Midterm #1 Flashcards
Canada’s life expectancy is ___ and the world’s is ___. Only in the last ___ years did the expectancy start to change (~____, when we started to think scientifically)
80; 67; 150; 1850
Doctrine of Humors VS Doctrine of Signatures
Hippocrates - balance of elements
Bohme - God left clues of how to use things (Mandrake - screaming person for medicinal use of demonic possession)
Davy discovered
NO - which can decrease pain and intoxicate (cool whip cans)
TG Morton discovered
Ether - can make the patient unconscious
Pasteur noticed that
bacteria can bring about disease
Lister was known for
phenol as antiseptic/antisepsis procedures, which was brought about by Riddick to Canada in 1877
Perkin was known for creating the first
synthetic purple dye (1856) - Bayer company
Bailer sold _________/raditor
Radioactive water; meant to promote intelligence and rid of cancer (Byers believed in H2O and had a radioactive jaw)
Board of Food and Drug Inspection established in ____, and only ensured there was proper ________
1907; labelling
Massengill sold _________, but mixed w/ _____ _____ (found in car fluid) as an elixir to make the patent medication less bitter
sulfanilamide; ethylene glycol
The FDA was established in
1938
Thalidomide (1957)
Teratogen - monster birth defects from phocomelia (attenuated limbs)
Salux/Willow tree used for
curing fever (Aspirin)
Rev Stone rediscovered salux’s properties and it was later isolated to its active ingredient _____, used as an ______, an __________, and _______________; it had the side effect of _______
Salicin; analgesic (pain), antipyretic, anti-inflammatory; nausea (can cause ulcers)
Salicylic acid was converted into _______; it works by …
ASA or aspirin; inhibiting prostaglandins/blocking enzymes that convert messages into pain
Aspirin is associated w/ _____ _______, which can affect children
Reye syndrome
Tylenol =
Aspirin =
Motrin/Advil =
ASA
Acetaminophen
Ibuprofen
Acetaminophen does everything ASA does, except
act as an anti-inflammatory medication
While ASA can cause ______, acetaminophen can damage your ______
ulcers/stomach pain; liver (toxic)
Ibuprofen and ASA both prevent the enzyme ______ from converting ________ into pain signals
cyclooxygenase; prostaglandins
Headache =
Cephalgia
What are the two major types of headaches and explain them
1) Muscular: muscle band around skull
2) Vascular: b.v. dilate and press on brain
Two major types of vascular headaches:
a) Toxic: poison (e.g. ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid)
b) Migraine
Disulfiram/antabase are used to
prevent complete breakdown of ethanol completely so that the alcoholic suffers nausea and pain to prevent them from drinking again
Never take _______ for hangovers
acetaminophen (damaging to liver)
To try and compensate for a toxic headache, you can take ________, which acts as a vasoconstrictor
caffeine
MSG (monosodium glutamate) was thought to cause headaches because
Oriental cooking was associated w/ headaches, but it is a normal human metabolite
Migraine headache overview:
- Vaso_____, then vaso______
- 4 main phases and small description:
constriction; dilation
a. prodrome (warning w/ mood swings);
b. aura (1-2h before, scotomas/hallucinations);
c. pain (one hemi, nausea/GI movement);
d. postdrome (“hungover”, depression/euphoria)
Triptans originate from _____, and work to increase ______
Ergot fungus (rots rye bread) - a mild hallucinogen; serotonin levels (which decrease in prodrome phase)
Bicycle day
Hoffman tries LSD for a second purposeful time
Remote island affected by seasonal colds when foreigners enter
Tristan Da Cunna
Decongestants are vaso_______
constrictors
Pseudoephedrine was smurfed to make
methamphetamine
Oxymetazoline is found in
nasal sprays
Heroin, used as a ______, was altered as dextromethorphan
cough syrup
Gualfenesin is used as an
expectorant
Viruses are classified by their _____ ____, (H= ; N= )
envelope proteins; hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
Avian flu was ____ –> ____, while the swine flu could be transferred from ____ –> _____
bird to person
person to person
