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Bio 102 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which is larger, the X or Y chromosome?

A

X chromosome

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2
Q

How can twin fingerprints be different?

A

Fingerprints can be influenced by where the hands are in the womb (if they are touching something else)

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3
Q

Genetic Disorder

A
  • Symptoms result from mutations
  • Chromosomal mutations and point mutations
  • Chromo. 18 is very susceptible to mutations
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4
Q

What disorder does a person have if they have 3 chromosomes 21’s

A

Down Syndrome

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5
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Related to ancestry
  • Recessive disease, person must have two rec. genes to have it
  • Protein that moves across chloride does not move freely
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6
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A
  • Symptoms tend to occur after a person turns 40 (after they have kids)
  • Found on chromosome 4
  • Dominant! (Aa, AA)
  • Point Mutation that creates too many codons
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7
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • Sex linked rec. disorder
  • excessive bleeding
  • deals with X and Y chromo, gene on X does not get a match with Y chromo
  • slower blood clotting
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8
Q

What famous family has hemophilia?

A

Queen Victorias!

  • Son has hemo., gene passed on my queen
  • Males
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9
Q

Henrietta Lacks

A
  • Cervical cancer cells sent to lab to get cultured
  • They lived!!
  • He La cells
  • Excessive mitosis
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10
Q

Stem cells

A
  • Small amount in body
  • cells that have not been differentiated (have not been bookmarked)
  • Sources: embryo, newborn, adult bone marrow
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11
Q

Pluripotent

A

Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body
Think stem cells

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12
Q

Multipotent

A

Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.

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13
Q

Use of stem cells

A

Cancer 25.3%, Neral 24.7%, Hematopoietic 16.2%, Musculoskeletal 12.3%, Cardiovascular 10.4%
(repairing organs to function)

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14
Q

Genetic Screening

A

Screening to see what types of traits a person will have; determining genetic makeup

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15
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A
  • Separate DNA fragments by size
  • Can be used to determine sequence of DNA
  • how zika virus was identified
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16
Q

Prenatal Genetic Screening

A

Amniocentesis: taking amniotic fluid and analyzing genetic makeup from skin shed by fetus
Chorionic Villus Sampling: taking out placenta (better for baby and can be done earlier than amniocentesis)

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17
Q

New Born Genetic Screening

A
  • Foot print

- blood test

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18
Q

Adult Genetic Screening

A
  • ancestors

- blood test

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19
Q

Embryo Genetic Screening

A
  • Reproductive therapy

- Screening dozens of embryos and choosing which to implant

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20
Q

Gene Therapy

A
  • Using genes to prevent or treat disease

- Trying to find a really easy treatment like an injection or nasal spray

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21
Q

How can viruses aide in gene therapy?

A
  • Insert genetic material into cells
  • use them to insert what we want to insert into human, like changing alleles
  • But bodies try to kill viruses :(
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22
Q

What successes have come from gene therapy?

A
  • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) (aka bubble boy disease)
  • Bone marrow stem cells extracted “infected” with functioning allele and reinserted
  • 50+ survivors
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23
Q

Somatic Cell Gene Therapy

A

Somatic gene therapy is the transfer of genes into the somatic cells of the patient, such as cells of the bone marrow, and hence the new DNA does not enter the eggs or sperm.

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24
Q

Germline Gene Therapy

A

Germline gene therapy is when DNA is transferred into the cells that produce reproductive cells, eggs or sperm, in the body. This type of therapy allows for the correction of disease-causing gene variants that are certain to be passed down from generation to generation.

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25
Q

Eugenics

A

1930-60
“improve genetic quality of human population”
-Fitter families contest
-Intelligence test
-sterilization upheld by supreme court
-Nazi germany used this argument (genetically inferior)

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26
Q

Biotechnology

A

Manipulate life to develop products

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27
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

Altering an organism’s genetic makeup; add, delete, transfer genes.

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28
Q

Basic Genetic Engineering Technique

A
  1. Cut: take bacteria and insert cow DNA
  2. Amplify: make more copies of it
  3. Insert: insert DNA fragments into bacteria
  4. Grow: grow bacteria with BST gene
  5. Identify: make sure gene works!
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29
Q

Examples of GMO plants

A

Corn, soy, alfalfa, cotton, squash

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30
Q

What is an example of genetic engineering in corn?

A

Corn borer larva were eating corne, but there is a form of bacteria that repels them! So put bacteria DNA into corn DNA and boom, a GMO corn that repels corn borer larva

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31
Q

Basic Genetic Engineering Technique

A
  1. Cut: take bacteria and insert cow DNA
  2. Amplify: make more copies of it
  3. Insert: insert DNA fragments into bacteria
  4. Grow: grow bacteria with BST gene
  5. Identify: make sure gene works!
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32
Q

Examples of GMO plants

A

Corn, soy, alfalfa, cotton, squash

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33
Q

What is an example of genetic engineering in corn?

A

Corn borer larva were eating corne, but there is a form of bacteria that repels them! So put bacteria DNA into corn DNA and boom, a GMO corn that repels corn borer larva

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34
Q

What is an example of genetic engineering in rice?

A

Golden rice was created with bacteria and daffodils for countries in need of vitamin A

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35
Q

How did they genetically modify salmon?

Took DNA from chinook salmon and put it into north atlantic salmon

A

Took DNA from chinook salmon and put it into north atlantic salmon

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36
Q

What is a chimera?

A

Multiple different organisms in one body

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37
Q

Have there been any successful chimeras?

A

Chicken & quail, sheep & goat. But they don’t last long and often suffer from organ failure

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38
Q

What are the three different types of cloning?

A

Gene cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning

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39
Q

Who is Dolly the sheep?

A

First vertebrae animal to be cloned! From denucleated egg from another ewe–jolted with electricity

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40
Q

Telomeres

A
  • Repeating codons
  • protective function
  • every time they go through mitosis, they shorten over time
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41
Q

What does telomerase do?

A
  • Restores telomeres
  • switches off in our cells when we are relatively young
  • (cancer cells have telomerase switched on all the time)
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42
Q

What causes free radicals and what do they do?

A
  • Exposed to free radicals by: UV light, inflamation, air pollution, ionising radiation, smoking, metabolism
  • They cause damage to DNA by destroying phosphates and bases
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43
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

Work against free radicals

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44
Q

Why is mitochondrial DNA in more danger of being effected?

A

Not protected by nucleus

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45
Q

What shape is mitochondrial DNA?

A

Round, like plasmids

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46
Q

What can we use human-pig chimeras for?

A

Growing organs, such as livers, within pigs–transplant

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47
Q

Genome Editing with Engineered Nucleases (GEEN)

A
  • Used for precision chromosomal work

- Precise insertion, deletion, replacement that targets specific cells

48
Q

Darwin

A
  • Wealthy fam
  • “born to be a doctor” but was bad student–went on to be a parson–offered spot on boat as gentleman’s scientist
  • 2 yr voyage turns into 5yr, published while still at sea and is famous by the time he comes back home
  • Pigeon breeding
  • studied barnacles too
49
Q

Alfred Wallace

A
  • Father of biogeography
  • Darwin and Wallace had similar ideas, Wallace actually published first but Darwin’s Origin of Species put his book to shame
50
Q

What two characteristics made Darwin’s work so profound?

A

Clarified laws AND provided theory (Very rare)

51
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Individuals within species vary
  • some of the variation passed on to offspring
  • not all offspring survive
  • individuals that survive and reproduce are fit (have advantage)
52
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Variation is necessary for selection (refer to mating exercise we did in lab)

53
Q

What can influence genetic drift, besides natural selection?

A

Natural disasters

54
Q

Species

A

Individuals that can successfully interbreed

55
Q

How do new species form?

A
  • Reproductive isolation (refer to mating exercise in lab)

- Mutations

56
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement and exchange of genes or alleles from one population of species to another

57
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
(Deer mice separated by rocky mountains)

58
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region (Squirrels at the Grand Canyon)

59
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

(Sympatric Speciation) -Timing

-Breeding times are different

60
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

(Sympatric Speciation) -Breeding cues differ

61
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

(Sympatric Speciation) -Orchids and pollinators have shapes that fit together… cant put puzzle pieces together if they dont fit!

62
Q

Speciation in Plants

A

Can survive sudden chromosomal mutations and accumulation of base mutations

63
Q

Speciation in Animals

A

Much slower, since they cannot survive large mutations

64
Q

Hybrids

A
  • Cross between two diff species
  • bengal cats (domestic cat X asian leopard cat)
  • Mules (but cannot breed since 2n=63)
  • Ligers and Tigons
65
Q

What turns a chemical code into a real living thing? (According to video)

A

RNA

66
Q

What does RNAi do?

A

RNAinterference. a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules

67
Q

What are three properties that all stem cells share?

A

they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.

68
Q

Differentiation

A

When unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells, the process is called

69
Q

Polyploidy

A

cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosome

70
Q

Human cells have _____ chromosomes while gametes have ____ chromosomes

A

46;23

71
Q

Symptoms of Cystic fibrosis

A

increased infections in lungs, decreased pancreas functions, male infertility

72
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

These genes code for proteins that help regulate cell growth. Can mutate and lead to cancer.

73
Q

Tumor Suppressor genes

A

or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer

74
Q

Mendelian Trait

A

One determined by a single locus on a chromosome with two alleles that follow a simple pattern of Mendelian inheritance. Ex. Cystic fib., Huntingtons,

75
Q

Mendelian Trait Examples

A
  • Earlobe, attached or free (dom)
  • Widows peak, present (dom) or absent
  • Hitchhikers thumb, present (rec) or absent
  • Mid Digital hair, present (dom) or absent
  • Finger interlacing, left (dom) or right on top
76
Q

Autosomal

A

indicates that the gene for this trait is located on one of the 22 pairs of the chromosome that is not a sex pair

77
Q

Non-Mendelian

A

Traits that re following pattern of inheritance that go beyond the patterns explained by Mendel of a trait determined by one gene with a dominant and rec. version.

78
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

(Non-Mendelian) each allele produces a little protein ex. red and white roses make pink roses

79
Q

Co-dominance

A

(Non-Mendelian) each allele produces a lot of protein ex. paint horse

80
Q

Epistasis

A

(Non-Mendelian) one gene modifies other genes ex. albinism

81
Q

Polygenic

A

(Non-Mendelian) more than one gene determines a trait ex. hair color

82
Q

Karyotype

A

The chromosomal makeup of a cell.

83
Q

How are chromosomes arranged to be examined?

A

By pair size, shape, and banding patterns

84
Q

Which disorders are due to point mutations?

A

Cystic Fib (chromo 7) , Huntington’s (chromo 4), Hemophilia (X)

85
Q

Kleinfelters Syndrom

A

a syndrome affecting males in which the cells have an extra X chromosome (in addition to the normal XY), characterized by a tall thin physique, small infertile testes, and enlarged breasts.

86
Q

Turners Syndrom

A

is a chromosomal disorder that affects only females. It is characterized by the absence of part or all of a second sex chromosome in some or all cells

87
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of chemical reactions that results in glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. As glucose is broken down by the mitochondria cells, energy is released, which powers our cellular activities. Glycolysis tale ten chemical reactions mediated by ten enzymes that re coded from by ten diff genes

88
Q

How is CF inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder

89
Q

Symptoms of HD

A

loss of brain function, abnormal involuntary movement

90
Q

Symptoms of Hemophilia

A

Soft tissue bruising and bleeding, neck swelling

91
Q

How is Huntington’s inherited?

A

Autosomal Dominant

92
Q

How is hemophilia inherited?

A

Sex linked recessive

93
Q

Pseudogenes

A

inactive genes that appear to have been active in ancestral species

94
Q

GULO gene

A

Gene that creates Vit C in the body (rats have it, humans do not)

95
Q

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

Cramps, bloating, diarrhea

96
Q

How does somatic cell gene therapy work?

A

Virus is altered to infect cells with desired allele

97
Q

How does germline gene therapy work?

A

Egg and sperm cells are removed and desired alleles are injected into cell, only sperm and egg cells are affected

98
Q

What is the major advantage of germline gene therapy?

A

It affects all cells

99
Q

What are some traits that have a genetic and environmental impact?

A

Height, weight, intelligence, mental disorders

100
Q

When was the eugenics movement?

A

1880-1960

101
Q

What do restriction enzymes do?

A

Cut DNA into fragments with blunt ends

102
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

Separates DNA fragments by size

103
Q

What does a Polymerase Chain Reaction create?

A

Copies of DNA

104
Q

Transgenic

A

DNA from one species has been put into a member of another species

105
Q

BT Corn

A

Corn with ability to resist European corn borer

106
Q

Golden rice

A

Rice with beta-carotene and vitamin a

107
Q

Flavr savr tomato

A

Tomato that ripens slower

108
Q

GloFish

A

Fish that are fluorescent

109
Q

Briefly describe how chimeras are made

A

After egg is fertilized and starts producing more cells through mitosis and Jack cells from another organism into the first group of cells

110
Q

Linkage analysis

A

DNA fingerprinting relies on this

111
Q

Briefly describe the fossilization process

A

Dinosaur dies. Quick burial in mud in case his body in sediment. Conditions exist in which fossilization/pre-mineralization occurs. Water infused with minerals seeps into bones.

112
Q

Homologous structure

A

Parts of organisms that are similar in structure with common ancestry

113
Q

Vestigial structure

A

A vestigial structure is an anatomical feature that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of the given species

114
Q

Convergent structures

A

Parts of organisms that share similarities but have different ancestry

115
Q

totipotent

A

Totipotent cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells.

Bio 102 (4 decks)

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