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GEOG216 Mathi > GEOG216. Final > Flashcards

GEOG216. Final Flashcards

1
Q

Non-renewable Resource (3 points)

A
  • Can’t be replaced - Fixed stock limited - Availability measure in reserve
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2
Q

Renewable Resource (4points)

A
  • Natural replenishment - Grow and Flow - Public property - Constantly available (without human)
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3
Q

Example of Non-Renewable resources

A

Oil, Natural Gas, coal, petrolium

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4
Q

Example of Renewable resources

A

Air, Water, Sun, Wind, Geothermal

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5
Q

Recyclable resources (3points)

A
  • Process of converting wastes material into new material - Recover once original purpose is fulfilled - Non-renewable resources
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6
Q

The scarcity Circle (6 cycles)

A
  1. New Resource created 2. Demand rises and prices fall 3. Easily accessible, reserves exhausted 4. Scarcity 5. Prices rise ; stimulation of R&D 6. Innovations, lead to Substitution, Reuse, Recycling puis retour à 1.
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7
Q

Neo-Malthusian view : Name and date

A

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834)

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8
Q

Three point of view : Neo-Malthusian

A
  • Human population grow exponentially - Food supply grows at a much slower rate than population - People are poor because of population growth
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9
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum population of that species that can survive in that environment given resource needs and availability (elevator ex)

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10
Q

Sustained Yield :

A

Replenishment is greater than consumption rate at which you can extract renewable resources without compromising current rate of extraction in the future Ex ; timber, Fish

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11
Q

Club of Rome

A

Organization of individuals, scientists, economists and business, who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference

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12
Q

Club of Rome : solution

A

Halt the population, limit reproduction, Kill people, control the population

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13
Q

Neo-Marxist view (4)

A
  1. Scarcity is not the problem, but a distraction.
  2. The real problem is mal-distribution -
  3. no human population boundary -
  4. no carrying capacity 5. technology can overcome the problem
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14
Q

Corcucopian view

A

The ultimate resource is human knowledge

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15
Q

The demographic Equation

A

R = (b-d)+(i-e)

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16
Q

(b-d)

A

Natural growth

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17
Q

R = (b-d)+(i+e)

A

The demographic Equation

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18
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Average number of children a women is likely to have during her childbearing years

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19
Q

Reproductive period

A

15 to 49 years old

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20
Q

Replacement Fertility Rate

A

Number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

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21
Q

True or False ? : More the infant mortality is high, more the RDR is high because if a couple’s child die, they’ll create another one then it will pass from 1 to 2

A

true

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22
Q

Life Expectancy at birth

A

Average year a new-born child is likely to live

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23
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of death per 1000 live birth of children under on year of age

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24
Q

Rate of Natural Increase

A

CBR - CDR

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25
Q

CBR influenced (4points)

A
  • Nutrition - Sex education - Age structure - Custom and religion
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26
Q

CDR influenced by (4)

A
  • health care - war and conflicts - natural disaster - age structure
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27
Q

Doubling time + calcul

A

The time it take for a population to double 70 / % annual growth rate

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28
Q

Population momentum

A

With low median age, and declining death rate. and fertility rate down to replacement level, the population will likely continue to grow over short and medium term This happens because the previous high fertility produced a high population of young people who will bear children in the futures Couples may be having fewer children, but there are more couples, this perpetuate population momentum

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29
Q

Dramatic drop in death rates : WHY ? 3

A
  • Improvement in nutrition - Improvement in personal hygiene - public heath
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30
Q

Population momentum : The ______ % of young people, the more the population will be

A

Higher

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31
Q

Theory based on experience on industrialized western nations that explains and describes the shifts from very high birth and death rates to very low as society industrialize

A

The Demographic Transition

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32
Q

Demographic Transition : Stages #1

A

Pre-industrial stage : - CBR = CDR - High death rate and birth rate

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33
Q

Demographic Transition : Stages #2

A

Transitional stage: - CBR > CDR - High population growth

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34
Q

Demographic Transition : Stages #3

A

Industrial stage : - Confidence in survivors - Rising income, urbanization - Population starts to slow

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35
Q

Demographic Transition : Stages #4

A

Post-Industrial stage : - CBR = CDR - Birth and death rate are low - Population stabilize

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36
Q

Demographic trap

A

When a country is stuck in a vicious circle of rapid growth population - happens in rural subsistence economies - need for family labour - high birth rates - high momentum - low death rate

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37
Q

Demographic trap is related to which stage of demographic transition ?

A

Transitional stage

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38
Q

Population pyramids : shows 3 phase

A
  • Pre-reproductive : 0-14 yo - Reproductive : 14-44yo - Post-reproductive : 45 and after
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39
Q

How to promote population growth : 8 points

A
  • Import skilled labour (no struggle to educate them) - Baby bonuses (as in QC and singapore) - Working age - Tax deduction - Maternity/Paternity leave - Child care subsidies - Remove contraception - discouraging/banning abortion (as Romania where it was punishable by death and where childless couple had to show medical evidences)
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40
Q

Later Longer Fewer

A

Slogan to reduce fertility rate Later : postpone the first birth Longer : increase the time between children as much as possible Fewer : give birth to fewer kids

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41
Q

Why people have children ?

A
  • Productive assets : help family with cooking, agriculture, housekeeping) - No Mechanization : need more labour - Security in old age - Risk to loose a children - To have enough children so that there are a least three sons than spending one of them at university and blabla - Free access to common property resources
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42
Q

Ravestein

A

Law of migration : push and pull

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43
Q

Pull factors

A

Favorable conditions at the destination : higher wages, better services, security, opportunity for better job and education

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44
Q

Push factors

A

Unfavorable conditions at the place where people are living : unemployment, low wage, poor quality of life, social strive, political or religious persecution, environmental disaster

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45
Q

Different wages : Ex

A

Mexican leave mexico and that reduces the labour supply and so the wages rises and the opposite in the US where immigrants arrive so that depress the wages.

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46
Q

Wage convergence

A

Wage between lending country and receiving country converge because of migration

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47
Q

Pathway of international migration :

A

N-N ; 22% N-S ; 5% S-S : 33% S-N : 40%

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48
Q

Economic consequences of migration

A
  • Employment in key sectors - Taxes revenue (contribution through taxes) - Brain drain / Brain gain - Remittances (people who invest in their home country instead of the receiving country)
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49
Q

Brain drain- gain

A

When country losses or gain highly trained workers due to migration, people who live the country and are well educated, the best and brightest people

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50
Q

Drivers N to S (6)

A
  • Job opportunity - Expansion of global company (MNCs) - Student migration - Return migration (people return to origin country) - Retirement migration - Lower cost of living
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51
Q

Importance of Agriculture in Global Economy : 5 points

A
  1. International trade 2. Source of revenue 3. Environment 4. Employment 5. Livelihoods
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52
Q

3 TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

A
  1. Subsistence 2. Cash Cropping 3. Industrial
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53
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A
  • Producing for family needss - Small scale - Low inputs and outputs - Labor comes from family - No surplus - Not producing for market
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54
Q

Cash Cropping agriculture

A
  • Peasant that produces for family and markets - are safe
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55
Q

Industrial

A
  • Large scale - Intensive - Fertilizers - Pesticides - High fossil fuel inputs
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56
Q

Reasons for Hunger (8)

A
  • Poor soils - Inadequate rainfall - lack of education - overpopulation - war - inadequate access to market - disease - corruption
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57
Q

Food price depends on

A
  1. Cost of inputs (land, fertilizers, livestock feed) -
  2. Weather conditions -
  3. biofuels -
  4. level of technologies
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58
Q

Top world energy consumers per capita

A
  • Iceland - UAE - Kuwait - Qatar - Trinidad & Tobago
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59
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of the Petrolium Exporting Countries : was founded in 1960 in Baghdad Agreed on a mechanism to set prices on oil, to stabilize the market (ex ; how much would be produce ? 20 millions of barrels per day)

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60
Q

Biggest oil chockpoints

A

Strait of Hormus Juez Canal Bob El Mandeb Panama Canal Turkish Straits

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61
Q

Proven reserve :

A

The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered and certainly recoverable IMPORTANT : this quantity vary depending of the price of the resource. what is profitable to extract ?

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62
Q

Potential reserve :

A

Quantity that would be available if the prices increase

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63
Q

Estimated reserve :

A

Total stock physically out there of a resource overtime, fewer and fewer discoveries.

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64
Q

Industrial revolution : dates

A

1760 to WWI

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65
Q

Characteristics of Industrial Revolution

A
  1. Shift to large scale production (from artisanal to factories) 2. Technological innovations (steam engine, iron-working, canals, etc) 3. Development of new products (i.e. food processing) 4. New market, international trade (overseas) 5. Institutional and organizational changes
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66
Q

3 major wave of industrialization

A

1st wave ; Britain 2nd wave ; Europe 3rd wave ; North America

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67
Q

1 wave ; Britain (date)

A

1760-1850

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68
Q

2wave ; Europe

A

1850 - 1870

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69
Q

3 wave ; North America

A

1870 - 1914

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70
Q

Britain : 3 phases + dates

A
  1. early development (1760-1980) 2. agglomeration process (1780-1820) 3. Expansion railway system (1820 - 1850)
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71
Q

Why Britain ?

A
  1. Favorable political climate (no invasion for centuries, end monarchy, Union between Scotland (1707) 2. Colonies 3. Favorable geography (easy access) 4. Tradition of industrial employment (no feudal system anymore) 5. Industrial organization and Division of labor (conditions for innovation)
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72
Q

What is the division of Labor

A

The division, separation of a work process into a number of tasks, with each task performed by a group of different people. It is most often applied in a system of mass production and is the basic principle of assembly line

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73
Q

Consequences of division of Labor

A
  • High productivity - Lower Wages - Deskilling of workers - Easy to hire workers and fire them
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74
Q

Second wave of industrialization ; Europe

A

France ; pas-de-Calais Germany ; Rhur-Rhine Belgium : ****

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75
Q

3rd wave of industrialization : Europe and America

A
  • Time space compression is lowered - Transportation and shipping costs are going down due to technological improvements
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76
Q

Kondratiev Cycle

A

Look at movement in prices over very long periods of time. 40-60 Years

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77
Q

Kuznets Cycle

A

Associated with big infrastructure project 10-20 years

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78
Q

Regulation theory (RT)

A

Framework that describe and explain historical changes in macro structure of capitalist economy. Look at the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism in Western Europe and North America

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79
Q

Regulation theory : where it has been developed

A

France in late 1970s

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80
Q

Regulation Theory : two concepts

A

ROA ; Regime of accumulation MOSR : Mode of Social Regulation

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81
Q

Regime of Accumulation

A

Macro-economic regularity, a common and coherent way of producing, distributing and exchanging commodities

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82
Q

Regime of accumulation : 6 characteristics

A
  1. Set of production techniques (what are the main techniques in particular moment?) 2. Key industrial sector 3. Organization of labor (labor union, collective agreements, negotiations) 4. Competition within different firms (monopolistic, or very few but very large firms) 5. Distributional mechanism of profits (how is the money shared?) 6. Spacial form of expression
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83
Q

Mode of Social Regulation : MOSR

A

Sets of norms, institutions, regulations, conventions that support the regime of accumulation. It is the socio-cultural counterpart of the ROA. It refers to the written and unwritten laws,norms, habits, that governs the regime.

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84
Q

Example of MOSR

A
  • Taxes (municipal, provincial, federal), - Labor (minimum wage, how many hours a week?) - Emission standards ; environmental regulation (certification)
85
Q

Two functions of MOSR

A
  • Reproduction of social relation (how consumers interact with each others) - Regularize the overall processes of economic development (provide stability)
86
Q

Fordism : dates

A

1920-1970

87
Q

Date of the first assembly line by Henri Ford (+where?)

A

Michigan - 1913

88
Q

What allow Fordism ? (6)

A
  1. Rise of Keynesian economic planning
  2. Suburbanization
  3. Maturing of mass production techniques
  4. Key industries : Cars, heavy equipment, steel, petrochemical, electrical appliances.
  5. New R&D in key sectors (aviation, communications, nuclear energy)
  6. competition = oligopolistic
89
Q

Geography of Fordism

A

Manufactured belt : Detroit, Chicago, NY, Cleveland, Pittsburgh

90
Q

Stagflation

A

Condition of slow economic growth and high rate of unemployment, or economic stagnation, accompanied by rising prices and inflation

91
Q

Emphasis of Fordism

A

Minimal cost

92
Q

Post-Fordism : three characteristics

A
  • Production no longer has to be centralized in a few manufacture centers, it can be dispersed all over the world. - Production no longer require vast stockpile of raw material because composited logistic ensure the “just is time” delivery - The demand increase and the products can be personalized (car, minivan, sport car, truck, electric car, etc)
93
Q

Post-Fordism : 10 characteristics

A
  1. Decrease of large scale manufacturing activity in “Core countries” 2. From economy of scale to economy of scope 3. Surge in services FIRE ; Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 4. Increase in communication technologies (telecom) 5. Increase in scientific and knowledge of high-tech 6. Key industries ; telecom, semi-conductors, biotechnologies and cultural industries 8. Highly competitive conditions (global competition) no longer oligopolistic 9. Growth of Peripheral Fordism 10. From “Just in case” to “just-in-time”
94
Q

Consequences of post-Fordism

A
  1. Change in production process (cause by just-in-time delivery)
  2. workers or sub-contractors can easily be changed 3.
  3. From vertically integration to vertical disintegration of firms
  4. Decentralization vs centralization (relocalization)
  5. Something in the air (flow of knowledge, ideas are localized ex asbestos)
  6. Move away from KWS
  7. Move from unions/state regulation to individualism and deregulation
  8. From standardized to individualized people, goods, needs, etc
95
Q

3 negative consequences of Post-Fordism

A
  1. Increase labor market uncertainty (people change job) 2. Increase social divergences and inequalities (no middle class) 3. Increase competition between individual and region
96
Q

Window of locational opportunity

A

the firms seek out new locations to escape rigidity : - Right-to-work laws - Lower taxes - Where government provide subsidies - Knowledge based activities

97
Q

2 forces that play in the passage from Fordism to Post-Fordism

A
  1. Globalization means that its easier to decentralized (reduction in terms of transportation cost and ease of communication) - friction of distance 2. Centralization/agglomeration are stronger (specialization in a smaller and smaller number of cities)
98
Q

Two types of division of Labor

A

Technical and Social

99
Q

Technical division of Labor

A

What happens inside the firm. vertically integrated involve very large factories no external mechanism that determine the value of that production

100
Q

Social division of Labor

A

Different moment made by several independant specialized firm that focuses on one moment at the time vertically disintegrated price mechanism determined the value of those transaction

101
Q

Technical division of labor : other way to say

A

Vertically integrated

102
Q

Social division of labor : other way to say

A

Vertically disintegrated

103
Q

Input Output system

A

How many tasks do we need before building a product

104
Q

Upstream flow :

A

Closer to raw material

105
Q

Downstream flow

A

Closer to final destination

106
Q

Roundaboutness

A

Number of interconnected steps between the production of raw material and final output ex : more roundabout would be dairy factory with much more steps than just milking a cow in a house.

107
Q

Economy of scope : 6 characteristics

A
  1. Production variety 2. based on different moments that should be externalized 3. Flexible specialization 4. Sharing costs 5. Post-Fordism 6. Knowledge based
108
Q

2 categories of knowledge

A
  • tacit - codified
109
Q

Codified knowledge

A

Easy transmitted through writhing or verbalizing No need to be there e.g. ikea manual

110
Q

Tacit knowledge

A

Need a physical attendance More difficult to learn in book e.g. piano, bicycle

111
Q

Why vertically disintegrated

A
  1. Negative externalities (ie printer close to meeting office that is noisy)
  2. Labor relations (production workers being with management team)
  3. Better flexibility: Competition but collaboration. Safety, less uncertain.
  4. To be more flexible and better adapt to rapid changing markets.
  5. ex of Johnny depp pants
112
Q

Why Integrated production function

A
  1. Managerial efficiency 2. Infrastructure saving 3. Technological inter dependencies
113
Q

Why agglomeration ?

A
  1. Having different firms located closer to each others : increase efficiency and linkage +reducing friction of distance 2. Pool of local labour, job matching, easier to get new employees. 3. Knowledge flow : the ideas floating there are localized
114
Q

3 forces of agglomeration allow :

A
  1. Bolstered (soutenus) by institutional infrastructures (having universities, airports, ports close) 2. Cumulative processes : feed back loop (attract more firms in that sector) 3. Lock-in/Path dependency : conditions made in the past 4. Agglomeration economices reinforce competitiveness of particular complexes 5. Rely on suppliers and buyers
115
Q

Millenium Goals

A

Created in 2000 for 2015 ; - Eradicate extreme poverty - Achieve universal primary education - Promote gender equality and empower women - Reduce child mortality - Improve maternal health - Combat AIDS, malaria and other diseases - Ensure environment sustainability - Global partnership of development

116
Q

What is the name of the treaty that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spanish and Portuguese ?

A

Tordesillas in 1494

117
Q

Name the first MNC + Date

A

East India Company in 1600 (Dutch and British)

118
Q

Key innovation around 1600 ?

A
  • Ship buildings - Navigation - Banking and finance system (credit letter, insurance) - Communication
119
Q

Factors of production

A
  • Land (raw material that comes from the land, gold, timber, coal, water) - Labour (workers) - Capital (building, machine, tools)
120
Q

Good and services

A
  • Private - Public - Excludable - Rivarly
121
Q

Excludable

A

If its properties are conducive to controlling its use, you can prevent somebody to use it

122
Q

Rivalry

A

cannot be enjoyed by more than one person at once

123
Q

Scarcity can be… ______ and ______

A

Natural or socially constructed

124
Q

Principale Canadian Commodity

A

positive trade balance ; - Agriculture and Fish Product - Forestry - Energy - Aircraft - Metal ores & minerals negative trade balance ; - chemical - electronics - machinery - motors vehicles - consumer goods

125
Q

Principal canadian trade by region (primary importers and exporters)

A

Importers ; - US - China - Europe Exports ; - US

126
Q

Four major questions in economy

A
  • Where is it produced ? - For whom is it produced ? - How is it produced ? - What will be produced ?
127
Q

2 factors of economic growth

A
  1. New resources (natural resources or population 2. Technological changes
128
Q

E.L.I.

A

Export Led Industrialization : Trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage

129
Q

How E.L.I. ?

A
  1. protect industry by tariffs and quotas 2. playing with exchange rate 3. identify a market
130
Q

4 asian tigers

A
  • Singapore - Hong Kong - South Korea - Taiwai
131
Q

Economic agents

A

decision maker that has an effect on economy by buying, selling and producing

132
Q

ex ; economic agents

A

household firms business cooperative

133
Q

Economic institutions

A

Specific agency or foundation, both governmental and private devoted to collecting or studying economic data -govern commerce, trade, production, consumption - managing the distribution of money

134
Q

Economic institutions ; example

A

Bank, Government, Investment fund, IMF, WB

135
Q

Internalization

A

Extent to which national economies interact with one another through the exchange of goods and services - can be measured ($) - indicators ; Trade/gdp - focus on extension

136
Q

Globalization

A

Set of processes through which economic activities are increasingly internconnected Emergence of new set of actors on global stage : institution, agreements, Involve more than just increasing international trade

137
Q

Primary Product Export

A

(Path to economic growth) Exporting staples, agricultural product like timber, fish, minerals, gas Comparative advantage Based on ; - new resources - improved use of existing resources - linkage effect (railway)

138
Q

Alternate measure of Development

A

HDI ; Human development index GNHI ; Gross national Hapiness Index

139
Q

HDI

A

Human development index ; - health - education - living standards

140
Q

GPI

A

Gross Progress index : - social - environmental - economic

141
Q

Why does countries trade ?

A
  • Labour - Technology - Climate - Natural Resources
142
Q

Mercantile trade related policies (4)

A
  • gold and silver via conquest and trade - trade surplus needed - import tariffs - strong navy and military
143
Q

Challenge to mercantilism

A

Intellectual ; wealth causes inflation Political ; trade is a zero-sum game (one country need to loose)

144
Q

name of adam smith book

A

The wealth of nation

145
Q

2 key phase of international trade

A
  1. Early commercial expansion (1500-1800) 2. The rise of colonial economy (1800-WWI)
146
Q

Early commercial expansion

A

1500-1800 - Age of discovery - Trade in commerce in High value goods - mercantilism - protectionism

147
Q

Rise of colonial empire

A
  • Trade boom (bulk staple) - Causes ; free trade migration innovation - Divergence Europe and the rest
148
Q

Time space compression

A

david Harvey ; 1989 Increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people and industries closer together even though their distance is farther + UNVEVEN transportation communication

149
Q

Economic System

A

System of ; - production - distribution of good and services - resources allocation

150
Q

P.P.P.

A

Purchasing Power Parity ; Calculation of GNI using a common set of international prices for all goods and services to provide a more accurate comparison of living standards. ex; bigmac index

151
Q

Political Economic System

A

From ; Socialism to Free entreprise capitalism + anarchy Non-profit motive ; - state socialism, Marxian socialism, Democratic socialism, Communism Profit motive ; - State capitalist, state regulated capitalism, private enterprises capitalist, free entreprise capitalism

152
Q

Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF)

A

Possibility tradeoff of producing combinations of goods with constant technology and resources per unit of time represent the point at which a country economy is most efficiently producing its G&S and allocating its reources in the best way possible

153
Q

Path to economic growth (3)

A
  1. Primary product export 2. Inward-Looking- Industrialization (ISI) 3. Export-led-industrialization (ELI)
154
Q

ISI

A

Import Substitution Industrialization Development strategy that involves the production of domestic manufactured good to replace imports country wants to decrease their dependence on developed countries and increase their self-sufficiency (had failed… )

155
Q

Stage of growth : By whom ? Which theory ? Year ?

A

Walter Rostow 1961 ; Modernization theory ; 1. Traditional society 2. Precondition to take-off 3. take off 4. drive to maturity 5. age of high mass consumption

156
Q

Comparative advantage

A

The ability of a country economy to produce G&S at a lower opportunity cost than trade partner - will be able to sell more - not necessarily at a greater quantity i.e. NZ better at producing kiwis ; NZ has comparative advantage of producing kiwis

157
Q

Absolute advantage

A

Ability to produce more or better goods and service than somebody else

158
Q

Who has the comparative advantage ?

A

The one with the smaller opp. cost.

159
Q

Hyperglobalizer

A

Global is normal The national is no longer relevant “Borderless world”

160
Q

Opinion about globalization ; left side

A
  • Free market creates inequalities - Solution is a complete rejection of hlobalization and a return to local
161
Q

Opinion about globalization ; right side

A
  • Neoliberal - let free market rules - Solution to the world economy problems and inequality
162
Q

GNP

A

Gross National Product; Value of all good and services made by a country residents REGARDLESS OF PRODUCTION LOCATION in a year both outside and inside the country

163
Q

Key factors of an Industrial Location

A
  • Climate - Labour availability - Technology - Access to inputs, raw material, energy (but doesnt ahve absolute correlation i.e. Japan) - Processing cost of LLK - Close distance with consumers (depend on product) - Cost minimization problem (tranportation,agglomeration) - Institutional and Cultural factors - Behavioural consideration (?)
164
Q

Two sector model by whom ? when ? what ?

A

Arthur Lewis ; 1954 Rural sector vs Urban Industrial sector (industrialization requires massive supply of cheap manual laborer)

165
Q

Dependency Theory by whom ? When ? what ?

A

Raul Prebisch (1950) (economic commission for Latin America) - Eurocentric development models doesnt’t neccesarily fit into the diverse local context. - Unequal trade relation ; - Developing countries export primary commodities at low value - Developed countries export manufactured product at high value

166
Q

solution of dependency theory ?

A

isi & socialism

167
Q

3 primary trading regions ;

A

EU ; european Union ASEAN (association south east asian nations) NAFTA/USMCA)

168
Q

Four types of economy

A
  • Traditional - Command - Market - Mixed
169
Q

Traditional economy

A
  • Social norms - Traditions - Cultural- religious - Rural - Peasant - Middle east, africa ex
170
Q

Market economy

A

private ownership of the resources - US - Hong Kong - Singapore

171
Q

Command economy

A
  • Controlled by central gov - government quotas - goverment own businesses - communist - NORTH KOREA AND CUBA
172
Q

Mixed Economy ;

A

mix of market and command economies - sweden, france, china

173
Q

5 Europeans manufacture centers (Countries + region)

A

Germany ; - Ruhr-Rhine : steel - Stuttgart ; car - Saxony ; cloting France ; - Ile de france ; pharmaceutical - Lyon ; textile - Nice ; Hightech Italy ; - Golden triangle (70% industries) - Third Italy (florence to venise) UK ; - Corridor M4 ; Hightech - Manchester ; clothing Spain ; Barcelone ; manufacture and hightech

174
Q

How do countries change as they develop ?

A

Economic changes ; - more export/import - more capital (people save more then invest more) - Share of agriculture falls - Industry and Services rise - GDP GNP per capital rise Urbanization Inequalities

175
Q

Volatility and interconnectedness of the global economy ; 3 points

A

-Trade has grown faster than output - Foreign Direct investment has grown faster than trade - structural imbalance (trade surplus/deficit)

176
Q

Trade surplus

A

export > import

177
Q

Trade deficit

A

Import > export

178
Q

FDI

A

Foreign direct investment ; when a country company invest in another country company ( business needs to wen more than 10%)

179
Q

Consequence of globalization

A

loss of domestical control over nation’s economy more nebulous

180
Q

Japan

A

Kanto Plain ; primary industrial

Kansai District ; heavy district

Toyama district ; paper textile

Kitakyushu district ; shipbuilding and steel

180
Q

Role of the market

A

Allocate scarce resources efficiently

180
Q

20TH CENTURY ; drivers of commercial integration

A
  • Much work was made in the 19th century
  • Trade liberalization
  • Liberalization of trade capital
  • International governance : WTO-IMF
  • Trade block ; EU & NAFTA
  • GREATER DEGREE OF CONNECTEDNESS
181
Q

Skeptic

A

Globalization is a myth

Nothing is new

world economy was actually more open before WWI

  • Antiquity ; roman empire, silk road, middle age, new empire rise of islam and trade, Fall of Constantinople
182
Q

Transfomationalist

A

Globalization is transformative

Uneven pattern of development

National economic space /=/ National territorial borders

Emphasis on local-global connection

183
Q

Economic globalization key element (3)

A
  • A set of on-going processes (not static)
  • Both SPACIAL and TEMPORAL dimensions ;
  • stretching (extension) of economic activities
  • intensification of transactions/interconnectedness
  • speeding up, velocity of transaction
  • Magnified local-global impacts (unfolds simultaneously over-multiple geographic scales)
184
Q

RUSSIA

A
185
Q

Problem with GDP

A
  • Informal sectors are not counted
  • Unpaid work (work done at home, opensources, volunteer)
  • Welfare
  • Distribultion (inequalities), priviledge minority
  • cost of living in different countries is different
186
Q

Gross domestical product

A

The market value of all good and services produced within a country’s borders in a year

187
Q

Type of activities (structure of economy)

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
188
Q

Primary activities

A
  • natural resources
  • dependants on eath resources

water, land, minerals, pastoral, fishing, forestry, mining

189
Q

Secondary activities

A
  • Transformation raw material into manifactured good

Light manufacture ; ready to go now (shoe, glass)

Heavy manufacture ; large facilities, machinery +++

190
Q

Tertiary activities

A

Sales and Echanges of G&S

hairdresser, travel agent, clerk, etc

191
Q

Quarternary

A

Processing knowledge and informations

“knowledge based sector”

Consultation, financial, education

192
Q

Types of markets

A
  • Monopoly (one producer)
  • Oligopoly (few producers have dominant part
  • Perfect competition
193
Q

Who created push/pull factor

A

Ravenstein

194
Q

Push factors + ex

A

Unfavorable conditions at the place people are living

ex; low wage, poor quality of life, unemployment, natural disaster, religious persecution, war

195
Q

Pull factor + ex

A

Favorable conditions at the destination

ex; higher wages, job opportunity, safety, education

196
Q

Volontary migration + 5 whys

A

When people decides where they want to move, larger number than involontary

  • For better opportunity
  • For higher income
  • For better education
  • Quality of life
  • Joining Family
197
Q

Migration theory

A

Labour moves less freely than capital

Capital moves very quickly through the world financial

The control on the labour is much more strict

Labour flows are the reflexion of migration

198
Q

Competitive advantage pillard (7)

A
  1. Human resources (skills, educational level, cost labour, production)
  2. Physical resources (raw material, cost, access, transport cost)
  3. Capital resources ($ available, debt, health of economy, trade deficit)
  4. Knowledge resources (research, development, innovation
  5. Infrastructures ; transportation, communication, cultural institution, welfare, childcare etc)
  6. Competitite markets (creates demand)
  7. Agglomeration economy
199
Q

Diamand figure + by whom

A

Michael Porter - 1985

Factor of conditions ; human material, knowledge, infrastructures related to production

related ; spatial proximity

firms strategies

200
Q

Economic internationalization

A

extent to which national economies interact with one another through the exchange of goods andservices

201
Q

Sun belt

A

Southern California ; electronic and aerospace

San Francisco ; Sillicon Valley ; semi conductors, microchips, software, computers

Seattle ; aircraft & Computers

Texas ; computer and electronic

202
Q

Rust Belt

A

NORTH EAST ;

  • Boston ; electronics
  • New Jersey ; Pharmaceutical
  • Philadelphia and Baltimore ; heavy manufacture, steel and chemicals
  • New-York ; book, food, appareil
  • Pittsburg ; steel

GREAT LAKES

  • Detroit ; motors
  • Chicago ; meat, packing, train
  • Cleeveland ; Tires

CANADA ;

  • Montreal ; aerospace, textile
  • Southern Ontario ; cars, steel, chemicals
203
Q

Opportunity cost

A

The value of the next best alternative that is forgone when one alternative is chosen

204
Q
A
205
Q

Engel Law

A

As a family income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if absolute expenditure on food rises.

+ more income = different diet

206
Q
A

GEOG216 Mathi (3 decks)

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