Final Flashcards
1
Q
Regression formulas for estimating stature are highly accurate and not prone to error.
A
B
False
2
Q
Which of the following problems in stature reconstruction involves the difference between long limb bones and stature that occur through time?
A Method of measuring body for stature B Secular changes C Self reporting of stature D Inter-observer
A
B
Secular changes
3
Q
Which of the following skeletal elements cannot be used in long limb bone regression formulas to reconstruct living stature? A Bicondylar length of femur B Total length of Tibia C Total length of Ulna D Total length of humerus
A
A
Bicondylar length of femur
4
Q
Which of the following skeletal elements can be measured to reconstruct living stature? A Metacarpals B Metatarsals C Vertebral column D All of the above
A
D
All of the above
5
Q
D
All of the above
A
A
Femur
6
Q
Which of the following bones can be used to reconstruct stature, even if only the head remains? A Femur B Tibia C Humerus D All of the above
A
C
Humerus
7
Q
Which of the following should be used to adjust stature calculated from long limb bones? A Age of individual B Bone shrinkage C Reported versus measured stature D All of the above
A
D
All of the above
8
Q
Trauma is just one category of pathological conditions that can occur in humans. A True B False
A
True
9
Q
One of the manners of death discussed in the textbook is "gunshot wound." A True B False
A
False
10
Q
A hinge fracture is one type of an infraction. A True B False
A
True
11
Q
A fall from a great height is likely to result in only simple fractures. A True B False
A
False
12
Q
A fracture line will often cross a suture or another fracture line, and continue onward. A True B False
A
B
False
13
Q
A stress fracture of the heel in an athlete is an example of a pathological fracture. A True B False
A
A
True
14
Q
The dowager’s hump is most often the result of an attack by another person. A True B False
A
B
False
15
Q
The direction of force is one of the characteristics that aids in understanding of bone trauma. A True B False
A
A
True
16
Q
One of the directions of force that is seen in deaths due to attacks by other persons is tension. A True B False
A
B
False
17
Q
Gunshot wounds apply a dynamic force to bone. A True B False
A
A
True
18
Q
Bludgeoning with a club results in sharp force trauma. A True B False
A
B
False
19
Q
Bone injury that occurs around the time of death is termed antemortem trauma. A True B False
A
B
False
20
Q
Perimortem bone trauma can result in sharp edges of broken bone. A True B False
A
A
True
21
Q
Postmortem damage to bone can be distinguished from antemortem and perimortem trauma. A True B False
A
A
True
22
Q
Which of the following results in displacement? A Complete fracture B Fatigue fracture C Stress fracture D All of the above
A
D
23
Q
Which of the following is a pathological fracture? A Hoop fracture B Radiating fracture line C Fatigue fracture D All of the above
A
C
Fatigue fracture
24
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of forces causing trauma that refers to the size of the impact surface? A Direction B Speed C Focus D None of the above
A
C
Focus
25
Q
Which of the following is a direction of force that is studied in bone trauma? A Tension B Torsion C Shearing D All of the above
A
D
All of the above
26
Q
The parry fracture results from which direction of force? A Tension B Bending C Compression D Shearing
A
B
Bending
27
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic postmortem damage to bone? A Radiating fracture lines B Hinging C Right angle broken surfaces D All of the above
A
C
Right angle broken surfaces
28
Q
Keyhole wounds are common when a bullet exists a bone. A True B False
A
False
29
Q
The size of entrance wounds are, on the average, the same as their calibers. A True B False
A
B
False
30
Q
Generally, forensic anthropologists should do the same analysis of pellet wounds as they do when working with other projectile wounds. A True B False
A
False
31
Q
Which of the following terms refers to the size of a projectile? A Caliber B Gauge C Rifling D All of the above
A
A Caliber
32
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of a projectile exit wound in bone? A Inward beveling B Outward beveling C Round shape D All of the above
A
B
33
Q
Which of the following fracture lines is likely to occur in a skull? A Butterfly B Radiating C Irregular D All of the above
A
B
34
Q
A butterfly fracture is most likely to appear on which of the following bones? A Skull B Femur C Vertebrae D All of the above
A
B
35
Q
Which of the following sizes is most likely caused by a .22 caliber bullet? A 0.27 B 0.26 C 0.34 D 0.43
A
A
36
Q
In cases of multiple projectile wounds, which of the following characteristics of fracture lines from a wound indicates that it was the first wound to occur?
A
Fracture line does not end at another fracture line
B
Fracture line ends at another fracture line
C
Fracture line radiates outward from exit wound
D
All of the above
A
A
Fracture line does not end at another fracture line
37
Q
Which of the following characteristics of pellet wounds should forensic anthropologists note for use by ballistics experts?
A
Placement of pellets in the body
B
Placement of bone indentations caused by pellets
C
Retrieval of pellets from around the body
D
All of the above
A
A
Placement of pellets in the body
38
Q
Which of the following could cause projectile wounds to bone? A Arrows B Crossbow bolts C Tear gas canisters D All of the above
A
D
39
Q
Which of the following is helpful in determining cause and manner of death in projectile wounds? A Location of wounds B Severity of wounds C Path of projectile D All of the above
A
D
All of the above
40
Q
The length of an object can be readily told from wounds resulting from blunt force trauma. A True B False
A
B
41
Q
The shape of an object can be readily told from wounds resulting from blunt force trauma. A True B False
A
B
42
Q
Transverse fracture is a type of infraction. A True B False
A
B
43
Q
In the skull, blunt force trauma causes both inbending and outbending of the vault bones. A True B False
A
A
True
44
Q
In the face, fracture lines usually appear between the three buttresses: malar eminence, nasofrontal process, and alveolar ridges. A True B False
A
A
45
Q
A ring fracture is a type of fracture that occurs on the face. A True B False
A
B
46
Q
The buttresses of the cranial vault are: midfrontal, anterior temporal, midoccipital, and posterior temporal. A True B False
A
A
47
Q
The edges of bone in ring fractures to the skull base include both inward and outward beveling. A True B False
A
A
48
Q
Butterfly fractures occur only in long bones. A True B False
A
B
49
Q
In some cases, the shape of the instrument causing blunt force trauma can be easily seen, as when a person is hit with a hammer. A True B False
A
A
50
Q
Estimating the direction of the instrument that caused blunt force trauma is the hardest aspect of wound analysis to determine. A True B False
A
B
51
Q
When estimating the energy of the instrument causing blunt force trauma, forensic anthropologists must consider both weight and speed. A True B False
A
A
52
Q
Which of the following characteristics of instruments that could cause blunt force trauma should be of concern to forensic anthropologist? A Size B Shape C Weight D All of the above
A
D
53
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions involve an incomplete transverse fracture? A Bow fracture B Greenstick fracture C Toddler’s fracture D Depressed fracture
A
B
Greenstick fracture
54
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions involve an incomplete spiral or oblique fracture? A Bow fracture B Greenstick fracture C Toddler’s fracture D Depressed fracture
A
C
Toddler’s fracture
55
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions involves compression along the long axis of a bone? A Bow fracture B Greenstick fracture C Toddler’s fracture D Depressed fracture
A
A
Bow fracture
56
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions involve shattering of a bone into multiple pieces? A Transverse fracture B Spiral fracture C Comminuted fracture D Epiphyseal fracture
A
C
Comminuted fracture
57
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions involve the ends of long bones? A Transverse fracture B Spiral fracture C Comminuted fracture D Epiphyseal fracture
A
D
Epiphyseal fracture
58
Q
Which of the following fractures or infractions is caused by excessive torsion applied to a bone? A Transverse fracture B Spiral fracture C Comminuted fracture D Epiphyseal fracture
A
B
Spiral fracture
59
Q
Which of the following fractures to the cranial vault are most likely to occur in older persons? A Inner table fracture B Plug formation C Crushing of the diploe D Inner table crushing
A
B
60
Q
A Le Forte 1 fracture guides around which facial buttress? A Alveolar ridges B Nasofrontal process C Malar eminence D All of the above
A
A
Alveolar ridges
61
Q
A facial fracture that has characteristics of all Le Forte fractures guide around which facial buttress? A Alveolar ridges B Nasofrontal process C Malar eminence D All of the above
A
D
62
Q
A fracture line that originates at the superior border of the eye and travels posteriorly and superior to the temporal line is being influenced by which two cranial vault buttresses? A Midfrontal and Anterior temporal B Anterior temporal and Midoccipital C Midoccipital and Posterior temporal D All of the above
A
A
Midfrontal and Anterior temporal
63
Q
A fracture line that originates at the zygomatic bone and travels posteriorly along the squamosal suture is being influenced by which two cranial vault buttresses? A Midfrontal and Anterior temporal B Anterior temporal and Posterior temporal C Midoccipital and Posterior temporal D All of the above
A
B
Anterior temporal and Posterior temporal
64
Q
Which of the following types of fractures caused by blunt forces can occur in long bones? A Transverse fractures B Comminuted fractures C Butterfly fractures D All of the above
A
D
All of the above
65
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis involves measuring the dimensions of a wound caused by blunt forces? A Estimation of size B Estimation of shape C Estimation of direction D Estimation of energy
A
A
Estimation of size
66
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis involves noting which side of the victim exhibits blunt force trauma? A Estimation of size B Estimation of shape C Estimation of direction D Estimation of energy
A
C
Estimation of direction
67
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis involves tracing the fracture lines from points of impact? A Estimation of size B Estimation of shape C Estimation of sequence D Estimation of number
A
C
Estimation of sequence
68
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis involves counting the number of blunt trauma impact sites on a skeleton? A Estimation of size B Estimation of number C Estimation of direction D Estimation of energy
A
B
Estimation of number
69
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis involves noting the amount of damage to bones exhibiting blunt force trauma? A Estimation of size B Estimation of shape C Estimation of direction D Estimation of energy
A
D
Estimation of energy
70
Q
Which aspect of wound analysis may involve fitting an instrument into traumatic injuries due to blunt force? A Estimation of size B Estimation of shape C Estimation of direction D Estimation of energy
A
B
Estimation of shape
71
Q
Which of the following causes of death is possible in cases of blunt force trauma? A Homicide B Suicide C Accident D All of the above
A
D
72
Q
Facture lines do not occur with sharp force trauma. A True B False
A
B
73
Q
Clefts are created by a sharp instrument impacting a bone’s surface at a, or near, 90º angle. A True B False
A
A
74
Q
Clefts caused by a meat cleaver, machete and ax are indistinguishable from each other. A True B False
A
B
False
75
Q
Research has shown that the general type of weapon causing sharp force wounds can be determined by viewing their characteristics using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A True B False
A
A
True
76
Q
When analyzing sharp force trauma, forensic anthropologists should explore many of the same aspects of wound analysis as in projectile and blunt force trauma. A True B False
A
A
77
Q
The direction of force is easy to determine in the analysis of sharp force trauma. A True B False
A
B
False
78
Q
Determination of the number of sharp force traumatic events is complicated by the fact that some events do not cause bone injuries. A True B False
A
A
79
Q
In cases of strangulation, the hyoid is easily fractured in young persons. A True B False
A
B
False
80
Q
Ligature is the most common form of strangulation that causes fracture of the hyoid bone. A True B False
A
B
81
Q
Which of the following wounds resulting from sharp force trauma are most likely caused by stabbing? A Puncture B Incision C Cleft D All of the above
A
A
82
Q
Which of the following wounds resulting from sharp force trauma are most likely caused by a slashing action? A Puncture B Incision C Cleft D All of the above
A
B
83
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of a puncture wound? A Cone-shaped injury penetrating bone B V-shaped lines C V-shaped notches D All of the above
A
A
84
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of an incision? A Cone-shaped injury penetrating bone B V-shaped lines C V-shaped notches D All of the above
A
B
85
Q
Which of the following is a characteristic of a cleft? A Cone-shaped injury penetrating bone B V-shaped lines C V-shaped notches D All of the above
A
C
86
Q
Which of the following characteristics of clefts should forensic anthropologists explore? A Width of entry site B Depth of penetration C Striations D All of the above
A
D
87
Q
Which of the following aspects of wound analysis involve noting the type of injury(s), their location on bone, and their size? A Description of wound(s) B Instrument characteristics C Direction of force D Number of events
A
A
88
Q
Which of the following aspects of wound analysis involve recreating the traumatic event(s)? A Description of wound(s) B Instrument characteristics C Direction of force D Number of events
A
D
Sequence of events
89
Q
Which of the following methods of strangulation is most likely to result in fracture of the hyoid bone? A Hanging B Ligature C Manual strangulation D All of the above
A
C
90
Q
Which of the following methods of strangulation can result in fracture of the greater horns of the hyoid bone? A Hanging B Ligature C Manual strangulation D All of the above
A
D
91
Q
Of the three basic types of pathologies, lytic lesions are the least likely to be mistaken for trauma. A True B False
A
B
92
Q
Lytic lesions have none of the characteristics of perimortem trauma. A True B False
A
B
False
93
Q
Lytic lesions can be mistaken for perimortem trauma or postmortem damage because of the loss of bone in conditions such as anemia, necrosis, and abscesses. A True B False
A
A
True
94
Q
Proliferative lesions include osteophytes, osteomas, and generalized bone disease. A True B False
A
A
95
Q
Deformative lesions are likely to be mistaken for proliferative lesions. A True B False
A
F
96
Q
Skeletal anomalies include accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and extra foramen. A True B False
A
A
97
Q
Various cranial ossicles might be mistaken for evidence of sharp force trauma if care is not taken during analysis. A True B False
A
B
False
98
Q
Accessory bones have lines that radiate from them similar to fracture lines due to blunt force trauma. A True B False
A
B
99
Q
Nonfusion anomalies are similar to lytic lesions. A True B False
A
B
100
Q
Nonfusion anomalies often involve the continuance of an immature condition into adulthood. A True B False
A
A
101
Q
Nonfusion anomalies often involve the continuance of an immature condition into adulthood. A True B False
A
A
102
Q
Accessory foramina are similar to lytic lesions. A True B False
A
A
103
Q
A trephination has all of the characteristics of a gunshot wound. A True B False
A
B
False
104
Q
A pseudarthrosis involves nonfusion of two segments of a bone. A True B False
A
A
105
Q
Occupational stress markers include conditions similar to lytic lesions. A True B False
A
A
106
Q
Osteophytosis only occurs as proliferative pathological lesions that increase in frequency with age. A True B False
A
B
107
Q
Facets occur where two bone surfaces contact each other near a joint. A True B False
A
A
108
Q
Grooves are occupational stress markers that are similar to facets. A True B False
A
A
109
Q
Osteophytes in the thoracic vertebrae is one of many occupational stress markers. A True B False
A
B
110
Q
Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves lytic, proliferative and deformative lesions? A Pathological conditions B Skeletal anomalies C Markers of occupational stress D All of the above
A
A
111
Q
Which of the following antemortem skeletal conditions involves accessory ossicles, nonfusions, and accessory foramen? A Pathological conditions B Skeletal anomalies C Markers of occupational stress D All of the above
A
B
112
Q
Which of the following pathological conditions involves abnormal bone loss? A Lytic lesions B Proliferative lesions C Deformative lesions D All of the above
A
A
Lytic lesions
113
Q
An abnormal bony spur would be which of the following pathological conditions? A Lytic lesions B Proliferative lesions C Deformative lesions D All of the above
A
B
Proliferative lesions
114
Q
Which of the following pathological conditions involves the unnatural shape of bone? A Lytic lesions B Proliferative lesions C Deformative lesions D All of the above
A
D
115
Q
A cancerous tumor on a bone would fall into which of the following pathological conditions? A Lytic lesions B Proliferative lesions C Deformative lesions D All of the above
A
B
116
Q
Into which of the following pathological conditions would the “dowager’s hump” most likely be classified? A Lytic lesions B Proliferative lesions C Deformative lesions D All of the above
A
C
Deformative lesions
117
Q
Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra bones within other bones? A Accessory bones B Nonfusion anomalies C Accessory foramen D Miscellaneous anomalies
A
A
118
Q
Which of the following skeletal anomalies appears as though single bones are made up of multiple segment? A Accessory bones B Nonfusion anomalies C Accessory foramen D Miscellaneous anomalies
A
B
119
Q
Which of the following skeletal anomalies involves extra openings in bones? A Accessory bones B Nonfusion anomalies C Accessory foramen D Miscellaneous anomalies
A
C
120
Q
Which of the following characteristics of an accessory bone distinguishes it from blunt force trauma? A Irregular outline B No fracture lines C Cortical bone on edges D All of the above
A
D
121
Q
Which of the following characteristics of nonfusion anomalies distinguishes them from blunt force trauma? A Appearance at ossification centers B No fracture lines C Cortical bone on edges D All of the above
A
D
122
Q
Which of the following segments of the human skeleton can exhibit nonfusion anomalies? A Axial skeleton B Thorax C Appendicular skeleton D All of the above
A
D
123
Q
Which of the following parts of the human skeleton can exhibit accessory foramen? A Face B Skull base C Appendicular skeleton D All of the above
A
D
124
Q
The septal aperture, which appears like a projectile wound, occurs in what bone? A Humerus B Femur C Skull D Vertebrae
A
A
125
Q
Which of the following occupational stress markers could be mistaken for a pathological condition? A Osteophytosis B Hypertorphy C Deformations D All of the above
A
D
126
Q
Which of the following occupational stress markers involve lytic lesions and enlarged areas where muscle attaches to bone? A Lesions of insertion area B Osteophytosis C Descrete markers D Fractures
A
A
127
Q
Which of the following occupational stress markers involve bony spurs and ridging? A Lesions of insertion area B Osteophytosis C Descrete markers D Fractures
A
B
128
Q
Which of the following occupational stress markers involve exostoses, spinal angulation, facets, and grooves? A Lesions of insertion area B Osteophytosis C Descrete markers D Fractures
A
C
129
Q
Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit discrete markers associated with occupations? A Vertebrae B Calvicle C Scapula D All of the above
A
D
130
Q
Which of the following bones in the human skeleton can exhibit fractures associated with occupations? A Vertebrae B Radius C Calcaneous D All of the above
A
D
131
Q
A false start kerf is caused when a saw blade is drawn across a bone without much pressure. A True B False
A
B
False
132
Q
The length breakaway spur may provide a clue as to the width of the saw blade used to cut bone. A True B False
A
A
True
133
Q
The width of a kerf is the same as the width of the saw blade that caused it. A True B False
A
B
False
134
Q
Striations on the cut surface of bone can aid in the determination of blade shape. A True B False
A
A
135
Q
Hand saws generally leave cuts in bone with smooth, almost polished walls. A True B False
A
B
136
Q
Carnivore scavenging involves random consumption and dismemberment of human remains. A True B False
A
B
137
Q
Although burning can remove a lot of information about the sex, age, race, and other characteristics of a victim, positive identification is still possible. A True B False
A
A
138
Q
Bone that has been burned for a long time in a hot fire (e.g., over 800º) will be black in color. A True B False
A
B
139
Q
The human skull can explode during burning due to the buildup of steam pressure inside the cranial vault. A True B False
A
B
140
Q
Weathering can cause cracking, warping, and flaking of cortical bone. A True B False
A
A
141
Q
Weathering can mimic the effects of blunt force trauma as well as obscure its presence. A True B False
A
A
142
Q
Burial damage involves bone shrinkage that could negatively influence calculations of stature. A True B False
A
B
143
Q
Water transport damage involves bone shrinkage that could negatively influence calculations of stature. A True B False
A
B
144
Q
Which of the following is a reason to study forensic taphonomy?
A
Postmortem damage may appear as perimortem trauma
B
Postmortem damage may be misidentified as a health condition
C
Postmortem damage may provide information surrounding death of descedent
D
All of the above
A
D
145
Q
Which of the following forms of postmortem changes are most likely caused by humans? A Dismemberments B Scavenging C Water transport damage D Weathering
A
A
146
Q
Which of the following steps for analyzing dismemberments is common to all forensic anthropological analyses? A Photograph cut bone ends B Removal of 3 inches of bone around cut C Incise an identification notch in lab bone cut D Removal of soft tissue
A
D Removal of soft tissue
147
Q
Which of the following characteristics of saws is most helpful in determining the blade width of a saw used to dismember a human body? A Type of saw (e.g., crosscut, rip) B Tooth set C Saw shape (e.g., straight, circular) D All of the above
A
B
Tooth set
148
Q
Which of the following types of saw marks on bone contains the least amount of information about the instrument used in a dismemberment? A Superficial false start scratches B False start kerfs C Sectioned bone cuts D Breakaway spur
A
A
Superficial false start scratches
