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ARCL 228 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

One definition of forensic anthropology is that it is the study of human skeletons that have been found under suspicious circumstances.

A

True

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2
Q

Forensic anthropologists not only deal with modern skeletons but also historically significant skeletal remains

A

True

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3
Q

For. Anthros are legally responsible for determining cause and manner of death from the skeleton

A

False

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4
Q

Anthroscopy is the measurement of metric traits in human skeletons?

A

False

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5
Q

Osetometry usually employs ordinal scales

A

False

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6
Q

Calipers and bone boards measure osteological structures using ratio level scales

A

True

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7
Q

Decision tables help untangle conflicting data

A

True

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8
Q

Range charts untangle conflicting data

A

True

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9
Q

Indexes and discriminant functions are methods for expressing visual traits in terms of numbers

A

True

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10
Q

In discriminant functions, measurements of bone or osteological structures (e.g. jaws, face) are entered into a formula and a number is calculated that indicates membership in a group

A

True

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11
Q

The sectioning point separates groups in discriminant functions

A

True

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12
Q

Regression equations help to predict one measurement from another

A

True

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13
Q

Which one is not a main objective of forensic anthropological analysis?

  1. Determination of demographic characteristics from the skeleton
  2. Assist in the proper location, excavation, and mapping of human remains
  3. Estimate postmortem interval
  4. Determine cause of death
A
  1. Determine cause of death
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14
Q

Which is not a role of forensic anthropologists

A Determination of demographic characteristics from the skeleton

B Determine cause of death

C Provide input on trauma to bone in fleshed bodies

D None of the above

A

B Determine cause of death

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15
Q

Is identification of a decedent from dental remains a role of a forensic anthro. In a medicolegal context?

A

No

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16
Q

Which of the following is not one of Clyde Snow’s questions?

A Are the remains of medicolegal significance?
B Are the remains human?
C When did death occur?
D None of the above

A

A

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17
Q 
The age of a human is usually measured on which of the following scales?
A Nominal
B Ordinal
C Interval
D Ratio
A

C Interval

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18
Q 
The weight of a human is usually measured on which of the following scales?
A Nominal
B Ordinal 
C Interval 
D Ratio
A

D Ratio

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19
Q 
The occupation of a human is measured on which of the following scales?
A Nominal 
B Ordinal 
C Interval 
D Ratio
A

A Nominal

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20
Q 
Which scale are anomalies in human skeletons measured on?
A Nominal
B Ordinal
C Interval 
D Ratio
A

A Nominal

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21
Q

When a forensic anthropologist determines that a decedent smoked a pipe during life because of the wear on his teeth, what data gathering method is he or she using?

A
Anthroposcopy
B
Osteometry
C
Chemical
D
Histology
A

A Anthroposcopy

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22
Q

When a forensic anthropologist determines that a femur (thigh bone) is 450 mm long, what data gathering method is he or she using?

A Anthroposcopy
B Osteometry
C Chemical
D Histology

A

B

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23
Q 
If a forensic anthropologist wants to estimate the age of a person from multiple characteristics of the skeleton with known ranges, which of the following data analysis methods would be most helpful to him/her?
A Decision tables
B Range charts
C Indexes
D Discriminant functions
A

B Range charts

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24
Q 
If a forensic anthropologist feels he/she can guess at the occupation of a person from multiple characteristics seen in the skeleton, which of the following data analysis methods would be most helpful to him/her?
A Decision tables
B Range charts
C Indexes
D Discriminant functions
A

A Decision tables

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25
Q

If a forensic anthropologist measures the width and length of a skull and divides these two measurements, which of the following data analysis methods is he/she using?

A
Decision tables
B
Range charts
C
Indexes
D
Discriminant functions
A

C Indexes

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26
Q

If a forensic anthropologist feels he/she can guess at the occupation of a person from multiple measurements of the skeleton, which of the following data analysis methods would be most helpful to him/her?

A
Decision tables
B
Range charts
C
Indexes
D
Discriminant functions
A

D Discriminant functions

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27
Q

If a forensic anthropologist feels he/she can estimate the length of a humerus (upper arm bone) from the length of the femur (thigh bone), which of the following data analysis methods would be most helpful to him/her?

A
Range charts
B
Indexes
C
Regression formulas
D
Discriminant functions
A

C Regression formulas

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28
Q 
If a forensic anthropologist feels he/she can estimate the age of a person by dividing the number of teeth present by the total number of teeth, which of the following data analysis methods would be most helpful to him/her?
A
Range charts
B
Indexes
C
Regression formulas
D
Discriminant functions
A

B Indexes

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29
Q

Human osteology is the study of the human skeleton, while odontology is the study of the dentition.

A

True

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30
Q

In a standing human, the head is inferior to the shoulders.

A

False

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31
Q

The frontal bone is the only bone in the human skull that is not paired (i.e., has a left and right).

A

False

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32
Q

The temporal bone is articulated to the frontal bone.

A

False

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33
Q

The coronal suture separates the parietal bones.

A

False

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34
Q

The squamosal suture separates the right and left parietal bones.

A

False

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35
Q

Most vertebrae are composed of a body and neural arches with spinous processes.

A

True

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36
Q

The cervical vertebrae compose the bones of the neck while the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae are the bones of the back.

A

True

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37
Q

The acetabulm is the socket for the head of the humerus.

A

False

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38
Q

The knee is partially composed of the proximal epiphysis of the tibia.

A

False

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39
Q

The permanent dentition of humans consists of 8 incisors, 4 canines, 4 premolars and 8 molars.

A

False

40
Q

Which of the following is not a cardinal direction used in describing osteological structures?

A

Frankfort

41
Q 
Which of the following sutures separates the occipital from the parietals?
A
Internasal
B
Squamosal
C
Lambdoid
D
Sagittal
A

C

Lambdoid

42
Q 
Which of the following sinuses is especially useful in positively identify a person?
A
Frontal
B
Maxillary
C
Ethmoid
D
All of the above
A

A Frontal

43
Q 
The atlas (first vertebra) does not have which of the following components common to other vertebrae?
A
Body
B
Neural arch
C
Transverse process
D
All of the above
A

A Body

44
Q 
Which of the following areas are involved in the articulation of the humerus to other boney elements?
A
Glenoid cavity
B
Olecranon process
C
Trochlea
D
All of the above
A

A Glenoid cavity

45
Q

Which of the following bones of the pelvis can be palpated (felt) on the side at the level of the waist?

A
Ilium
B
Ischium
C
Pubis
D
Sacrum
A

A Ilium

46
Q 
Which of the following bones of the lower limbs compose the shin?
A
Femur
B
Tibia
C
Fibula
D
None of the above
A

B Tibia

47
Q 
The proximal epiphysis of the radius is the:
A
Head
B
Radial tuberosity
C
Styloid process
D
Ulnar notch
A

A Head

48
Q

The proximal epiphysis of the ulna is the:

A
Olecranon process
B
Head
C
Styloid process
D
None of the above
A

A Olecranon process

49
Q 
The occlusal surface of teeth is covered by:
A
Dentin
B
Enamel
C
Pulp
D
All of the above
A

B Enamel

50
Q 
Which of the following directions is of little value when discussing molars?
A
Labial
B
Lingual
C
Buccal
D
Occlusal
A

A Labial

51
Q

Humans have more plexiform bone than other mammals.

A

False

52
Q

The main maturity distinction between subadult human long bones and those of adult mammalians is the lack of epiphyses on their ends.

A

True

53
Q

Human canine teeth might be easily mistaken for those of a carnivore.

A

False

54
Q

The ulna and radius of ungulates are distinctly different from their human counterparts.

A

True

55
Q

The mammalian metapodials are likely to be mistaken as human metacarpals and metatarsals.

A

False

56
Q

The pubic face of humans is larger than those of nonhuman animals.

A

True

57
Q

The neck of the femur from cows is longer than that of humans.

A

False

58
Q 
Which of the following can be used to distinguish human from nonhuman bone?
A
Histological structures
B
Maturity differences
C
Architectural differences
D
All of the above
A

D

59
Q 
Which of the following can be used to distinguish human from nonhuman bone?A
Haversian systems
B
Plexiform bone
C
Size of Haversian systems and canals
D
All of the above
A

D

60
Q 
The thoracic vertebra of nonhumans can be distinguished from humans by the:
A
Presence of facets for the ribs
B
Single curve from neck to back
C
The long spinous processes
D
All of the above
A

C The long spinous process

61
Q 
The scapula of nonhumans can be distinguished from humans by the:
A
Presence of a glenoid fossa
B
Overall outline
C
Presence of a spine
D
All of the above
A

A Presence of a glenoid fossa

62
Q 
The metapoidials of nonhumans can be distinguished from humans by the shape of the:A
Proximal articular surface
B
Shaft
C
Distal articular surface
D
All of the above
A

D

63
Q 
The os coxa of nonhumans can be distinguished from humans by the:
A
Narrow ilium
B
Elongate shape
C
Wide pubis
D
All of the above
A

D

64
Q

The tibia of nonhumans can be distinguished from humans by the:

A
Presence of a proximal articular surface
B
Length of the shaft
C
Configuration of the distal articular surface
D
All of the above
A

A Presence of a proximal articular surface

65
Q 
Humans hands and feet are similar to bear paws in the:
A
Shape of the metacarpals/metatarsals
B
Shape of the phalanges
C
Number of phalanages
D
All of the above
A

C Number of phalanges

66
Q 
Which of the following should be done at any outdoor forensic anthropological investigation?
A
Secure area
B
Avoid contamination
C
Treat all findings as equally important
D
All of the above
A

D

67
Q 
Which of the following is not used in the recovery of human remains?
A
Magnetometer
B
Spectrometer
C
Cadaver dogs
D
Visual assessment
A

B Spectrometer

68
Q 
Which of the following is a characteristic of a recent human grave?
A
Secondary depression
B
Burial depression
C
Cracks in soil
D
All of the above
A

D

69
Q 
Which of the following is not a good object to use as a datum point?
A
Parked heavy equipment (e.g., bulldozer)
B
Corner of building
C
Large tree
D
USGS bench mark
A

A

Parked heavy equipment (e.g., bulldozer)

70
Q

What are the 3 important questions to establish the forensic context?

A
  1. are we dealing with bone?
  2. Are the bones human?
  3. Are the bones ancient or modern?
71
Q

How does maturity help in animal vs. human bone

A

Children’s long bones apytheses have not yet fused.

72
Q

What do humans have that animals don’t (bones)

A

Unfused tibia and fibula + radius and ulna; large separate clavicles

73
Q

What bones do animals have that humans don’t?

A

Baculum (penis bone); metapodials (instead of metacarpals); plexiform bone

74
Q

Human vs. bear hand

A

Bear - fifth digit is smallest, claws, distal end of phalanges more grooved

75
Q

What aspects of bone architecture can differentiate human and animal bones?

A

Animal bones are thicker and have plexiform bone

76
Q

For material to be admissible as evidence, must demonstrate:

A

not contaminated by matter not found at scene; not lost at any point after being removed from scene -Chain of Custody

77
Q

Job of chief investigator; archeaologist; anthropologist; pathologist

A

prosecution’s on site personel; excavate; examine bones; cause of death and ID

78
Q

How does carbon monoxide poisoning cause the death of an individual? How long does it typically take for an individual to die from carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

kills by suffocation prevents blood cells from taking up oxygen - takes about 15 mins

79
Q

What types of samples will the coroner take from the deceased’s body? Why is the fingernail area of particular importance?

A

Body hairs, fingernails; Link the assailant scratched off in a fight could be crucial evidence

80
Q

What are some of the tools used by the forensic pathologist during autopsy? What is “bread loafing”?

A

Bread loaf tin = vertical sections or organ from one section to the other

	a. Ladle - scooping fluids
	b. Pruning sheers - to open ribs to get at chest organs 
	c. Saw
81
Q

How does an autopsy begin? Describe the procedure.

A

Y incision shoulders to pit of stomach, then straight line down

82
Q

What does the word “autopsy”actually mean as translated from the Greek?

A

To see for oneself; to see with ones eyes

83
Q

When found in the eyes of a deceased individual, what can “petechial hemorrhage”be a sign of?Alternatively, what can be a differential diagnosis for this condition?

A

Suffocation or asphyxiation; tiny pint point blood spots in eyes; heart attack can also cause this

84
Q

What is the main method of identification for John/Jane Does?

A

No fingerprints - John Doe until someone calls in

a. Rehydrating mummified hands - injection of water inside the digit
b. Maggots - how many generations are there - estimated time of death

85
Q

Stages of decomposition

A 
Fresh
Early Decomp (bloat)
Active decay
Advanced decay
Skeletal/dry remains
Extreme decomp
86
Q

What is the order of first stage decomp

A

Pallor mortis - algor mortis - livor mortis - rigor mortis

87
Q

What are traits of pallor mortis

A

Paleness; almost instantaneous due to lack of blood flow; can only use this to determine PMI up to 30 mins AD;

88
Q

What are traits of algor mortis

A

Coolness of death; body cools at ~1.5*F/h until reaches ambient temp; take rectal temp and put it into equation; big assumptions = no fever at TOD, size of body, external factors didn’t change, etc; only up to 18h AD

89
Q

What are traits of livor mortis

A

Blu-ish colour of death; setting of blood by gravity; lividity (unfixed until 8 hours after; then develop contact palor); after 8-12 hours lividity becomes fixed

90
Q

What are traits of rigor mortis

A

Stiffness; due to chemical changes in muscle fibres; small muscles first (~2h for face); 12h = height of it; 24h - lost; can be broken down with movement; timing is affected by intrinsic + extrinsic factors

91
Q

Traits of early decomp

A

Bloat; after 24h body starts to change to blue/green; autolysis + putrefaction (bloat); 4-7 days gloving; 3-7 days = purge fluids

92
Q

Traits of active decay

A

Black putrefaction, lasts 10-25 days AD; very strong odour arises from gases (HYDROGEN SULFIDE, METHANE, CADAVERINE, PUTRESCENCE); bloating stops,

93
Q

Traits of advanced decay

A

Butyric fermentation; smells like cheese (attracts cheese skipper); 20-50 days AD; flattening; mummification, saponificaiton (adipocere)

94
Q

Skeletal/dry stage

A

usually 2 months later

95
Q

Extreme decomp stage

A

skeleton breaking down; bone bleaching; spongy part visible;

96
Q

If more than 80% of skeleton recovered

A

less than 6 mos. since death

ARCL 228 (3 decks)

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