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Final - Lecture Slides (new material only) Flashcards

1
Q

5 levels of ecology

A

Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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2
Q

Organismal ecology (def.)

A

Study of adaptations that influence where and in what densities organisms exist

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3
Q

Population (def.)

A

group of individuals that live in same area at the same time

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4
Q

Community (def.)

A

multiple populations that interact in a particular area

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5
Q

Ecosystem ecology (def.)

A

treats biotic and abiotic factors as part of a complex system

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6
Q

Global ecology (def.)

A

studies influences on biosphere (where living things exist on earth)

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7
Q

Abiotic factors (def. and 3 examples)

A

non-living factors that influence where organisms exist (e.g., temperature, moisture/rainfall, variability)

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8
Q

Biotic factors (def. and 3 examples)

A

Food/prey, predators/parasites, hosts/host plants, competitors

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9
Q

Innate behaviors

A

performed without prior experience but can still be influenced by experience and learning

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10
Q

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

A

behavioral patterns that an organism will continue until completed, once they’ve begun

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11
Q

What causes FAP’s to begin?

A

A sign stimulus

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12
Q

Learning (ecological definition)

A

An enduring change in behavior based on experience

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13
Q

Proximate cause

A

mechanistic; asks “how”

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14
Q

Ultimate cause

A

ask “why,” have to do with evolutionary influences

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15
Q

Tinbergen’s four questions

A
  1. Immediate stimuli: what elicits a behavior?
  2. Development: how does behavior change over animal’s lifetime?
  3. Survival function: how does a behavior affect survival and reproduction?
  4. Evolutionary history: how does a behavior vary over the history of the animal?
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16
Q

What kind of question and what perspective is each of Tinbergen’s four questions?

A
  1. Proximate and short-term
  2. Proximate and long-term
  3. Ultimate and short-term
  4. Ultimate and long-term
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17
Q

Optimality

A

Do animals behave the way they “should” behave?

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18
Q

What do “normative” models tell us?

A

what “should” happen, often generally

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19
Q

What do “descriptive” models tell us?

A

Try to explain what happens in a particular circumstance

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20
Q

How to find optimal circumstance for something

A

Maximize difference between benefits and costs

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21
Q

Definition of ecology

A

Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms

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22
Q

Functions of ornaments

A

Signals, often indicator traits

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23
Q

Anisogamy

A

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

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24
Q

Why do males compete for females?

A

Female gametes are a limited resource of sorts (females have big gametes; males have small gametes and a lot of them)

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25
Ordered or uniform distribution
(Variance/Mean)
26
Random distribution
(Variance/Mean) = 1
27
Clumped distribution
(Variance/Mean) >> 1 | -lots of variation in nearest neighbor distance
28
When do we expect an ordered distribution?
Individuals are directly competing or defending a territory, and resources are evenly distributed
29
When do we expect to see a clumped distribution?
Resources are clumped (environment is patchy), or with social animals
30
What does N mean for mark and recapture?
total population (what we're trying to find out)
31
What does m1 mean for mark and recapture?
number in the first sample; all marked
32
What does n2 mean for mark and recapture?
number in second sample, total
33
What does m2 mean for mark and recapture?
number in second sample that were captured before
34
Equation to find total population for mark and recapture
N = (m1*n2)/m2
35
Demography (def.)
study of factors that affect size and structure of a population
36
What causes population growth?
births and immigration
37
What causes population decline?
Deaths and emigration
38
Generation time (def.)
average time between mother's and daughter's first offspring
39
Type I survivorship curve
high survivorship until old age, then low survivorship
40
Type II survivorship curve
steady survivorship throughout lifetime
41
Type III survivorship curve
initial low survivorship, then high survivorship
42
Life history (def.)
traits related to survival, mating success, and fecundity
43
r selected species
low survivorship, high fecundity
44
k selected species
high survivorship, low fecundity
45
Life history trade-offs
an individual allocates resources or energy to different components of life history
46
Where do life history trade-offs come from?
Traits controlled by genes that increase one fitness component at the expense of another
47
Population growth formulas
∆N/∆t = (b-d)N = rN
48
Formula for total population growth, ignoring migration
B-D | or, total births - total deaths
49
Formula for per capita growth rate
(b-d) = r | or per capita births minus per capita deaths
50
What does it mean to have a per capita growth rate of a) 0 b) >0 c)
a) b and d are equal; population is stable, no growth or decline b) growth c) population decline
51
What is instantaneous growth rate?
Growth rate at any given time
52
What is maximum r (r_max)?
Intrinsic rate of growth, or as fast as a population can grow in unlimited conditions (unlimited resources)
53
Formula for population at generation t
N_t = N_0(1+r)^t
54
What is one factor that often affects instantaneous growth rate?
Density (density dependent population)
55
Carrying capacity (def.)
K; the number of individuals an environment can support
56
Equation for logistic growth
∆N/∆t = rN(K-N)/K
57
Metapopulation (def.)
two or more subpopulations
58
Population structure (def.)
Extent to which subpopulations cannot interact through migration
59
Sink (def.)
∆N
60
Source (def.)
∆N>0 (population growth)
61
Predation species interaction
+/-
62
Herbivory species interaction
+/-
63
Competition species interaction
-/-
64
Irruption (def.)
much higher than usual sightings of owls in southern areas
65
Niche (def.)
range of resources an organism uses; the relationship of individuals in a species to all aspects of their biotic and abiotic environment
66
Competitive exclusion (def.)
one species drives the other locally extinct
67
Fundamental niche (def.)
range of conditions where we find an organism in the absence of predators or competition
68
Realized niche (def.)
niche in the presence of predation and competition
69
Niche differentiation (def. and result)
When species niches do not overlap; natural selection favors individuals that do not compete
70
Aposematism (def.)
warning coloration
71
Mullerian mimicry
two or more toxic/venomous animals develop similar appearances and receive mutual benefit
72
Batesian mimicry
non toxic/venomous mimic looks like poisonous model and the mimic benefits; only works when mimics are relatively rare
73
Inducible defense (def.)
physiological or developmental (growth) response to predation and herbivory
74
Top-down control (def.)
predators limit herbivore populations
75
Bottom-up control (def.)
plants limit herbivore populations
76
What is a profound consequence of range shifts for species?
Hybridization
77
Dilution effect
loss of biodiversity means higher disease risk in humans
78
Rescue effect
diversity can "rescue" infection; higher diversity can lead to development of a better reservoir
79
Island biogeography: large islands have more ____ than small islands
species
80
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
total chemical energy produced in a given area/time
81
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
chemical potential energy stored as biomass
82
Trophic levels (bottom to top)
decomposer -> primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer
83
What direction do arrows go in a food web?
Consumed to consumer
84
Biomagnification (def.)
higher concentrations at higher trophic levels (could be concentration of something toxic)
85
Trophic cascade (def.)
when changes in high trophic levels influence trophic levels two or more links away
86
Hyper- or eutrophication (def. and cause)
too much food, caused by fertilizers at high concentrations
87
Primary succession (def.)
removal (or covering) of soil and soil community, and organisms above the soil
88
Secondary succession (def.)
does not remove all soil and soil organisms
89
Pioneering species (def.)
can grow in highly disturbed areas, devote much of their resources to reproduction
90
Facilitation (def.)
presence of (early) species improves chances for later species: stabilizes soil, fixes nitrogen
91
Tolerance (def.)
presence of given species does not affect chance of subsequent species establishing
92
Inhibition (def.)
presence of a given species reduces chances of later speces
93
Species richness (def.)
number of species
94
Species diversity (def.)
takes into account prevalence of different species

LS 1 (4 decks)

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