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GEOG216 Mathi > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate of population increase formula

A

r=(birth rate-death rate) + (immigration-emigration)

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2
Q

What is globally the most important change in terms of rate

A

infant mortality rate

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3
Q

what is infant mortality rate

A

of death before the age of 1 or less per 1000

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4
Q

What is total fertility rate

A

number of children expected per mother

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5
Q

What is life expectancy and what happens with it from country to country, what is the current average

A

number of years someone is expected to live, it varies wildly from country to country, the current average is 70

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6
Q

What is RNI and where is it higher

A

Rate of Natural Increase (that is the birth rate-death rate), it is higher for “developing” countries

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7
Q

What is doubling time ? how is it calculated

A

the time for the population to double, the formulas is 70/growth rate

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8
Q

What are reasons for population increase

A

larger supply of food (for RNI) , transportation (for migrants)

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9
Q

What lays the foundation for population growth

A

economic growth

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10
Q

What usually causes death rate to decrease

A

health improvement

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11
Q

Why does the population increases (fundamentally)

A

because the death rate decreases

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12
Q

What is the FIRST stage of demographic transition, describe it

A

PRE-INDUSTRIAL :

  • high birth rate
  • high death rate
  • long doubling time
  • no society today (or at least that we know of)
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13
Q

What is the SECOND of demographic transition, describe it, what is its doubling time, give example

A

TRANSITIONAL:

  • high birth rate (because no confidence children will survive)
  • declining death rate
  • doubling 20-30 years
  • Kenya 2018
  • Europe 1950s
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14
Q

What is the THIRD of demographic transition, describe it, what is its doubling time, give example

A

INDUSTRIAL:

  • Declining birth rate
  • Declining death rate
  • Doubling time = 40-70 years
  • Turkey 2018
  • Brazil 2018
  • Shri-Lanka
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15
Q

What is the FOURTH of demographic transition, describe it, what is its doubling time, give example

A

POST-INDUSTRIAL

  • death rate below birth rate
  • deficit
  • will not double without immigration (infinite DT time)
  • Germany 2018
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16
Q

What can we notice in the pyramid in the American population composition in terms of the civil war impact

A

There is a chunk of young males missing

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17
Q

Populations have ________, describe it

A

Momentum - tendency for growing populations to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

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18
Q

How does a country manage population growth ?

A

-Fertility rate is the main point, blocking migration doesn’t influence that much

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19
Q

Define Prenatal, its motivation and methods

A

-Desire to increase fertility rate
Why?
- children = assets for work on farm (for eg)
-security
-power
-social norms
-Methods ? … government policy (for political, cultural reasons) eg: Quebec prenatal policy, day-care, free mini-van

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20
Q

Define Antinatal , What is its Moto, What are the two different approaches

A

-Desire to decrease fertility rate
Moto:
- Later (delay), Longer (space), Fewer (less)
Methods:
- Coercive ( state says “no more than 1”, normative)
VS
-Voluntary (example: education)

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21
Q

Development process is endogenous to _______

A

birth rate

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22
Q

Which Antinatal method is the most effective

A

Voluntary

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23
Q

Rate of increase is decreased to reach ________

A

world population stationary

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24
Q

% of population in Asia and Africa

A

78 or 71 ???

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25
Q

Where will most of the new world population be located

A

developing countries

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26
Q

____/100 children added are in _______

A

90, developing countries

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27
Q

People move ____ freely than _____, why ?

A

move less , than capital

because policies, politics …

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28
Q

Immigration is growing by _____, why ?

A

50%

-more refugees, economical migrants (wanting a better life)

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29
Q

What are the two types of migration + describe them

A

Voluntary (war, moved without choice) and Involuntary (seeking new opportunities, higher income etc)

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30
Q

What are the two type of migration factors (+description), who coined them

A
  • PUSH (political crisis, environmental, etc) and PULL ( better jobs, opportunities, condition)
  • Ravenstein
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31
Q

In terms of economic opportunity, _____ differ _____

A

wages, widely

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32
Q

If the labor supply in Mexico decreases, the wages will ______

A

increase

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33
Q

If the labor supply in the USA increases, the wages will ______

A

decrease

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34
Q

In theory, wages should ______ between countries

A

converge

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35
Q

In practice, wages_______ but ______ and due to _______ in _______. This reality also comprises ____________

A

converge but not as much as in theory and due to progress in sending country.

Immigration Policies

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36
Q

What are the 4 migration pathways

A
  • South to South (low income to low income)
  • South to North (low income to high income)
  • North to South ( high income to low income)
  • North to North (high income to high income)
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37
Q

Who is migrating in South to North migration ? Why ?

A

-Youngs males, labor opportunities

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38
Q

Who is migration is South to South ? Why ?

A

-Very old, very young (?)

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39
Q

The flow of refugee is very _____ and happens mostly in the ________ pathway

A

small (5% of total migration), south to south

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40
Q

Drivers of North to South

A
  • Economic opportunities
  • Global companies
  • Return Migration
  • Student Migration
  • Retirement Migration
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41
Q

Consequences of migration

A
  • Employment in key sectors (some countries need migration + the productivity of an individual increase in a fluid economy )
  • Taxes and Revenue (net gain of migrants by contribution to economy )
  • Brain drain (best and brightest leave)
  • Brain gain (by capital returns to family and inspiration)
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42
Q

Well-Being in South to North migration ________ but _______

A

-improves but loss in social status and emotional security

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43
Q

Well-Being in South to South migration _____

A

-does not improve, its a matter of survival

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44
Q

Well-Being in North to North migration _____

A

-improve

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45
Q

Money from migrant to home country = _______ and is ______

A

Remittance, is very important in size and effect, swamps foreign aid in family condition

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46
Q

What is Internal Migration ?

A

Flow within countries, example = rural to urban

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47
Q

What are drivers of internal migration ?

A
  • PULL : high wages, better life

- PUSH : violence in country side

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48
Q

Which country has experience the greater human migration ? Which direction

A

China- interior to coast

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49
Q

Urbanization leads to …

A
  • Dynamization, Creates cities
  • Increase in income, wages and cost of living
  • Return inland where prices are lower
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50
Q

______ also has a lot of internal migrants

A

India

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51
Q

________ is getting greater and more impactful than ________ (in terms of migration)

A

internal migration than international

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52
Q

Define “natural ressource”

A

useful resource coming from the environment (it is a economic, social and cultural construct)

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53
Q

What is the resource scarcity/substitution cycle

A

when resource is scarce (high price), R&D will try to find substitutes

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54
Q

what are the two types of resources

A

non-renewable- renewable

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55
Q

Define non-renewable ressources

A

Fixed stock, Measured by reserve, Private property , can be renewed by in more than a life time

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56
Q

Define the 3 types of reserves

A
  1. Estimated reserve (whole estimate)
  2. Proven reserve (profitable to extract at given price)
  3. Potential (would be available if price higher)
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57
Q

Define renewable ressources

A

Grow or Flow, cycle, state or common property, measure with replacement rate, aimed to extract below that rate

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58
Q

Issues with renewable resources

A
  1. ecosystems are not well-behaved
  2. not aware of long-term consequences of extraction
  3. Different/varying growth rate (ex: between different trees)
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59
Q

Define the “population bomb” view

A

growth will strip all resources from earth

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60
Q

Year of the oil crisis

A

1973

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61
Q

What is the club of Rome

A

scientist, industrials getting together to discuss the state of the world, first global conversation.
Ran simulations in terms of running out of resources
Origin of debate from concerns of resources
Coincides with oil crisis

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62
Q

Explain Malthusian view

A

From Thomas Malthus
“Population will increase exponentially while food supply will increase only arithmetically”
“Power of population is greater than the earth’s”
Very influential
Neo-Malthusian focuses on carrying capacity

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63
Q

Explain the Marxian view

A

Malthus is wrong- enough resources to go around- distribution is the issue
Technology transcends limits through innovation
We can change the carrying capacity (ex:trade)
solution = revolution

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64
Q

Explain the Ultimate Resource View”

A

Human ingenuity is the ultimate natural resource
Emphasis on technology and institutions (markets) to overcome problems
Population is the solution
solution = promoting markets

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65
Q

What are the 3 main cereals

A

RICE, WHEAT, MAIZE

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66
Q

we eat only ________% of what we could eat

A

0.005%

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67
Q

Depict importance of agriculture (5 factors)

A
  1. international trade
  2. income (very important in dev. countries)
  3. employment (direct = farming , indirect = irrigation)
  4. Livelihood
  5. Environment (water, green house gas, land use)
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68
Q

Trillions of dollars of international trade are invested in

A

agriculture

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69
Q

Agriculture employs _____ of the world population

A

1/3

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70
Q

______ of population depend of agriculture for their lively hoos

A

1/3

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71
Q

What are the 3 types of agriculture

A
  1. Substance (very rare nowadays)
  2. Cash Cropping (foot in both substance and selling), from peasant to specialized producers, able to bounce back)
  3. Industrial/commercial (large scale, intensive, very detrimental, capitalism)
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72
Q

What is the goal of agricultural innovations

A

Get as much out of land as possible, yields vary greatly

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73
Q

Geography of agriculture is guided by __________

A

the availability of relative factor endowment ( LLK)

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74
Q

What are the 2 strategies of agricultural innovation

A

Agricultural Intensification

Biological Innovation

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75
Q

What is agricultural intensification

A

increase in outputs by increase in input
Boserupian intensification = as population grows, farmers intensify cultivation
Turning Malthus around - POP creates FOOD

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76
Q

Green revolution

A 
1930-1970
Mechanization
Synthetic fertilizer
Genetically modified
dwarf varieties
food manufacturing
processing, canning, packaging)
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77
Q

The price of food is _______

A

declining because of increased productivity

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78
Q

Fossil fuels are the ______ of the economy

A

lifeblood

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79
Q

Energy and economic growth are _______

A

tightly linked

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80
Q

Recession matches ________

A

oil prices

81
Q

Volatility is _______ for growth

A

not good

82
Q

countries with extreme climate tend to

A

have high energy consumption (Iceland, Quatar, Kuwait)

83
Q

In the global energy system, there are huge ________

A

conversion losses

84
Q

What energy source led the way until WW2

A

coals

85
Q

Why is oil so popular

A

high density fuel, easy to store, “safe” to transport, important in aviation and cosmetics

86
Q

What are the challenge of natural gases

A

Transport

87
Q

What happens to proven reserve of oil when price drops

A

they decrease

88
Q

Largest consumer of coals is

A

China, domestic use because costly to transport , coals I the dirtiest most damaging source

89
Q

No 1 producer of oil is_______ even if ______

A

USA - not abundant

90
Q

Top 5 flow of oil (?)

A
  1. Russia- Western-Europe
  2. Saudi Arabia - South-East Asia
  3. Saudi Arabia - Japan
  4. Saudi Arabia- China
  5. Canada- USA
91
Q

Explain OPEC

A

-Cartel created in 1960 to stabilize oil market
-12 countries today
-33 million barrel/day agreement
-Supplies 40% of the world’s oil
(US-Norway-Russia= not in opec)

92
Q

Why does Saudi Arabia makes so much profit

A

Because it has the lowest production costs in the world (4-6$ a barrel, where selling price is 70$= 65$ dollar profit per barrel)

93
Q

Why do countries try to reduce their reliance on oil

A

Because oil is a strategic weapon, it moves by ship and have to pass choke points (ex: Hormuz holds US daily quantity)

94
Q

The enormous shift in demand for energy is linked to ________

A

Economic development

95
Q

What are “non-conventual” oil and gas

A

Tight sand gas for example (harder to extract)

96
Q

What practice led the US to be a leader in oil ?

A

Fracking

97
Q

Because of the oil reliance concern, there is a lot of interest in ________

A

non-fossil fuel (hydro, biofuels, renewable, nuclear)

98
Q

Which innovation could change our world ?

A

Fusion

99
Q

Explain the great divergence in the industrial revolution

A

It allows for CERTAIN countries to gather wealth

100
Q

What is the general time frame for Industrial revolution

A

1760 to WW1

101
Q

Name the 5 things characterizing the industrial revolution

A
  1. Shift to large scale production (artisanal to factories)
  2. Technological innovations revolutionize production
  3. Development of new products
  4. Penetration of new markets
  5. Developpment of new institutional and organizational change (trade unions for eg)
102
Q

Describe the First Wave of Industrial Revolution

A
  • Occurred in Britain- Uk as the top lead manufacturing region
  • 1760-1850
  • 3 phases
103
Q

What are the 3 phases of the first Wave of industrial revolution

A

I = early development 1760-1790
II = agglomeration processes 1790-1820
III=expansion of railway system 1820-1850

104
Q

Describe the Second Wave of Industrial Revolution

A
  • 1850-1870
  • Industrialization spread to Continental Europe (Belgium, France,Germany)
  • Technological transfer from Britain
  • Coal is key
105
Q

Describe the Third Wave of Industrial Revolution

A
  • 1870-1914
  • Industrialization spread to intermediate Europe (Italy, Spain, Scandinavia, East Europe, Russia) and North America
  • Technological transitions and innovation
  • Expansion bolstered by tech refinements that continues time space compression
106
Q

The three waves of industrialization represent a ___________

A

the frontier expanding outward

107
Q

What are the 5 factors allowing Britain to be the first leader

A
  1. Favourable Political Climate (end of monarchy, no foreign invasion, spared warfare, government policy allowing private profit and economic development 1707:political union with Scotland and England= formation of a single economic entity)
  2. Colonies allowing to accumulate wealth
  3. Favourable geography ( canals for example )
  4. Tradition of industrial employment (wage earning class)
  5. Conditions ripe to technological innovation
108
Q

Define “Division of Labor”

A

Fragmentation of tasks in the production process into specialized functions

109
Q

growing _________ on ________ leads to DOL

A

reliance of large scale manufacturing

110
Q

What are the consequences of DOL

A
  • Increase in productivity
  • search for economies of scale (cost of production decreases as productivity increases)
  • deskilling of workers
  • lower wages
  • control and discipline
111
Q

What are some innovations that facilitated DOL

A
  • Newcomen Steam Engine (1712)
  • John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733)
  • Hargeaves’ spinning Jenny (1764)
  • Cartwrights power loom (1780)
112
Q

What are some of the first industrial hubs during the first phase of the first wave

A
  • Cornwall
  • Shropshire
  • Lancashire
  • Yorkshire
  • Tyneside
  • Clydeside
113
Q

The second phase (II) of the first wave is defined by the __________ and __________

A
  • the consolidation of agglomeration processes in North and West of Britain (industrial complex thickens , growing pool of (capital, labor, commodity), development of supporting industries and banking systems)
  • follow through innovations (cotton, iron making)
114
Q

The third phase (III) of the first wave is defined by the __________

A

expansion of the railway system ( labor more accessible, labor market widened)

115
Q

When is the apex of industrial revolution in Britain ? why?

A

1851- competitive advantage at its best

116
Q

What is holding back the second wave of industrialization on the continent

A

wars (Napoleon Wars) and political fragmentation (ex Prussia)

117
Q

Which regions were better suited than others for the technological transfers of the second wave

A
  1. SAMBRE-ET-MUSES (Belgium) - banking sector favouring coal field
  2. NORD-PAS-DE-CALAIS (France)
  3. RUHR-RHINE (Germany) - steel developed quickly
118
Q

Regions Across Britain/Europe during the industrial revolution have 1.______ 2.________ 3._______

which implies ________

A
  1. distinct tech. traditions
  2. different forms of industrial organization
  3. significant institutional different

different patterns of divergence and convergence across regions

119
Q

What are Kondratiev waves

A

40-60 years cycles of rise, flat, fall

120
Q

What is regulation theory, when/where was it developed

A

Framework to describe and explain historical changes in macro-structures of capitalist economies. Developed in France in late 70s

121
Q

What are the two lenses of RT

A

Regime Of Accumulation and Mode Of Social Regulation

122
Q

Define ROA

A

a macroeconomic regularity, a common and temporarily coherent way of producing, distribution and enhancing commodities
(how firms organize, how workers organize)
example : Fordism and Post-Fordism

123
Q

Transition from a ROA to another involves ________ , for example ________ were very important

A

ruptures - techn changes

124
Q

Name the 6 characteristic of a ROA

A
  1. Certain set of production techniques (ex: assembly line in Fordism)
  2. Key industrial sectors
  3. How labor relations are organized (unions ? negotiations ?)
  4. Predominant form of competition (1000 small firms or Oligopoly ?)
  5. Distributional mechanism of profits (inequality ? where do profits go?)
  6. Specific Spatial from of expression (ex: agglomerations)
125
Q

Define Mode of Social regulation

A

-Sociocultural and political counter of ROA ; it englobes law, labor, norms, traditions and habits. Set of norms, institutions and conventions that support the ROA

126
Q

What are the 2 functions of MOSR

A
  1. Reflect the reproduction of relations

2. Regularizing the overall processes of economic reproduction, that is to provide stability

127
Q

ROAs and MOSRs allow us to _________

A

investigate “varieties of capitalism”

128
Q

Dates of Fordism

A

1920-1970

129
Q

Who was the creator of Fordism and where was the first assembly line

A

Henry Ford- 1913, Highland Park

130
Q

Fordism incorporates insights of _______

A

Taylorism

131
Q

Define Taylorism (3 points)

A
  • Seperation of management from production jobs
  • Fragment of production, into controlled, deskilled, standardized tasks.
  • Facilitates mass production and realization of economies of scale
132
Q

Taylorism aims to reach the __________

A

Minimum Efficient Scale

133
Q

Define Fordism (3 points)

A
  • Mass production <=> Mass consumption
  • Requires significant market base and some degree of cultural uniformity in terms of consumption (standardized goods)
  • 5$ dollar a day program (getting consumers to buy by doubling their wages)
134
Q

When was the golden era of fordism

A

1945-1968

135
Q

The 6 factors that led the golden age of Fordism

A
  1. Rise of Keynesian economic planning (government regulation of economy)
  2. Suburbanization => mass consumption possibility
  3. Mature of mass production techniques
  4. Key industries= cars, heavy equip, steel, petrochemicals, electrical appliances
  5. New R&D in key sectors (aviation ..)
  6. Competition = oligopolistic (and domestic- pre globalization)
136
Q

What is the MOSR of fordism , describe it

A

Keynesian Welfare

  • capital and labor work together to float Fordist mass production through state intervention
  • State regulate business, labor, finance and produces for physical infrastructure, education, health care.. etc
  • Form of mass economic democracy, a social contract
137
Q

Who usually benefits from Keynesian Welfare

A

White male workers

138
Q

What is the geography of Fordism on a regional scale (US)

A

Manufacturing belt (Detroit, Boston, New-Jersey.. )

139
Q

What is the geography of Fordism on a global scale

A

Fordism requires massive expansion of global trade and international invention- following world WW2 and rebuilding of Europe

140
Q

What is the Marshall Plan, what does it signifies for US markets

A
  • Investing in reconstruction, providing global infrastructure
  • It provides a new market for US commodities + new resources search
141
Q

In the age of Fordism, what does expansion of trade allows (2 factors)

A
  1. Us commodities to be absorbed overseas (new market for surplus)
  2. new globalized sources of cheap raw materials (eg oil ) for Fordist production
142
Q

What defines Fordism’s international rules, in what year was it established

A
  • Bretton Woods system

- in 1944

143
Q

Describe the Bretton Woods system (4 factors)

A
  • US$= world’s reserver currency (backed by gold)
  • Fixed exchange rates between currency (peg national currency to US$)
  • Regulated flows of capital across borders
  • Creates stable financial sphere upon which world trade could proceed ( state based mosaic of financial spaces )
144
Q

Explain the relation between Keynesian Welfare and Bretton Woods

A

Same kind of regulation philosophy

145
Q

Fordism leads to a world _____ increase until _____

A

GDP - 1972-73

146
Q

What phenomenon led to the undoing of fordism

A

Stagflation : combination of increasing inflation and stagnating output

147
Q

The late 60s and early 70s are characterized by (4 factors)

A
  • Rigid mass production systems precluding flexibility of design and presuppose stable consumer market
  • Strikes and labor disruptions(due to unionized expectations) leading to increase in production cost
  • Pressure on KWS entitlement programs, that is an increase in their cost
  • Monetary inflation (because printing more money)
148
Q

What are the international roots of crisis in the undoing of fordism

A
  • Abrogation of Bretton Woods in 1971, Nixon pulls the plug because to many US$ are circulating (Cold War, Vietnam, multinationals etc) and there is not enough gold to support it all
  • The 1973 oil crisis -> forces tech and organizational change
149
Q

Post-Fordism signifies _______ (7)

A
  • decreasing of large scale mfg activity in cars countries; firms relocate
  • From economies of scale to economies of scope
  • Surge in services/FIRE
  • increased use of telecom tech to articulate production requirements across globe
  • increased role of scientific high-tech knowledge
  • Flexibilzation of work (growing part-time job, individualized contracts with employers, sweatshops)
  • Highly competitive conditions (global competition)
150
Q

What is FIRE

A

Finance
Insurance
Real Estate

white collar jobs

151
Q

Define economy of scale and scope

A 
Scale = increased level of production leads to decreased production cost - achieved when increased level of output (quantitative measure) 
Scope = Based of level of productive variety (qualitative) , increased cost  advantages when producing two or more activities together
152
Q

Define internal vs external economy of scale

A
  • Internal= function of production within firm

- External = Function of individual producers sharing costs (technopark example)- outside a firm but within an industry

153
Q

Define internal vs external economy of scope

A
  • Internal= function of different tasks undertaken under one roof
  • External= function of different producers in a given industrial complex
154
Q

What are the key industries of post fordism

A

Telecoms, semi-conductors, biotech, medical devices, cultural industries (Hollywood)

155
Q

(fordism to post-fordism) From ______ to ______ inventory and production methods, a shift from _________ to ___________

A

Just-in-case (JIC) to Just-in-Time (JIT)

Vertically integrated to Vertically disintegrated

156
Q

What does JIT implies in post-fordism

A

It changes the production process: requires increased coordination, time precision and considerable flexibility for subcontractors and workers

Parts only used when needed

Need for fluidity -> team work efficiently replaces assembly line speed

157
Q

Explain decentralization and centralization in post-fordism

A
  1. decentralization = activity relocation
    in tension with
  2. Centralization = clustering, close to part delivery- increasingly important because coordination between subcontractors and suppliers and untraded interdependencies
158
Q

Depict post-fordism as a MOSR

A

Move away from KWS to workforce state, from state regulation to de-regulation, from collective bargaining to greater individualization.

Shift in societal values : from mass standardized consumption to yuppie or individualized cultures (want to be different, flux in demand)

159
Q

What negative consequences of post fordism (3)

A
  • increased labor market uncertainty (change in jobs)
  • increased social polarization and inequality (no middle class)
  • increased competition between individuals and regions (race to the bottom, trying to attract firms with tax, subsidies etc)
160
Q

Not _________ of Fordism for Post-Fordism, rather, _______ of both

A

wholesale destruction

proliferation

161
Q

Now, fordism is found in _____ and post-fordism in _____

A

peripheries - core

162
Q

What does Regulation Theory offers now

A

a synoptic view of very complicated macrosystem

163
Q

Name some examples of New Industrial Spaces

A
  • Lyon
  • Bangalore
  • 3rd Italy
164
Q

What the 3 component of the new industrial spaces

A
  1. Geography and Division of labor
  2. Transactions
  3. Growth Dynamics
165
Q

The shift in world space economy created by _________- explain it + explain which shift it leads to

A
  • window of locational opportunity = pressure on collective agreements (decreased demand in a world of unions and stickiness) leads firms to seek locations where collective agreements are not present
  • Leads to shift from frost-belt to sun belt
166
Q

The window of locational opportunity eventually closes but ______ (silicon valley example)

A

Sillicon valley’s growth did decline but remains a hot bed regardless of high rents. Firms are willing to pay to tap into the knowledge

167
Q

What are the 2 geographical forces of new industrial spaces

A
  1. (Decentralization) Dispersion to suitable places (time space compression)
  2. (Centralization) agglomeration
168
Q

What is the division of labor

A

Separation of tasks within the labor or production process and the allocation of these tasks to different workers

169
Q

What are the two types of DOL- explain them

A

Technical = intra-firm, vertical integration, production precess broke down in different tasks, hierarchy of transactions

Social= Inter-firm, vertical dis-integration, different tasks to different independant firms , price mechanism determine transactions

170
Q

What are upstream flow and downstream flows in the input-output system

A
  1. USF = closer to raw material

2. DSF= closer to consumer

171
Q

Define roundaboutness

A
  • measure of complexity in production (the higher the more complex).
  • number of interconnected steps between the education of raw materials on which the economy is based and the production of final outputs
172
Q

Name the 5 locational needs in the window of locational opportunity

A
  1. Pro-Business environment
  2. Tax incentives
  3. Lack of labor/union organizations
  4. Strong university linkages (r&d)
  5. Cheal land/rents
173
Q

Forward linkage =

Backward linkage =

A

downstream flows

upstream flows

174
Q

Average cost =

A

total cost/x

175
Q

The goal of producers in terms of average cost is to reach

A

the minimum efficient scale (lowest point on AC curve)

176
Q

When should a firm integrate ?

A

if f(x) + g(y) > h(x,y) (considering transaction costs)

177
Q

Fordism focuses on economies of _____

Post-forfism focuses on economies of ______

A
  • scale

- scope

178
Q

Why integrate ( 3 factors)

A
  1. Managerial efficiency (oversee and coordinate production)
  2. Infrastructure savings and moral hazards ( oil infrastructure and intel protection of information)
  3. Technological interdependencies (feedback processes)
179
Q

Why firms disintegrate (3 factors)

A
  1. Negative overspills
  2. Possible labour relation problems
  3. Uncertainty of markets (greater flexibility)
180
Q

Positive relationship between vertical disintegration and _______

A

the proliferation of externalized transactional activity

more roundaboutness= more transactions

181
Q

collaboration between competing firms in a cluster only possible if

A

dense agglomeration

182
Q

Capital wants to ________ through input-output systems SO need to reduce ________- by __________

A

quickly circulate
transaction costs
clustering

183
Q

What are codified and tacit knowledge

A 
codified = easily transmitted 
tacit = less tangible, have to be there
184
Q

Industrial complexes are

A

large assemblage of specialized and flexible producers interconnected via an intricate web of external transactions

185
Q

what are the 3 forces of agglomeration

A
  1. Increase the efficiency of linkages between firms
  2. Pools of labor
  3. Existence of industrial atmosphere ( untraded interdependencies )
186
Q

define untraded interdependencies

A

knowledge flows, can’t be valued in dollars

187
Q

marshalls forces of agglomeration are … (5 points)

A
  1. Bolstered by industrial infrastructure (physical= airport, non-physical= trade union)
  2. Involve cumulative processes, feedback loop (more firms attract more firms )
  3. Lead to lock on certain developmental trajectories (path dependences)
  4. they reinforce competitiveness of industrial complexes
  5. they are not isolated, rather a mosaic of interconnected regional agglomeration
188
Q

Positive relation between distance and _______ but possibility of _______

A

cost

bulk saving

189
Q

Transaction characterized by

A
  1. physical content(weight, shape..)
  2. temporal and spatial variability (often ?)
  3. necessity for face to face contact
190
Q

What the 4 Bosruptian ideas of agricultural intensification

A
  • Shifting cultivation
  • Bush Fallow
  • Short-term fallow
  • Permanent cultivation and multi-cropping
191
Q

Concept 1 Inequality

A

refers to unweighted international inequality. It is tracked by GDI per capita. The unit of observation is the country, and it does not account for each country’s population (this is why it is said to be unweighted). The data comes from national accounts, and the currency measures are given in PPP to control for currency differences. Concept 1 inequality ignores within-country inequality.

192
Q

Concept 2 Inequality

A

refers to weighted international inequality. The unit of observation is the country, but it takes into account the country’s population (it is weighted). The data comes from national accounts, and the currency measures are given in PPP. It ignores within-country inequality.

193
Q

Concept 3 Inequality

A

refers to global inequality. The unit of observation is an individual’s self-reported income level. The data comes from a household survey. The currency is given in PPP. Concept 3 inequality controls for within-country inequality.

194
Q

The two most common measures of inequality are ….

A
  1. the Gini coefficient

2. the Theil index

195
Q

Gini coefficient is….

A

a value between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates that all individuals have the same income, and 1 indicates that one individual has all of the income. It is sensitive to the middle of the distribution, and is measured on the Lorenz curve.

196
Q

Underlying

A

indirect causes.

e.g. inequalities

197
Q

Proximate causes

A

TO ADD

198
Q

Underlying

A

indirect causes.
e.g. inequalities
TO ADD

GEOG216 Mathi (3 decks)

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