Midterm 2

Question 1

Geopolitics

Answer 1

Field of study concerned with the impacts of geography on international relations and the resulting territories of nation-states. It assumes there is an objective and determinate relationship between geographical territories and global political interests

Question 2

Urban Geopolitics

Answer 2

Field of study connecting the historically distinct fields of urban studies and international relations in order to understand how urbanization and geopolitics are co-constitutive

Question 3

Militarism

Answer 3

Refers to a militarized system and ideas that a society adopts to sustain peace and prepare for war

Question 4

Militarization

Answer 4

Process by which something becomes controlled by or derives its value from its use by the military. Militarization of American Police forces : Ferguson, Missouri

Question 5

Military Urbanism

Answer 5

How in response to fears of crimes and terrorism, cities increasingly use urban planning. design, and policing to produce defensible space and technological surveillance

Question 6

Carceral Society

Answer 6

Denotes the spread of social control from prison to society generally. Associated with surveillance, behavioral correction, social control, and the militarization of urban space. Disproportionately affects people of color, LGBT and immigrants

Question 7

Prison Industrial Complex

Answer 7

It’s a phrase that draws attention to the capitalization of the prison system and the resulting mass incarceration that comes when private compagnies profit from incarceration that comes when private compagnies profit from incarceration. Rise in number of for-profit private prisons since 1980s

Question 8

Refugees

Answer 8

People who have been forced to leave their country of citizenship

Question 9

Internally Displaced Persons

Answer 9

Have had to flee their home but remain within their country of citizenship. International actors are more likely to do something and assistance for refugees than for internally displaced persons

Question 10

Camps

Answer 10

• Many, but not all, displaced persons live in camps.
  
  • Camps are designed to be and feel temporary but are often home to people for decades living in a kind of in-between or gray space
  • Many camps are the size of cities but not considered to be properly ‘urban’ because they are supposed to be temporary

Question 11

Sanctuary Cities

Answer 11

Cities that limit their cooperation with the national government’s effort to enforce immigration law
- Done to reduce fear of deportation and the breaking up of families of undocumented immigrants and so that undocumented immigrants will be more willing to report crimes, use health and social services and enroll their children in school.

Question 12

Critique of Patriarchy

Answer 12

The systematic subordination of women at the level of the culture itself

Question 13

Social Reproduction

Answer 13

Refers to the ways that the workforce is sustained and replenished under capitalism.
- This can include childbirth and child raising and also regenerating the body through food, sleep, pleasure and daily care

Question 14

Caring Labor

Answer 14

Is the paid and unpaid work that involves the care of others, typically in close proximity to the worker.
- Waged examples : Teachers, nurses, day-care workers and therapists

Question 15

Spatial Entrapment Hypothesis

Answer 15

Explains that many women are spatially restricted in their job search area and type of employment due to their various domestic responsibilities, especially in suburban areas.

Question 16

Essentialism

Answer 16

Philosophy which distinguishes between two types of properties a particular thing may have, those which are essential aka essences and those that are merely accidental.

Question 17

Third Wave of Feminism

Answer 17

Emerged in the 1990s as a movement for the renewal of feminism’s original project of equality between the sexes but expended to include those women, namely of color and LBTQ women and non-binary identifying people who felt excluded from the second-wave of feminism.

Question 18

Intersectionality

Answer 18

Describes how seemingly disparate indentities not only overlap in individual and group experiences but in fact are mutually contitutive. In other words a persons overlapping identities effect one another.

Question 19

Masculinity

Answer 19

Defined both as a form of identity and as a form of ideology. Like feminity then it is a social, historical, and political construct.

Question 20

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 20

Actions and pratices that permitted and continued men’s domination over women
- Studies emerged in the 1980s

Question 21

LGBT

Answer 21

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer. Sometimes acronym is expended to include intersex, 2 spirits and asexual identities.

Question 22

Heteronormativity

Answer 22

Assumption that heterosexuality is the only ‘natural’ sexual orientation. Thus, implying that all other forms of sexuality are abnormal or unnatural, therefore wrong.

Question 23

Why the City for the LGBT community ?

Answer 23

Cities play attractive role for LGBT seeking community, compagny

- Sururban areas are mostly concervative therefore less gay-friendly than cities where people are more liberals
- Plays emancipatory role as a sactuary in attracting rural-suburban gays and lesbians during the "Great Gay Migration" of the 60s-80s

Question 24

Gay Villages

Answer 24

An urban concentration of LGBT residents or businesses catering to them or both
- Started appearing in NA in mid-late 20th century, due to community and safety in numbers as well as a base for political activism (more weight together)

Question 25

Gay Villages & Gentrification

Answer 25

Many gay villages found in disinvested inner city neighborhoods with historically significant architecture and often home to poorer people of color

- Once white gays & lesbians began buying property & investing in restoration this started causing rising prices and displacement of porrer residents
- Gays were the first wave of gentrification and then when heterosexuals saw it was cool again to live in the city they started their own wave of gentrification into inner cities

Question 26

Post-Gay

Answer 26

People that are gay or LGBT but rejects identity, often privileged and have not faced much discrimination, they do not “look” gay. They reject the fact of externalizing their “gay-ness” and act the same way as hetero people would but by being attracted to the same sex sexually.

Question 27

Performativity

Answer 27

Refers to gender as ‘the repeated stylization of the body, a set of repeated acts within a highly rigid regulatory frame that congeal over time to produce the appearence of substance, of natural sort of being.”

Question 28

Colonialism

Answer 28

Establishment and maintenance of rule by a sovereign power over a geographically separate, subordinate people for an extended period of time

Question 29

Imperialism

Answer 29

The unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship between states based on subordination and domination and typically associated with forms of capitalism such as monopolies and transnational corporations

Question 30

Postcolonialism

Answer 30

Era of mass decolonization but does not mean all colonialism is over
Also refers to ways of criticizing the legacies of colonialism that are still apparent in the world today and still shape geopolitical and economic relations between the global North and South

Question 31

Hybridity

Answer 31

The creation of new transcultural forms within zones of contacts produced by colonialism

Question 32

Subaltern

Answer 32

Codeword for any group of people, but especially workers and peasants subject to the Hegemony, or undue influence of another more powerful class of people

Question 33

Strategic Essentialism

Answer 33

Overcoming difference in temporary solidarity for the purpose of social action

Question 34

Cityness

Answer 34

The quality or state of being citified
- Identifiable in the hundreds of smaller interactions between urban residents rather than in the grand schemes of the state to make certain cities globally prominent or economically viable

Question 35

Slumdog Cities

Answer 35

Very poor or underprivileged cities

- Sites of exclusion from basic services such as land tenure rights, water and sanitation. People residing in these informal settlements are denied their citizenship rights from the state. Denial of land rights to the poor. 
- Production of many households and small-scale industries flourish in them.

Question 36

Transnationality

Answer 36

Condition of sustained interconnectedness experienced by immigrants whose everyday geographies span social fields located in two or more nation-states

Question 37

Transnationalism

Answer 37

Process by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement

Question 38

Diaspora

Answer 38

Refers to ethnic groups whose sizable parts have lived outside their country of origin for at least several generations, while maintaining some ties to the homeland

Question 39

Assimilation

Answer 39

An ideology for the incorporation of immigrants. It involves the gradual cultural, social and economic adaptation and adjustement of immigrants over time so that they become more similar to and indistinguishable from maintream society

Question 40

Multiculturalism

Answer 40

An Ideology that recognizes and ascribes value to the cultural and social distinctiveness of immigrants or ethnocultural groups. The concept has its roots in the colonial notion of plural societies

Question 41

Transnational Urbanism

Answer 41

An attempt to think through the ways in which cities are ever more defined by all sorts of connection to faraway places especially through people leading lives that are lived in “two places at once”
- Suggest that urban theory needs from the very start to recognize that cities are constituted through often extraordinarily complex time-space entanglements

Question 42

Transnational Theory

Answer 42

Offered a productive way for both for addressing the ways in which the world was becoming increasingly globally interconnected, while still acknowledging that the nation-state remains an important part of this globalizing world.

Question 43

Transnational Migration

Answer 43

Technological advancements have made kinds of connection possible in the contemporary ‘transnational moment’ are profoundly different from those available to previous generations of migrants.

Question 44

Transnational Cities

Answer 44

The emergence of complex networks of transmigration matters for how cities should be understood for at least three reasons :
1- Cities are where the great majority of contemporary migrants live
2- The presence of transmigrants profoundly shapes the dynamics of much contemporary urban life. They influence labor markets, politics, the nature of the city’s international connections, and its cultural and public life
Cities are the central sites for concentrating the social, physical, and human capital used to forge the other types of transnational socio-economic and political projects across borders’

Question 45

Transnational Social Fields

Answer 45

It has created new and improvised kinds of social relationships and family structures existing across national boundaries

Question 46

Transnational Economies

Answer 46

Transnationalism facilitates global economic connections and increased globalization

Question 47

Transnational Political Formations

Answer 47

Facilitates political affiliations and activism across borders. examples include refugees, asylum seekers.

Question 48

Ethnic Enclave

Answer 48

Model of ethnic settlement where dense clustering of residential settlement of a single ethnic group occurs, accompanied by economic and social activity
- Many located in inner cities

Question 49

Ethnoburb

Answer 49

Form of suburban multiethnic settlement formed bu national and local contextual factors and global restructuring, with characteristics of both a traditional ethnic enclave and a global economic outpost and socially stratified by inter- and intraethnic differentiation

- Influence and are influenced by global economics, politics, and culture
- They are typically more diverse than the traditional ethnic enclave where the newer immigrants of various origins & statuses settled directly to the suburbs instead of the inner city