species-rich

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13
Q

Speciosity (n)

A

measure of how many species are in a group

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14
Q

speciate (v)

A

ancestral lineage evolving into one or more different descendant lineages

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15
Q

Darwin’s four postulates

A
  • variation among individuals of a population or species
  • at least some heritable traits
  • struggle for existence: more offspring produced than can survive
  • certain kinds of individuals produce more surviving offspring

VHS Center

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

mechanism of evolution; populations change when individuals with certain heritable traits have more surviving offspring because those traits help the parents survive and reproduce

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17
Q

Adaptations

A

“fit” between organism and its environment (produced by natural selection)

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18
Q

Fitness

A

measure of ability to survive and create viable offspring

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19
Q

Mechanisms of evolution (name them)

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow

NGMG

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20
Q

Genotype frequency

A

frequency of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in population (e.g., MM, Mm, mm)

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21
Q

Allele frequency

A

frequency of each kind of allele (e.g., M, m)

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22
Q

p (HW)

A

frequency of dominant allele

p=freq(AA) + 1/2 freq(Aa)

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23
Q

q (HW)

A

frequency of recessive allele

q=freq(aa) + 1/2 freq(Aa)

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24
Q

HW frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

A

p^2

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25
Q

HW frequency of heterozygous genotype

A

2pq

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26
Q

HW frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

A

q^2

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27
Q

HW assumptions (5)

A
  • random mating
  • no genetic drift (population must be infinite)
  • no gene flow (no immigration/emigration)
  • no mutation
  • no natural selection
28
Q

Geneticist definition of ecolution

A

change in allele frequencies over time

29
Q

Violations of HW lead to____.

A

evolution

30
Q

Genetic drift

A

evolutionary mechanism; comes from sampling error (sample of gametes leading to a generation may not be representative of parent population allele frequencies); larger effect in smaller populations

31
Q

Kinds of nonrandom mating (2)

A

Inbreeding and sexual selection

32
Q

Inbreeding changes ____ and not _____; decrease in _____.

A

genotype frequencies; allele frequencies; heterozygotes

33
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

lower fitness due to higher than HWE frequency of expressed deleterious alleles

34
Q

Directional selection

A

one extreme has higher fitness

35
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

intermediate value has higher fitness

36
Q

Disruptive selection

A

intermediate value has lowest fitness

37
Q

Balancing selection

A

variation maintained through: heterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection

38
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

rare genotype/phenotype has highest fitness

39
Q

Which mode of selection increases genetic variation?

A

disruptive selection

40
Q

Gene flow

A

migration (immigration and emigration) introduces alleles from other populations, reducing differences between or among populations

41
Q

Mutation

A

source of all genetic variation; introduces new alleles into a population

42
Q

Morphological species concept (MSC)

A

species are groups of organisms that look similar to each other

43
Q

Polymorphic species

A

many kinds within a species

44
Q

Sexually dimorphic species

A

males and females look different

45
Q

Cryptic species

A

separate species that look nearly identical

46
Q

Biological species concept (BSC)

A

species are reproductively isolated

47
Q

Prezygotic isolation

A

individuals can’t mate

48
Q

Postzygotic isolation

A

hybrid offspring don’t survive or reproduce

49
Q

Phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

A

species are single evolutionary lineages; smallest monophyletic group on a phylogenetic tree

50
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared, derived character

51
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

physical, generally geographic isolation

52
Q

Founder effect

A

small population taken from larger population to start new population (genetic drift)

53
Q

Vicariance

A

physical splitting of population

54
Q

Reinforcement

A

selection favoring pre-zygotic isolation

55
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

species from common ancestor in same place

56
Q

Order of taxonomic ranks

A

domain, kingom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

57
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

shared trait but not derived; shared due to older common ancestor

58
Q

Homoplasy

A

convergent evolution; similar characteristics but not bc of shared ancestry

59
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

doesn’t include all descendants of a common ancestor

60
Q

Polphyletic group

A

doesn’t include most recent common ancestor

61
Q

Natural taxon

A

monophyletic group

62
Q

Eras in Phanerozoic Eon

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

63
Q

Start of Paleozoic era

A

Cambrian explosion

64
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

rapid diversification of organisms to fill ecological niches

65
Q

Criteria for mass extinction

A

at least 60% of species go extinct

66
Q

Permian extinction (at end of Permian); rate

A

at least 90% of all species lost

67
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population (genetic drift occurs)

LS 1 (4 decks)

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