Midterm #2 Flashcards
The average cell divides…
50 times
For cancer to begin, the same cell must mutate about…
8-10 times
It takes about __ years for cancer to develop
20
__ and __ cancer have decreased in # over the years
Stomach; uterine
HeLa cells (1951)
Were found in a woman w/ uterine cancer (immortal cells in cervix) and could grow outside the lab – are now found worldwide (as they were sold by a now very rich man)
Have cancer death rates increased or decreased since the 1950s?
Neither, they’ve stayed about the same
p53 is…
An important “braking” protein responsible for apoptosis and 50% of tumours are related to the mutation of this protein
Oncogenes
Contain genetic information or instructions that are easier to mutate and change
Carcinogens…
a) Can alter DNA
b) Are a result of oncogenes
c) Target p53
a)
A viral infection can result in some cancers (e.g. cervical cancer) after targeting p53–cervical cancer can be prevented with what vaccination?
Guardasil
Cancer is hard to target selectively because of what two reasons?
(1) Cancer creates abnormal human proteins that are hard to create drugs for since (2) there are poor drug targets on these proteins to selectively destroy
What was the first drug used against cancer?
Mustard gas or nitrogen mustard –> mustine
Explain nitrogen mustard’s story
As a liquid it destroys tissue; once it was dropped in an air raid in WWII and liquid accumulated on the surface (like oil in water) and soldiers were covered in it - those who survived had a lower WBC count from DNA damage; this observation lead to the isolation of mustine, which targets fast growing cells in the body
What happened when an electrical current was passed through E. coli?
The E. coli stopped growing and clumped into one giant cell
What anti-cancer drug was discovered to inhibit cell division and recognize tumour cells’ metabolic differences from normal human cells in 1845 to 1978?
Cisplatin: C for Cell division
Where was Taxol found and what is it capable of for anti-cancer?
Taxol is found from yew bark (X and Y) and has 30% effectivity in breast cancer treatments; but this bark doesn’t produce a lot of Taxol, so now use European Taxus Baccata (Taxol Bark)
What Canadian lost his gold in 1998 Seoul from Stanozolol use
Johnson
Who was the first athlete to be tested positive for alcohol and lose the bronze medal (first to lose any medal from testing)?
Liljenwall (jen for gentle - alcohol is a gentle drug in society’s view)
How did the term “dope” come to be?
Dop (alcohol and mild hallucinogen) - Zulu
Doop - Africans
Dope - English
When water was thought to impede athletic ability, what did athletes often resort to?
Egg whites, adrenaline, alcohol, strychnine (faster stryde)
Adrenaline use turned into ________ use
Amphetamine
First recorded use of amphetamine in the Olympics was in __ by the __ team
1952; Norwegian speed skating
Methamphetamine’s side effects were feelings of…
fearlessness and anger; so, used in the air force
NB years
- Amphetamines first used in sports in __
- Restricted amphetamines in __
- Began testing in __
- Testosterone banned in __
- Blood doping was outlawed in __
- EPO’s recombinant protein banned in __
- 1952
- 1967
- 1968
- 1977
- 1986
- 1990
Amphetamine use - major injuries (2)
1) Jensen - skull fracture (Jensen jetted and joined the cycling team)
2) Simpson - heat stroke in Tour de France (Simpson - stroke)
Steroid transplant (testosterone)
Bull and dog testicle, testicle tissue, actual testicle transplant
Testosterone was discovered by …
K and McG (McGirth and Kink discovered testosterone) > inserted into neutered rooster
Ziegler discovered what secrets about steroids’ properties?
Anabolic = good stuff Androgenic = secondary puberty traits
East German Swim Team won __ medals in the __ Olympics from using __
11/13; 1976; testosterone since puberty (forcibly)
Lab in Germany 1/2 for testing 1/2 for masking techniques in what city?
Kreischa
Gas chramtograph
- Separates molecules using sticky sides
Mass spectrometer
- Weighs molecules by throwing in magnetic field and creating fingerprint
What can damage the tester for steroids?
Diuretics, soap, alcohol
Synthetic steroid from semi-synthesis of diosgenin made from what?
Mexican yams
BALCO’s designer steroid: “The Clear”
Tetrahydragestrinone
EPO is impractical to synthesize chemically, instead scientists use recombinant protein - what is this process like?
Gene from chromosome > plasmid > bacteria.
This way, it is human with no risk of infection, rejection, and it can be made in large quantities
ON vs. OFF model for EPO testing
ON = recent use, while OFF = long-term use (2-3 weeks)
Abuse of blood doping can cause
Heart attack, since an excess hematocrit results in sluggish blood
Bassi introduced what theory?
Germ theory
Miasma theory stated that __ were the cause of disease
bad smells
This theory was disproved (1854) when Cholera was mapped to single water pump that was on top of sewage from covered cess pit and mixed with the water
Salvarson 606 …
(a) Originally a red dye (tried on daughter); requires a living organism to work; sulphanilamide (1932); jams and blocks F (used in WWII) - by Dogmak
(b) Fleming (artist) 1928, then Florey and Chain 1941 (tried on rats); requires O2 to grow - corn steep liquor tanks; only kills bacteria not part of normal flora because it recognizes only bacterial wall and prevent from rebuilding during division so internal pressure causes the cell to burst; allergy possible but usually only see second or third time you use it
(c) Originated from Trypan - a poison that coloured trypanosomes made by Erlich - and As was replaced by N; treated syphilis and pox; didn’t dissolve well in blood (could precipitate) and required large amounts to be injected
(c)
Prontosil …
(a) Fleming (artist) 1928, then Florey and Chain 1941 (tried on rats); requires O2 to grow - corn steep liquor tanks; only kills bacteria not part of normal flora because it recognizes only bacterial wall and prevent from rebuilding during division so internal pressure causes the cell to burst; allergy possible but usually only see second or third time you use it
(b) Originally a red dye (tried on daughter); requires a living organism to work; sulphanilamide (1932); jams and blocks F (used in WWII) - by Dogmak
(c) Originated from Trypan - a poison that coloured trypanosomes - and As was replaced by N; treated syphilis and pox; didn’t dissolve well in blood (could precipitate) and required large amounts to be injected
(b)
Penicillin …
(a) Originally a red dye (tried on daughter); requires a living organism to work; sulphanilamide (1932); jams and blocks F (used in WWII) - by Dogmak
(b) Fleming (artist) 1928, then Florey and Chain 1941 (tried on rats); requires O2 to grow - corn steep liquor tanks; only kills bacteria not part of normal flora because it recognizes only bacterial wall and prevent from rebuilding during division so internal pressure causes the cell to burst; allergy possible but usually only see second or third time you use it
(c) Originated from Trypan - a poison that coloured trypanosomes - and As was replaced by N; treated syphilis and pox; didn’t dissolve well in blood (could precipitate) and required large amounts to be injected
(b)
Corn steep liquor tanks are primarily in ___ (the alcohol capital), and pumps __ into the tanks to continue growth; _____ tonnes of ____ are made per year
Peoria, Illinois; oxygen; 10,000; penicillin
Golden age of antibiotics
1940s to 1950s
No new antibiotics since
1997
Average smoker smokes ____ per year; average smoker in later 1800s smoked __ per year; smoking kills ______ per year
10,000; 80; 420,000 (in North America)
Order from past to present
- Nicot in France used to revive the drowned (but air/fire pump probably did the work)
- Natives drank nicotine from tabbago leaves
- Cigarettes are rolled using Bonsack machine (this lowered the cost drastically)
2, 1, 3
Flue curing …
Removes irritants by quickly drying nicotine
Long pipes were used to smoke so that …
Acidity didn’t reach mouth and the nicotine could cool down, but it did NOT actually detoxify the drug as some believe
Nicotine works by replacing ACh; large amounts = __, while smaller amounts = __
make an agonist (excited state); antagonist (calming)
Cigars are even more lethal than cigarettes because they burn the nicotine once it enters the mouth. True or false?
FALSE. Cigars are less lethal since most of the nicotine burns before entering the system
What regulates the cigarette paper’s burning?
TiO2
Addictive = dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, _______ (companies added this word to suppress the addictive features of cigarettes)
intoxication
e-Cigarettes’ solvent can combust to ___, which can be toxic
Acroiein
e-Cigarettes’ flavour’s possible harm?
Carbonyl compounds are carcinogens (are fine when in the stomach, but what about the lungs?)
Epitopes
On pathogens (marker), part that immunoglobulin sticks to
Anthrax …
(a) 22 cases as of 2017, 1% become paralytic; two vaccines
i. dead, largest clinical trial, ii. attenuated, given orally and perceived as safer
(b) Active vaccine of cowpox (Jenner), eradicated as of 1977 (1950 for industrialized)
(c) Vaccinated w/ dead virus, changes yearly (have to predict what next will be in Spring to prepare vaccine), vaccine requires 21 days to acquire full immunity
(d) Attenuated for livestock illness
(d)
Brief description and example: Dead Attenuated Alive/Live Recombinant
Dead - Salk for polio or flu; need boosters typically
Attenuated - Anthrax, Sabin; need boosters
Live - cowpox for smallpox
Recombinant - Guardasil for HPV (cervical cancer)
Variolation
Inject pus into children (40% chance of death)
Polio …
(a) 22 cases as of 2017, 1% become paralytic; two vaccines
i. dead, largest clinical trial, ii. attenuated, given orally and perceived as safer
(b) Active vaccine of cowpox (Jenner), eradicated as of 1977 (1950 for industrialized)
(c) Vaccinated w/ dead virus, changes yearly (have to predict what next will be in Spring to prepare vaccine), vaccine requires 21 days to acquire full immunity
(d) Attenuated for livestock illness
(a)
i. Salk
ii. Sabin
Influenza …
(a) 22 cases as of 2017, 1% become paralytic; two vaccines
i. dead, largest clinical trial, ii. attenuated, given orally and perceived as safer
(b) Active vaccine of cowpox (Jenner), eradicated as of 1977 (1950 for industrialized)
(c) Vaccinated w/ dead virus, changes yearly (have to predict what next will be in Spring to prepare vaccine), vaccine requires 21 days to acquire full immunity
(d) Attenuated for livestock illness
(c)
Smallpox …
(a) 22 cases as of 2017, 1% become paralytic; two vaccines
i. dead, largest clinical trial, ii. attenuated, given orally and perceived as safer
(b) Active vaccine of cowpox (Jenner), eradicated as of 1977 (1950 for industrialized)
(c) Vaccinated w/ dead virus, changes yearly (have to predict what next will be in Spring to prepare vaccine), vaccine requires 21 days to acquire full immunity
(d) Attenuated for livestock illness
(b)
Adjuvants
Powder to lipids to reduce need for boosters (pregnant women thing)
Squalene adjuvant
Blamed for Gulf War Syndrome (in military vaccines), but weren’t actually in accused vaccines
False Autism Links (2)
H1N1 thimerosal and mercury
Wakefield study 2008 (England)
Recombinant vaccine process: (order)
- Fragment into yeast
- DNA for capsid
- Isolate capsid gene
- Capsid fragment
- Yeast produces capsid fragment, so that actual virus isn’t inserted in body, but the capsule markings allow for immune response
3, 2, 4, 1, 5; used for HPV - cervical cancer (Guardasil)
False Guardasil Links (2)
Promiscuous behaviour; paralysis
Actual Guardasil problem
Guillian-Barre syndrome 69 risk - 12 disabling; but prevents non-vaccinated 16,000 deaths per year
