Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Canada’s life expectancy is ___ and the world’s is ___. Only in the last ___ years did the expectancy start to change (~____, when we started to think scientifically)

A

80; 67; 150; 1850

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2
Q

Doctrine of Humors VS Doctrine of Signatures

A

Hippocrates - balance of elements

Bohme - God left clues of how to use things (Mandrake - screaming person for medicinal use of demonic possession)

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3
Q

Davy discovered

A

NO - which can decrease pain and intoxicate (cool whip cans)

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4
Q

TG Morton discovered

A

Ether - can make the patient unconscious

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5
Q

Pasteur noticed that

A

bacteria can bring about disease

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6
Q

Lister was known for

A

phenol as antiseptic/antisepsis procedures, which was brought about by Riddick to Canada in 1877

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7
Q

Perkin was known for creating the first

A

synthetic purple dye (1856) - Bayer company

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8
Q

Bailer sold _________/raditor

A

Radioactive water; meant to promote intelligence and rid of cancer (Byers believed in H2O and had a radioactive jaw)

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9
Q

Board of Food and Drug Inspection established in ____, and only ensured there was proper ________

A

1907; labelling

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10
Q

Massengill sold _________, but mixed w/ _____ _____ (found in car fluid) as an elixir to make the patent medication less bitter

A

sulfanilamide; ethylene glycol

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11
Q

The FDA was established in

A

1938

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12
Q

Thalidomide (1957)

A

Teratogen - monster birth defects from phocomelia (attenuated limbs)

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13
Q

Salux/Willow tree used for

A

curing fever (Aspirin)

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14
Q

Rev Stone rediscovered salux’s properties and it was later isolated to its active ingredient _____, used as an ______, an __________, and _______________; it had the side effect of _______

A

Salicin; analgesic (pain), antipyretic, anti-inflammatory; nausea (can cause ulcers)

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15
Q

Salicylic acid was converted into _______; it works by …

A

ASA or aspirin; inhibiting prostaglandins/blocking enzymes that convert messages into pain

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16
Q

Aspirin is associated w/ _____ _______, which can affect children

A

Reye syndrome

17
Q

Tylenol =
Aspirin =
Motrin/Advil =

A

ASA
Acetaminophen
Ibuprofen

18
Q

Acetaminophen does everything ASA does, except

A

act as an anti-inflammatory medication

19
Q

While ASA can cause ______, acetaminophen can damage your ______

A

ulcers/stomach pain; liver (toxic)

20
Q

Ibuprofen and ASA both prevent the enzyme ______ from converting ________ into pain signals

A

cyclooxygenase; prostaglandins

21
Q

Headache =

22
Q

What are the two major types of headaches and explain them

A

1) Muscular: muscle band around skull

2) Vascular: b.v. dilate and press on brain

23
Q

Two major types of vascular headaches:

A

a) Toxic: poison (e.g. ethanol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid)
b) Migraine

24
Q

Disulfiram/antabase are used to

A

prevent complete breakdown of ethanol completely so that the alcoholic suffers nausea and pain to prevent them from drinking again

25
Never take _______ for hangovers
acetaminophen (damaging to liver)
26
To try and compensate for a toxic headache, you can take ________, which acts as a vasoconstrictor
caffeine
27
MSG (monosodium glutamate) was thought to cause headaches because
Oriental cooking was associated w/ headaches, but it is a normal human metabolite
28
Migraine headache overview: - Vaso_____, then vaso______ - 4 main phases and small description:
constriction; dilation a. prodrome (warning w/ mood swings); b. aura (1-2h before, scotomas/hallucinations); c. pain (one hemi, nausea/GI movement); d. postdrome ("hungover", depression/euphoria)
29
Triptans originate from _____, and work to increase ______
Ergot fungus (rots rye bread) - a mild hallucinogen; serotonin levels (which decrease in prodrome phase)
30
Bicycle day
Hoffman tries LSD for a second purposeful time
31
Remote island affected by seasonal colds when foreigners enter
Tristan Da Cunna
32
Decongestants are vaso_______
constrictors
33
Pseudoephedrine was smurfed to make
methamphetamine
34
Oxymetazoline is found in
nasal sprays
35
Heroin, used as a ______, was altered as dextromethorphan
cough syrup
36
Gualfenesin is used as an
expectorant
37
Viruses are classified by their _____ ____, (H= ; N= )
envelope proteins; hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
38
Avian flu was ____ --> ____, while the swine flu could be transferred from ____ --> _____
bird to person | person to person