Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Bulk soft tissue removal involves soaking the remains to macerate (soften) tissue for ease of removal.
A
False (not bulk)
2
Q
Dermestid beetles can be used to remove the bulk of soft tissue.
A
True
3
Q
Disarticulation involves separating the bones of the skull from each other.
A
False
4
Q
Residual soft tissue removal is performed with tissue scissors.
A
False (bulk)
5
Q
An antiformalin solution takes several days to dissolve residual soft tissue.
A
False (quicker)
6
Q
Stabilizing remains helps strengthen them for further analysis.
A
True
7
Q
Potential matches between bones are more easily eliminated than proven.
A
True
8
Q
A right femur is found associated with a left os oxae. When it is found that the head of the femur fits into the hip socket of the other bone, you can assume that these bones belong to the same individual.
A
False
9
Q
Analyzing remains for duplication involves examining bones to ensure they are approximately of the same size and busticity.
A
False
10
Q
The atlas fits well to the occipital condyles of the skull.
A
False (axis?)
11
Q
When the pelvis is properly reassembled, the right and left pubic bones do not touch.
A
True
12
Q
It would be difficult to fit the humerus of one person to the scapula of another.
A
False (?)
13
Q
Re-articulation of the knee shows a good fit between the distal femur and proximal tibia.
A
False (?)
14
Q
Any method of inventorying that ensures that all bones present are documented is acceptable.
A
True
15
Q
Which of the following is a component of a forensic anthropology laboratory? A 3 foot by 7 foot table B Drying rack C Fume hood D All of the above
A
D
16
Q
During which of the following phases in the preparation of remains is information about soft tissue trauma most likely to be uncovered? A Initial examination B Bulk soft tissue removal C Residual soft tissue removal D Stabilization of remains
A
A Initial examination
17
Q
During which of the following phases in the preparation of remains is it most likely that bones could be damaged in a manner similar to trauma? A Initial examination B Bulk soft tissue removal C Residual soft tissue removal D Stabilization of remains
A
B Bulk soft tissue removal
18
Q
During which of the following phases in the preparation of skeletal remains is an antiformalin solution most likely to be used? A Initial examination B Bulk soft tissue removal C Disarticulation D Residual soft tissue removal
A
D Residual soft tissue removal
19
Q
During which of the following phases in the preparation of remains are the bones soaked in a solution of Alvar or similar perservative? A Initial examination B Bulk soft tissue removal C Residual soft tissue removal D Stabilization of remains
A
D Stabilization of remains
20
Q
Which of the following rules would not help you in determining minimum number of individuals in a set of bones brought to you for identification? A Number of unique bones (e.g., number of right femurs, left femurs, right ulnae, left ulnae) B Count of number of bones present C Consistancy of robusticity D Color of bones
A
B Count of number of bones present
21
Q
To which joint surface does the atlas articulate? A Temporal mandibular joint B Knee C Occipital condyles D Elbow
A
C Occipital condyles
22
Q
Which of the following bones appear to join with each other the best? A Atlas to the skull B Humerus to the scapula C Femur to the os coxa D Femur to the tibia
A
C Femur to the os coxa
23
Q
Which weathering stage is most likely to be observed on bones that have been exposed on the surface for 10 or more years? A Stage 0 B Stage 2 C Stage 4 D All of the above
A
C Stage 4
24
Q
Every first Monday of the month, your university holds a bone identification clinic for anyone in the community who has found bones and is wondering what they are. You are staffing the clinic this month, and a couple who live up nearby bring in the following elements:
Metapodials from a large animal (perhaps a cow)
Right adult human tibia
Left adult human humerus
2 left and 1 right adult human os coxae
Complete mandible of what looks like a dog
Right distal epiphysis to a human femur
Using only this information, what is the minimum number of individual humans in this collection?
A one B two C three D four
A
B Two
25
Every first Monday of the month, your university holds a bone identification clinic for anyone in the community who has found bones and is wondering what they are. You are staffing the clinic this month, and a couple who live up nearby bring in the following elements:
Metapodials from a large animal (perhaps a cow)
Right adult human tibia
Left adult human humerus
2 left and 1 right adult human os coxae
Complete mandible of what looks like a dog
Right distal epiphysis to a human femur
```
Using only this information, what is the minimum number of individual beings (humans and nonhumans) in this collection?
A
two
B
three
C
four
D
five
```
C Four
26
Every first Monday of the month, your university holds a bone identification clinic for anyone in the community who has found bones and is wondering what they are. You are staffing the clinic this month, and a couple who live up nearby bring in the following elements:
Metapodials from a large animal (perhaps a cow)
Right adult human tibia
Left adult human humerus
2 left and 1 right adult human os coxae
Complete mandible of what looks like a dog
Right distal epiphysis to a human femur
```
If it is determined that the distal epiphysis of the femur goes with the right tibia, what is the minimum number of individuals in this collection?
A
two
B
three
C
four
D
five
```
A Two
27
Every first Monday of the month, your university holds a bone identification clinic for anyone in the community who has found bones and is wondering what they are. You are staffing the clinic this month, and a couple who live up nearby bring in the following elements:
Metapodials from a large animal (perhaps a cow)
Right adult human tibia
Left adult human humerus
2 left and 1 right adult human os coxae
Complete mandible of what looks like a dog
Right distal epiphysis to a human femur
If it is determined that none of the os coxae could belong to the other bones, what is the minimum number of individuals in this collection?
```
A
two
B
three
C
four
D
five
```
B Three
28
Every first Monday of the month, your university holds a bone identification clinic for anyone in the community who has found bones and is wondering what they are. You are staffing the clinic this month, and a couple who live up nearby bring in the following elements:
Metapodials from a large animal (perhaps a cow)
Right adult human tibia
Left adult human humerus
2 left and 1 right adult human os coxae
Complete mandible of what looks like a dog
Right distal epiphysis to a human femur
```
If it is determined that none of the os coxae could belong to the other bones and that the humerus is too small for the tibia, what is the minimum number of individuals in this collection?
A
two
B
three
C
four
D
five
```
C Four
29
The most useful structure of the cranial skeleton for determining ancestry is the vault.
False
30
The nasal bridge of Asians projects more than that of Whites.
False
31
The nasal root in Whites is narrower than that in Blacks.
True
32
The nasal spine is largest in Whites of all of the other groups.
True
33
The lower border of the nose in Blacks has a distinct sill.
False
34
Prognathism (jut of the jaw) is a characteristic normally associated with Whites.
False
35
The shape of the upper jaw of Asians is intermediate between those of Whites and Blacks.
True
36
The tibia has several characteristics that aid in the attribution of ancestry.
False
37
A skull is discovered with a dull lower border of the nose, large nasal spine, low nasal bridge and pronounced jut of the jaw. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Black
38
A skull is discovered with a sharp lower border of the nose, medium nasal spine, low nasal bridge and circular eye orbits. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Asian
39
A skull is discovered with a sharp lower border of the nose, large nasal spine, projecting nasal bridge and narrow nose. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
White
40
A skull is discovered with a sharp lower border of the nose, straight facial profile, heavy brow ridges and spatulate upper incisors. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
White
41
A skull is discovered with a low nasal bridge, wide face, projecting lower border of the eye, and small brow ridges. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Asian
42
The upper jaw from a human skull is retrieved from a fire and its dental arch is rounded, with shovel-shaped incisors. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Asian
43
A femur is discovered that has an anteriorly curving shaft, mild torsion of the head and neck, and an intercondylar shelf of around 150. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
White
44
A skull is discovered with a femur. The Maxillofrontal Index is 25, the Zygoorobitral Index is 20 and an the Alpha Index is 40 while the Platymeric Index is 70. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Native American
45
A femur has a Platymeric Index of 70 and a negative value from the Platymeric Index discriminant function. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Native American
46
A femur has a straight shaft, mild torsion of the head and neck, a Platymeric Index of 90 and a positive value from the Platymeric Index discriminant function. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Black
47
A male skull is found and measured so that discriminant functions can be used to determine race. If the White versus Black function indicates White and the White versus Native American function indicates Native American, what is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Native American
48
A lower jaw is found with a femur; the chin is rounded and the Platymeric Index discriminant function value is negative. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Native AMerican
49
A lower jaw is found that has a pointed chin, a slanted ascending ramus, and a no enamel extensions on the molars. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
White
50
A lower jaw is found that has a rounded chin, vertical ascending ramus, enamel extensions on the molars, and a tuft of black hair. What is the most likely ancestral group of this individual?
Asian
51
A heart-shaped pelvic inlet is indicative of a male.
True
52
A wide subpubic angle is indicative of a male.
False
53
If the sciatic notch of an os coxa has barely enough room to place your thumb, the individual was probably male.
True
54
The preauricular sulcus is well developed in males.
False
55
A short and wide sacrum is indicative of a female pelvis.
True
56
The traits identified by T. W. Phenice for sexing the pelvis are not part of the classic traits of this structure.
True
57
All of the other classic traits of the pelvis vary in a manner similar to that of the greater sciatic notch.
True
58
The ischium-pubic index is just one of several metric methods for attributing sex to the pelvis.
True
59
The skull is the second best structure of the human skeleton for attributing sex.
True
60
A skull is found with large mastoid processes and brow ridges as well as a broad chin and rounded supraorbital margin. Based on this information, the skull is most likely female.
False
61
The length of the mastoid process is not useful for attributing sex in discriminant functions.
False
62
The Giles and Elliot calculated different discriminant functions for attributing sex for various ancestral groups.
True
63
The accuracy of the Giles and Elliot formulas for attributing sex are over 90%.
False
64
The accuracy of most methods for sexing subadults is around 70%.
True
65
The elevation of the auricular surface and width of the sciatic notch have limited value in attributing sex to subadult pelvises.
True
66
```
Which one of the following osteological characteristics of the pelvis are useful in attributing sex?
A
Preauricular sulcus
B
Sciatic notch
C
Sub-pubic angle
D
All of the above
```
D All of the above
67
Which one of the following would suggest to you that a pelvis you found in a shallow grave could have belonged to a male?
```
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Wide sciatic notch
C
Ventral arc
D
Long, narrow sacrum
```
D Long, narrow sacrum
68
```
Which one of the following is not one of Phenice’s characteristics useful for attributing sex to the pelvis?
A
Preauricular sulcus
B
Ventral arc
C
Subpubic concavity
D
Medial aspect of the ischiopubic ramus
```
A Preauricular sulcus
69
```
Which one of the following would strongly suggest to you that a pelvis you found in a shallow grave could have belonged to a female?
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Wide sciatic notch
C
Ventral arc
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
70
```
Which one of the following would suggest to you that a pelvis you found could have belonged to a female?
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Narrow sciatic notch
C
V-shaped subpubic angle
D
All of the above
```
A
| Presence of a preauricular sulcus
71
```
Which one of the following would suggest to you that a pelvis you found could have belonged to a male?
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Narrow sciatic notch
C
U-shaped subpubic angle
D
All of the above
```
B
| Narrow sciatic notch
72
```
Which one of the following would strongly suggest to you that a pelvis you found could have belonged to a female?
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Ischium-pubic index of 90%
C
U-shaped subpubic angle
D
All of the above
```
D All of the above
73
```
Which one of the following would strongly suggest to you that a pelvis you found could have belonged to a male?
A
Presence of a preauricular sulcus
B
Ischium-pubic index of 80%
C
U-shaped sub pubic angle
D
All of the above
```
B
| Ischium-pubic index of 80%
74
```
Which of the following is not consistent with the crania of a male?
A
Prominent brow ridges
B
Large mastoid processes
C
Sharp supraorbital margin
D
Square mental eminence (chin)
```
C
| Sharp supraorbital margin
75
```
Which of the following is consistent with the crania of a male?
A
Prominent browridges
B
Large mastoid processes
C
Square mental eminence (chin)
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
76
```
Which of the following is not consistent with the crania of a female?
A
Prominent browridges
B
Large mastoid processes
C
Square mental eminence (chin)
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
77
```
Which of the following is consistent with the crania of a female?
A
Small brow ridges
B
Small mastoid processes
C
Small mental eminence (chin)
D
All of the above
```
D All of the above
78
```
Which of the following measurements is not entered into discriminant functions used to attribute sex?
A
Maximum length of the skull
B
Maximum breadth of the skull
C
Maximum width across the zygomatic arches
D
Maximum width of the lower jaw
```
D
| Maximum width of the lower jaw
79
```
Which of the following measurements is not a straight distance between two points that is used in sex discriminant functions?
A
Maximum length of the skull
B
Maximum breadth of the skull
C
Length of the mastoid process
D
Maximum width of the palate
```
C (?)
| Length of the mastoid process
80
```
Which of the following ancestral groups cannot be attributed sex by discriminant functions?
A
Whites
B
Blacks
C
Hispanics
D
Asians
```
C
| Hispanics
81
```
Which of the following measurements in sex discriminant functions is most difficult to perform?
A
Maximum length of the skull
B
Maximum breadth of the skull
C
Length of the mastoid process
D
Maximum width of the palate
```
C
| Length of the mastoid process
82
```
Which of the following bones are not useful in attributing sex?
A
Scapula
B
Clavicle
C
Humerus
D
Radius
```
B
| Clavicle
83
```
Which of the following bones has two measurements useful in attributing sex?
A
Scapula
B
Humerus
C
Radius
D
None of the above
```
A
| Scapula
84
```
Which of the following is consistent with the skeleton of a subadult female?
A
Elevated auricular surface
B
Shallow greater sciatic notch
C
Both A and B
D
Neither A or B
```
C
| Both A and B
85
```
Which of the following is consistent with the skeleton of a subadult male?
A
Elevated auricular surface
B
Shallow greater sciatic notch
C
Both A and B
D
Neither A or B
```
D
| Neither A or B
86
```
Which of the following has been tried to be used to attribute sex to subadults?
A
Difference between dental and skeletal age
B
Measurements of deciduous teeth
C
Eigenshape analysis of the ilia
D
All of the above
```
D All of the above
87
Estimations of the age at death of subadults are not as accurate as estimations of the age of adults.
A
True
B
False
B False
88
The methods for estimating the age at death of adults are based on the deterioration of the skeleton through time.
A
True
B
False
A True
89
The accuracy of estimations of the age at death from the lengths of subadult long bones decreases with older children.
A True
B False
A True
90
```
The amount of union of primary ossification centers can be used to estimate the age at death of adults.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
91
A subadult crania is found with a mandible. All fontanelles are closed on the crania but the right and left halves of the mandible are still separate. It is likely that these come from the same individual.
A
True
B
False
B False
92
```
The deciduous teeth of a subadult mandible are examined and shown to be completely formed, including the apex of the roots. The person represented by this jaw was at least 4 years old when he/she died.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
93
```
The accuracy of estimations of the age at death of subadults from permanent tooth formation is not dependant on sex and ancestral group.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
94
```
The maxilla and mandible of a subadult are found to have a mixture of deciduous and permanent teeth. The person represented by this jaw was less than 18 years old when he/she died.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
95
```
Estimations of age from dental eruption are not dependent on ancestral group.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
96
```
As a child ages, the number of epiphyses that join to bone becomes greater.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
97
```
A femur is found with fusion of all of its epiphyses along with a humerus without any of its epiphyses fused either. These bones could belong to the same person.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
98
```
A sympheseal face with sharp ridges and furrows indicates a young person.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
99
```
A sympheseal face that is surrounded by a rim indicates a young person.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
100
```
A sympheseal face that is eroded with erratic ossification indicates an old person.
A
True
B
False
```
A
| True
101
The age changes to the auricular surface of the os coxae are similar to those of the pubic faces.
A True
B False
A True
102
Changes through time to the pubic faces, auricular surface of the os coxae, and sterna rib ends all make the bone “look” older.
A True
B False
A True
103
```
Age calculated from the cranial vault sutures is less accurate than age obtained from the pubic faces.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
104
```
A pubic face from a male is found with a granular appearance, a ventral complete rampart, a dorsal plateau, an undefined upper extremity, and a defined lower extremity. These traits indicate the person was probably in his 20s when he died.
A
True
B
False
```
B False
105
```
One of the most important points seen in the chart for stages of ectocranial suture closure is the huge variation and overlap between the stages.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
106
```
There are several changes to histological structures that can be used to estimate age at death in the skeleton and dentition.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
107
```
Which of the following is not a method for estimating the age at death of subadults?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth formation
D
Pubic faces
```
D Pubic faces
108
```
Which of the following methods for estimating the age at death of subadults is most useful for teenagers?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth eruption
D
All of the above
```
C Tooth eruption
109
```
Which of the following methods for estimating the age at death of subadults is most useful for teenagers?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth eruption
D
All of the above
```
D All of the above
110
```
Which of the following methods for estimating the age at death of subadults is most useful for children under 10?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth formation
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
111
```
Which of the following methods is least useful for estimating the age at death of teenagers?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth formation
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
112
```
Which of the following methods for estimating the age at death of subadults is most accurate?
A
Long bone lengths
B
Union of primary ossification centers
C
Tooth formation
D
Epiphyseal union
```
C
| Tooth formation
113
```
A subadult skeleton is found with a full set of deciduous teeth and no permanent teeth erupted. In addition, none of the epiphyses of the long bones and none of the bones of the os coxae are fused. What age was this child when he/she died?
A
0 to 1 year
B
2 to 5 years
C
6 to 10 years
D
Over 10 years
```
B
| 2 to 5 years
114
```
If you find a mandible with fully erupted permanent teeth (including third molars), what is the minimum age at death?
A
15 years
B
21 years
C
35 years
D
50 years
```
B
| 21 years
115
```
Which of the following stages of epiphyseal union would appear in adults?
A
Unfused
B
Fused
C
Obliterated
D
All of the above
```
C
| Obliterated
116
```
A fragment of a femur is found with the epiphysis of the greater trochanter fused; associated with it is a complete radius with complete fusing of both of its epiphyses. What is the most likely age of this person at the time of death?
A
18 years
B
20 years
C
22 years
D
25 years
```
C
| 22 years
117
```
A symphyseal face is found with ridges and furrows, no beveling, and no definition of the extremities. The age of the individual at death was probably:
A
<20
B
20-24
C
25-29
D
30-34
```
A
| <20
118
```
Which of the following characteristics of the auricular surface of the os coxae are first to show changes related to age?
A
Billowing
B
Apical activity
C
Retroauricular area bone
D
Bone porosity
```
A
| Billowing
119
```
Which of the following characteristics of the auricular surface of the os coxae are last to show changes related to age?
A
Billowing
B
Apical activity
C
Retroauricular area bone
D
Granularity
```
B
| Apical activity
120
```
An auricular surface is found with striations, coarse granularity, little apical activity, slight retroauricular activity and no porosity. The age of the individual at death was probably:
A
20-24
B
25-29
C
30-34
D
35-39
```
D
| 35-39
121
```
Which of the following characteristics of the sterna rib ends are first to show changes related to age?
A
Surface bone
B
Surface contour
C
Rim edge
D
All of the above
```
B
| Surface contour
122
```
Which of the following characteristics of the sterna rib ends are indicative of old age?
A
Deteriorating surface bone
B
U-shaped surface contour
C
Sharp with thin walls
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
123
```
A skull with female characteristics is found with a fourth rib whose sternal end has sharpened edges and an irregular rim. What is the most likely age of this individual?
A
Under 20
B
20 - 29
C
30 - 39
D
40 -49
```
C
| 30 - 39
124
```
Which of the following sutures close and obliterate with age?
A
Ectocranial sutures
B
Endocranial sutures
C
Palatal sutures
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
125
```
Which of the following sutures are the most accurate for estimating age at death?
A
Ectocranial sutures
B
Endocranial sutures
C
Palatal sutures
D
All of the above
```
A
| Ectocranial sutures
126
```
Which of the following sutures are the most useful for estimating age at death of persons over 50?
A
Ectocranial sutures
B
Endocranial sutures
C
Palatal sutures
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
127
```
Which of the following sutures are the most useful for estimating age at death of a 40 year old person?
A
Ectocranial sutures
B
Endocranial sutures
C
Palatal sutures
D
All of the above
```
A
| Ectocranial sutures
128
```
Which of the following characteristics of bone histology are useful for estimating age at death?
A
Number of secondary osteons
B
Number of secondary osteon fragments
C
Percentage of remaining primary lamellar bone
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
129
```
Which of the following characteristics of dental histology are useful for estimating age at death?
A
Number of secondary osteons
B
Number of secondary osteon fragments
C
Attrition
D
All of the above
```
C
| Attrition
130
```
Which of the following characteristics of dental histology are useful for estimating age at death?
A
Attrition
B
Deposition of secondary dentin
C
Cementum apposition
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
131
```
Stature is composed of five skeletal structures: skull, vertebral column, pelvis, lower limbs and ankles.
A
True
B
False
```
A True
132
```
Which of the following problems in stature reconstruction involves the difference between long limb bones and stature that occur through time?
A
Method of measuring body for stature
B
Secular changes
C
Self reporting of stature
D
Inter-observer error
```
B
| Secular changes
133
```
If a body is found that is believed to be that of an Asian female, which formulas should be used to reconstruct living stature?
A
White females
B
Black females
C
Asian males
D
Hispanic males
```
C
| Asian males
134
```
Which of the following skeletal elements cannot be used in long limb bone regression formulas to reconstruct living stature?
A
Bicondylar length of femur
B
Total length of Tibia
C
Total length of Ulna
D
Total length of humerus
```
A
| Bicondylar length of femur
135
```
Which of the following fleshed elements can be measured to reconstruct living stature?
A
Upper arm length
B
Upper leg length
C
Foot length
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
136
```
Which of the bones can be used to reconstruct stature, even if in a fragmentary condition?
A
Femur
B
Tibia
C
Humerus
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
137
```
Which of the bones can be used to reconstruct stature, even if in a fragmentary condition?
A
Femur
B
Ulna
C
Fibula
D
All of the above
```
A
| Femur
138
```
Which of the following bones can be used to reconstruct stature, even if only the head remains?
A
Femur
B
Tibia
C
Humerus
D
All of the above
```
C
Humerus
(Femur?)
139
```
Which of the following should be used to adjust stature calculated from long limb bones?
A
Age of individual
B
Bone shrinkage
C
Reported versus measured stature
D
All of the above
```
D
| All of the above
140
What equipment do you need in a forensic laboratory?
§ Table/bench/area that is at least 2m long by 1m wide (fits a skeleton)
§ Sink (hot and cold running water)§ Heating apparatus (hot plate for water/chemicals, etc.)
§ Fume hood
§ Calipers (measuring equipment e.g. Osteometric board)
§ Drying racks
§ Reference casts (e.g from os coxae) to use as references for aging
141
What are the 5 steps of preparation of remains?
1. Examination for soft tissue trauma/post-mortem modification
2. Bulk soft tissue removal
(Use scalpel and tissue scissors (start with large muscles, then tendons, then peel) )
3. Disarticulation
4. Residual soft tissue removal
5. Stabilizing remains
142
How do you remove residual soft tissue removal?
§ Soak bones in water
§ Simmer bones in water and detergent bone soup - not boiling
§ Couple days
§ Antiformalin solution - not ideal?
§ Degrease - benzoyl
§ Bleach - hydrogen peroxide/potassium hydroxide (8-12 hours)
□ Good for looks/pictures, not necessary
143
Sex difference in ilium of the pelvis
M - high and vertical
| F - low and flat
144
Sex difference in subpubic angle of the pelvis
M - v-shaped
| F - u-shaped
145
Sex difference in pubic shape of the pelvis
M - narrow & rectangular
| F - broad & square
146
Sex difference in pelvic inlet shape of the pelvis
M - heart shaped
| F - circular/elliptical
147
Sex difference in obturator foramen shape of the pelvis
M - large and ovoid
| F - small and triangular
148
Sex difference in greater sciatic notch of the pelvis
M - narrow
| F - wide
149
Sex difference in preauricular sulcus of the pelvis
M - rare
| F - well-developed
150
Sex difference in shape of sacrum of the pelvis
M - long and narrow
| F - short and broad
151
Which are the most accurate traits of pelvis to determine sex from?
Phenice traits
| ventral arc, subpubic concavity, ischiopubuc ramus ridge
152
Sex difference in ventral arc of the pelvis
M - slight/absent
| F - strong
153
Sex difference in subpubic concavity of the pelvis
M - convex
| F - concave
154
Sex difference in ischiopubic ramus ridge of the pelvis
M - area broad and flat
| F - narrow, crest-like ridge
155
What is Washburn's ischium-pubic index?
(pubic length/ischium length) x 100
If less than 84 = male, greater than 94 = female
more accurate if ancestry known (83-91%)
156
What are the discriminant functions to determine sex from pelvis?
```
IT-A = ischial-acetabular height
AD = acetabular diameter
PS-A = pubic-acetabular length
```
157
Sex difference in size of the skull
M - large and rugged
| F - small and smooth
158
Sex difference in chin of the skull
M - broad
| F - pointed
159
Sex difference in mastoid of the skull
M - large, projecting
| F - small, non-projecting
160
Sex difference in frontal bone of the skull
M - slanted
| F - high, rounded
161
Sex difference in supraorbital margin of the skull
M - rounded
| F - sharp
162
Sex difference in brow ridges of (supraorbital tori) of the skull
M - large
| F - small, none
163
Sex difference in nuchal area of the skull
M - rugged, may have hook
| F - smooth, hook rare
164
What are the metric traits of skull?
M1. maximum cranial length (MCL) - glabella to opisthecranion
M2. maximum cranial breadth (MCB) - euryon to euryon
M3. bizygomatic diameter (BZY) - zygion to zygion
M4. mastoid length (ML)
165
What are the other postcranial bones that can be used to determine sex?
Femur (bicondylar width and vertical head diameter)
Scapula (maximum width of glenoid cavity, scapular height, scapular width)
Clavicle
166
How did the scientists determine the sex of one of the bones from the fragmentary remains?
- portion of os coxa (included sciatic notch)
| - female
167
What evidence found on the fragmentary skeletal remains tied in with written account of how the Romanov family's remains were burried?
Slash marks on one of the bones supports dismemberment
Chemical composition - sulphuric acid on remains - covered in acid
168
What is the slight sexual dimorphism at birth?
male = slighlty larger, head circumference larger, higher fat
169
What are the life stages and age categories?
- Prenatal: begins with conception, ends with birth
○ Embryo = weeks 1–8
○ Fetus = weeks 9-birth
○ Birth = ~40 weeks
- Infancy: when the baby is nursing roughly
○ Infant = birth-1 year
○ Perinate = around time of birth (just born)
○ Neonatal = new born, weeks 1-4
- Childhood: from weaning to puberty
○ Early childhood = 1-4 years
○ Late childhood = 5-9 years
```
- Adolescence: puberty to the end of growth
○ Early adolescence = 10-14
○ Late adolescence = 15-17
○ Juvenile = <18 yrs
Adult = 18+ yrs
```
170
What are the age ranges for fusion of skull ossification centres in juveniles?
metopic suture - 2-4y
posterior fontanelle - 6mos
anterior fontanelle - 1-2y
sphenoid & mastoid fontanelle - after birth
171
Age of epiphyseal fusion of humerus
○ If head was infused - would be less than 20 yrs. (top of bone)
○ Age if head is fusing 13-20 yrs
○ If fully fused - >13
172
Age of epiphyseal fusion of radius
Mostly adolescence
173
Age of epiphyseal fusion of hand and wrist
at birth, no wrist bones
174
What is the most accurate method way to age juveniles?
teeth (teeth formation best)
175
How do teeth grow
enamel then cusp then root, then closure of apex
176
What is the British system for aging?
Young adult (18-25)
Young middle adult (26-35)
Old middle adult (36-45)
Old adult (46+)
177
What are the bones that have not fully finished fusing in adulthood?
Clavicle (ends), sternum (1st and 2nd sternebrae), os coxa, sacrum (1st and 2nd)
178
What is the Suchey-Brooks method?
aging with pubic symphysis
1. ridges and furrows
2. those get obliterated
3. bone build up around joint margin
4. continuous rim
5. rim breaks down
6. symphyseal surface becomes porous & pitted
179
Phases of aging with the auricular surface
Phase 1: 20-24 billowing and fine granularity
Phase 2: 25-29 reduction of billowing, but retention of youthful appearance
Phase 3: 30-34 general loss of billowing, increased granulariy
Phase 4: 35-39 uniform coarse granularity
Phase 5: 40-44 transition from coarse granularity to dense surface
Phase 6: 45-49 completion of densification with complete loss of granularity
Phase 7: 50-59 dense irregular surface with rugged topography, activity in retroauricular area
Phase 8: 60+ breakdown of surface with marginal lipping, macroporosity and marked retroauricular activity
180
How does transverse organization of auricular surface change with age?
youthful billows replaced by striae, then all organization lost
181
How does texture of auricular surface change with age?
youthful fine grain become coarser with age, then turns to dense, smooth bone, which eventually deteriorates
182
How does porosity of auricular surface change with age?
increases with age - microporosity appears, then microporosity
183
How does retroauricular of auricular surface change with age?
bone starts out smooth, becomes coarser & eventually exhibits osteophytes & outgrowths
184
How does apex of auricular surface change with age?
starts out thin and sharp, thickens and becomes more blunt with age
185
How to determine age with sternal rib ends?
surface bone of rib ends (starts smooth, becomes granular then porous)
surface contour ribs ends (billowy to flat, then v-shaped, then u-shaped)
rim (absent, rounded formed, becomes thinner and sharp, then jagged)
rim contour (straight, to undulating, to projecting "fingers")
186
How to determine age with cranial sutures?
examine extent of closure, then determine lateral-anterior composite scores
187
What are all the components that you need to use the Fully method?
```
Cranial height
Vertebral column length (don't need C1, only need S1)
Leg length (femur length and tibia - not incl. medial malleolus, but intercondylar eminence)
Foot height (height of talus and calcaneus)
```
188
What are the bones you can use to measure stature?
Metatarsals and metacarpals, long bones, vertebrae
189
Which bones can you determine stature off of by fragments?
femur, tibia, humerus
190
What is biological determinism
Attribution of physical characteristics with behavioural attributes (e.g. intellect, morality, character traits, etc.); Implying that cultural characteristics could be inherited
191
What is the Typological Model?
○ Divided geographic groups based on regular occurrence of selected traits
○ Focus on small number of traits that are observable from a distance (e.g. hair colour, height, build, skin colour, etc.)
○ For this to work, must assume no mixing
○ Based on a false assumption that you can be classified into a race based on select traits
○ More traits that you use, the fewer the number of people that share them
○ Arbitrary creations that reflect ethnocentric views of ourself and other people
○ Cultural, not biological
192
What is the population model
○ Significant groups of people are only those who’s ancestors chose partners from within the same population group
○ Distinct breeding populations
(Many genetically inherited traits, Similar physical appearances)
○ Differs from typological model in that typo starts out by choosing traits that typify a certain race and then looks for groups that have those traits
○ Undermined by the fact that people have rarely stuck between their own group for very long (even in the past); Gets broken down over time, especially now due to globalization
193
What is the clinal model?
○ Based on the fact that genetically inherited traits change gradually in frequency from one geographic location to another
○ E.g. allele for type B blood (Population clines come out of distribution)
○ Doesn’t define distinct groups
○ Because chance of mating is usually related to geographic distance
○ Doesn’t totally explain human pattern of variation
○ Trait distribution can be partly discontinuous (E.g. allele for type B blood in distinct region in Asia, Has to do with isolation or mass migration potentially)
194
What is the easiest way to determine ancestry?
Nose
195
How to determine ancestry based on nasal root and spine?
- White:
○ nasal root is quite high,
○ distance between orbit and root is wide (1),
○ nasal spine more pronounced
- Asian
○ Root is low
○ Narrower distance between orbit and nasal root
○ Nasal spine is small
- Black
○ Nasal root low (can’t differentiate between Asian)
○ Orbit-root is narrow (can’t differentiate between Asian)
○ Absent spine (how to distinguish from Asian)
