Exam Flashcards
Poison ivy/oak’s allergen
urushial
Hygiene hypothesis
West - clean; East - dirty
Mast cells display __, which the allergen contacts and causes a degranulation that releases _______ (the symptoms of allergy)
IgE; histamine
First generation antihistamines
D(i)+C(hlor) - sleepy/reduced nausea since could enter the brain; Benadryl and Chlor-tripolon; 1940s
Second gen antihistamines
On the D(es)L(ora) (aerius ‘02 and claritin ‘89) - can’t enter the brain (so no reduced nausea/sleepiness)
Third gen antihistamines
C(et)F(exo) - reactine/allegra both in 1996
Singulair antagonizes ______, which are known to stimulate ____ cells
leukotrienes; mast
_____ correctly described the heart as a pump, w/ a one way circulatory system
Harvey (<3)
The heart is innervated by
sympathetic nerves (so we use an NE antagonist)
Normal BP is
120/80
Low/high diastolic Ps
<90 = fine; >150 = severe hypertension
Essential vs. secondary hypertension
Essential - from Na, irreversible
Secondary - can be treated w/ drugs
Captopril (cough + coppery) > Enalapril act by … and originate from …
Block ACE (i.e. formation of Angio II); originated from idea that snake venom is a potent vasodilator and decreases BP
Withering discovered
That the foxgrove plant stimulates the heart
Digitalis/digoxin originates from
the foxgrove stimulatory plant - used by nurse Cullen to kill many patients
Nitroglycerin used to treat ______; patches caused a problem…; side effect was…
Angina; Nitroglycerin patches on patients when not taken off during defib would explode (Nitro used to make dynamite - noticed all dynamite makers didn’t suffer angina); erections
Congestive heart failure
Plaque/macro eat cholesterol and foam cells release chemicals that weaken tissue and can burst the plaque - the blood clot continues w/out being fixed and congests b.v.
Via ____ _______, plant lipids are converted to ____ fats, for a better “mouth feel”
partial hydrogenation; trans
Statins prevent
Cholesterol formation
________ is the drug that ____ sang to attempt more CTs, and can work at __mg; it was also fast-tracked by Pfizer for being an ____ drug
Lipitor; Newton; 10; orphan
Schizophrenia uses _______ to calm the patient (___ suffix); Thoraz caused symptoms much like ______’s; both drugs are __ antagonists
histamines; ine; Parkinson’s; D2 (dopamine to increase serotonin)
OCD is caused from low ______; ____ and ___ are used to treat this disorder
serotonin; MAO, SSRI
Tricyclic drugs (depression)
Amplify serotonin
Imipramine (depression)
Inhibits serotonin reuptake while antagonizing dopamine, ACh, and histamine
Ipronazid (depression)
MAO inhibitor - used to regulate neurotransmitters
Anhedonia =
inability to experience pleasure
Lithium, used to treat _____, was discovered by
Cade, who thought bipolar was from toxins in urine (which did buffer w/ Li2CO3)
Valporic acid acts to
inhibit ACh for bipolar ppl
Anxiety uses ____ and ____, which act to increase ____
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines; GABA
Semipure cannabinoids =
Shatter
An e.g. of a synthetic cannabinoid is
JWH-018
Coca-cola was originally a
non alcoholic version of Vin Mariani wine
The only company that can import coca leaves is
Stephan
Cocaine ___ is expensive (w/ stabilizer), while ___ cocaine is freebased and can be smoked
HCl; crack
At a low dose, amphetamines give a _______, while high doses __________
fight/flight response; release dopamine
Dr. Feelgood = ; wrote prescriptions for ______
Jacobson; amphetamines
Methamphetamines are potent
vasoconstrictors and cause meth teeth/face
The hypodermic syringe was invented in
1956
Hallucinogens mimic
serotonin
LSD is associated w/ _____ licking his fingers and McGill and ____ of Harvard
Hoffman; Leary
Atropine is from the ____ _____ or the _______
deadly nightshade; Belladonna
Scopolamine
“Truth serum”, but just talked a lot
Associated w/ witches’ broomsticks
Hyoscine/atropine (not H2O soluble)
Heroin was meant to be the non addictive ___, but ended up entering the brain even better
cough suppressant (instead of pseudoephedrine - amphetamine)
Oxycodone originated from the need to …, and is commonly referred to as “ “
rid of opium’s juice (40% of its contents); hillbilly heroin
Opiates
Morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone > derived from poppy
Fillers are designed to
Dilute drugs and spread evenly (make measurements easier)
Ecstasy/MDMA was tested to be a ____ ____ in the 1980s; is used by ______s, since it causes promiscuous, euphoric behaviour; you have to be careful since sometimes ____ and ____ may not be completely removed from the drug (neurotoxins)
truth serum; predator; mercury/arsenic
____ has an amphetamine-like structure, and was converted into _____ for diet pill, but instead invoked violent psychosis, sold on the internet as ___ ____
Khat; cathinone; bath salts
What drug got a bad rep in the 1960s - “speed freaks”
Amphetamines
_____, a painkiller known as “MPPP”, sometimes got made into “MPTP” which caused ______ addicts w/ Parkinson-like symptoms like _____ caused
Dermerol; frozen; Thorazine (schizo)
_____ and ____ are used to prevent colds
Echinacea (originally in snake oil)/Cold FX
Ginko
Meant to increase circulation to the brain, interferes w/ bl clotting
Saw Palmento
Meant to treat benign prostate hyperplasia
Garlic: active ingredient? butt cleanse?
Allicin; promoted by Hohensee
St. John’s Wort: purpose? not real active ingredient? interferes w/ 50% meds how?
Anti-depressant; hypericin; liver enzymes to switch “on” liver
Three natural remedies that interfere w/ liver function:
St. John’s Wort (turns on liver); Kava Kava; grapefruit (turns off liver)
Glucosamine sulfate
Oil up joints
Dietary supplement health and education act establish
1994
Recommended dose of vit C
90mg/day
_________: serial dilute solutions give a memory
Hahnemann (ha, nah man)
Silkworm
Bombykol
Periplanone
Virgin cockroaches
Animals have ______ smelling organ that humans don’t have
Vomeronasal
Good Omega-3:
Eico or doco
Wasp pheromones
Chilo trapez
Ophrys exaltata
Bee pheromones
Methyl paraben
Bitches
Truffles/boars
Androstenone (Andron cologne)
Skatole = _____ in fragrance
Civetole (originally from civet cat bum glands)
Increase in dopamine from _________, which decreases _____ levels (causing loving behaviours)
phenethylamine; serotonin (increase in anxiety from lower levels and OCD if very low)
Males = ; Females =
Vasopressin; oxytocin
Spanish fly
Cantharidin or capsaicin online
Addyi
Hyposexual women
Yohimbine
Erectile dysfunction but natural gives longer than 3-4h
Erectile dysfunction is from improper _______, as proved by ______ when he took ____ _______
sympathetic innervation; Brindley; B-blockers
Viagra came after _______
Alprostadil
