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Bio 102 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do scientists do?

A

Conduct research of observable phenomena

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2
Q

A law is a

A

Description

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3
Q

A theory is an

A

Explanation

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4
Q

Artificial selection

A

Choosing and breeding organisms with desired traits (done by humans)

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5
Q

When and where did artificial selection start, with what?

A

10-12,000 years ago, Europe, Brassica (mustard)

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6
Q

Ancient Egypt ideas of inheritance

A

Ancient cultures recognized inheritance, offspring resemble their parents

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7
Q

Aristotle ideas of inheritance

A

All fluid referred to as a different kind of “blood” (mixing of bloods), “royal/pure-blooded”

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8
Q

17th century ideas of inheritance

A

Microscope, ovists & spermists

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9
Q

Ovists

A

Thought egg had human in it, sperm had magic spark to “animate” egg

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10
Q

Spermists

A

Thought little human in all sperm, sperm needs to get to habitable egg to become human

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11
Q

18th century ideas of inheritance

A

Blending theory, all traits would be halfway between both parents, traits could show up in later generations

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12
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Austrian empire, farming family, maintained bees, got sick a lot, studied theology, philosophy, physics, did biology for fun

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13
Q

True breeding

A

Artificial selection has been going on for so long we are guaranteed what is going to grow

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14
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

One trait

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

The traits observed (physical)

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16
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of all alleles (BB, Bb, bb, genetic)

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17
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

Two alleles can separate and recombine

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18
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Different traits (genes) can be inherited independently

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19
Q

Mendel rediscovered

A

1900s, “Father of Genetics”, Friedrich Meischer, discovered nuclein (DNA), chromosomes observed with microscopes

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20
Q

Chromosomes are made of

A

DNA

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21
Q

DNA is made of

A

Sugar, phosphate, 4 bases

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22
Q

The 4 bases are

A

Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, Adenine

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23
Q

The substance of heredity is

A

DNA

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24
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

Discovered cytosine = guanine and thymine = adenine

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25
Q

James Watson & Francis Crick

A

Discovered shape of DNA

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26
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Did experiment for the shape of DNA

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27
Q

Gene

A

Part of DNA that codes for protein

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28
Q

Alleles

A

Versions of genes

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29
Q

Proteins

A

The structures of life

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30
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Human bodies cannot make them

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31
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids

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32
Q

Collagen

A

Structure, most of the body

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33
Q

Ferritin

A

Storage, holds on to iron until the body needs it

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34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Transport, red blood cells, carries oxygen around the body

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35
Q

Rhodopsin

A

Receptor, retina of eye, receives light

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36
Q

Growth hormone

A

Messages, sending messages between glands, increase of cell division

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37
Q

Antibody

A

Binding

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38
Q

Lactase

A

Enzyme, breaks down lactose

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39
Q

Linus Pauling

A

Nobel Prize Chemistry 1954, Nobel Peace Prize 1962

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40
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Transcription & translation

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41
Q

Transcription

A

Making an RNA copy of a gene

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42
Q

Translation

A

RNAs indicate the order of amino acids

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43
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Increase transcription

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44
Q

Some antibiotics

A

Block bacterial transcription

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45
Q

Complete dominance

A

Only the dominant allele’s protein is produced

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46
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A little of each protein is produced

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47
Q

Co-dominance

A

A lot of each protein is produced

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48
Q

Polygenic

A

Multiple genes determine a trait (eye color)

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49
Q

Mutations

A

Change in DNA, big or small

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50
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

Structural change, karyotype, irregular number

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51
Q

Structural change

A

Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

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52
Q

Karyotype

A

Image of someone’s chromosomes

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53
Q

Irregular number

A

3 of chromosome 21 instead of 2 (Down’s syndrome)

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54
Q

Point mutations

A

Base mutations, usually not a big deal, can affect the protein made, cause sickle cell anemia

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55
Q

Causes of mutations

A

Mistakes during DNA replication, damage from external agents (mutagens: radiation, chemicals, pathogens)

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56
Q

Future generations only get mutations

A

If they’re in sperm/egg

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57
Q

Impacts of mutations

A

Repaired, no impact, negative impact (fatal), positive impact (rare)

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58
Q

Traits of genetics research organisms

A

Easy to care for, short generation time, large numbers of offspring, identifiable mutations (fruit flies)

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59
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

Studied sex-linked traits and crossing over, linked Mendel and Darwin’s theories

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60
Q

Gene expression

A

All cells in an organism have the same genes, but only some are used

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61
Q

Epigenetics

A

Chemicals attach to chromosomes and change the way genes work

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62
Q

Histone modification

A

Where you make a change to the histone and it causes the DNA to unravel

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63
Q

Epigenetics paradigm

A

Old: inheritance = DNA
New: inheritance = DNA + chemicals

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64
Q

Genomes

A

All of the hereditary information found in an organism (consistent across members of the same species)

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65
Q

Number of chromosomes and genes in humans

A

Chromosomes: 46, genes: 23,000

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66
Q

Non-coding “junk” DNA

A

Transposons, can be copied and move around, can be transcribed but does not translate, increased variation

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67
Q

Fruit fly life stages

A

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

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68
Q

Fertilization

A

1N + 1N = 2N

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69
Q

Mitosis

A

2N to 2N, cells as identical as the body can make, (excessive mitosis can cause cancer)

70
Q

Meiosis

A

2N to 1N, produces egg and sperm

71
Q

Master control genes

A

One gene controls many genes

72
Q

HOX genes

A

Organize head, thorax, abdomen

73
Q

Albinism

A

Melanin protein is not produced

74
Q

Phenotypes impacted by

A

Genetics and environmental factors

75
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Genetics = nature, environmental factors = nurture

76
Q

Rat cognitive ability is based on

A

Genetics and diet (nature and nurture)

77
Q

Heterochromia

A

2 eye colors, caused by genetics or injury

78
Q

Sex-influenced traits

A

Hormones activate genes (fuzzy antlers, peacock feathers)

79
Q

Thalidomide

A

Used to be for morning sickness, but caused certain parts of the body to not develop, now used to alleviate nausea in cancer patient

80
Q

Human genome

A

2N: 46
1N: 23

81
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes

82
Q

Chromosome 18

A

Vulnerable, most fetuses don’t survive mutations to it

83
Q

Family pedigree

A 
Square = male
Circle = female
84
Q

Examples of point mutations

A 
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Huntington's disease (HD), Hemophilia,
85
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

Recessive, chromosome 7, build up of mucus

86
Q

Huntington’s disease (HD)

A

Dominant, chromosome 4, neural damage

87
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex-linked recessive, gene on x not matched by y, causes slow blood clotting, affected royal family of Queen Victoria and King Albert

88
Q

Henrietta Lacks

A
  • Died from cervical cancer
  • Cells were removed and cultured
  • HeLa cells survived
  • Went through excessive mitosis
  • Sent around the world
  • Still alive today
89
Q

Cause of cancer

A
  • Proto-oncogene mutates into oncogene
  • Typically due to point mutations
  • Tumor-suppressor gene malfunctions
90
Q

Chromosome 17

A

Inherited mutation, BRCA1, causes 87% chance of breast cancer

91
Q

Undifferentiated (stem cells)

A

Cells that haven’t become tasked with a job

92
Q

Source of stem cells

A

Embryo, newborn, adult

93
Q

Pluripotent stem cells

A

Can become anything (from embryonic stem cells)

94
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Can become certain things

95
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Separates DNA fragments by size, makes unique DNA “fingerprints”

96
Q

Examples of prenatal genetic screening

A

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling

97
Q

Gene therapy

A

Using genes to prevent or treat disease, viruses insert genetic material into cells

98
Q

Somatic cell gene therapy

A

Used on children and adults

99
Q

Germline gene therapy

A

Used on embryos

100
Q

Eugenics movement

A

To “improve genetic quality of human population”, was anti-immigrant

101
Q

Eugenics sterilization legislation

A

Upheld by Supreme Court in 1927

102
Q

Biotechnology

A

Manipulate life to develop products (medical treatment, food supply, profit)

103
Q

How to engineer new organisms using technology

A

Cut, amplify, insert, grow, identify

CAIGA

104
Q

Cut

A

Restriction enzymes cut DNA

105
Q

Amplify

A

Polymerase enzymes copy DNA

106
Q

Insert

A

Insert DNA fragments into bacteria

107
Q

Grow

A

Grow bacteria with the gene

108
Q

Identify

A

Make sure the gene works

109
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular bacterial DNA

110
Q

BT corn

A

GMO corn with a little bacteria, repels the corn borer

111
Q

Golden rice

A

GMO, contains Vitamin A

112
Q

Examples of GMO animals

A

Salmon, mosquitoes, GloFish, chimeras

113
Q

Types of cloning

A

Gene, therapeutic, reproductive

114
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Altering an organism’s genetic makeup (add, delete, or transfer genes)

115
Q

Telomeres

A
  • End of chromosomes
  • Contain protective junk
  • Shorten over time from mitosis
  • Cells can die when they get too short
116
Q

Telomerase

A

Restores telomeres, switches off at a young age

117
Q

What cells always have telomerase?

A

Cancer cells

118
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive atoms/molecules

119
Q

Antioxidants

A

Bind to free radicals

120
Q

Mitochondrial DNA damage

A

Results in lower cell energy/cell death

121
Q

Rhesus macaque experiment

A

Studied diet and longevity, found limited longevity impact but improved quality of life

122
Q

Gene editing

A

Uses CRISPR-cas nuclease, precise insertion, deletion, and replacement

123
Q

Relic DNA

A

Cloning recently extinct species (Pyrenean ibex, bacteria, yeast, Passenger pigeon, Wooly mammoth)

124
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Theory of acquired characteristics, 19th century evolution

125
Q

HMS Beagle trip

A
  • Supposed to take 2 years, took 5
  • Darwin was seasick
  • Drew pictures of everything
126
Q

Findings of HMS Beagle trip

A
  • 200 species of barnacles
  • Pigeons (artificial selection of them)
  • Orchids
  • Finches (beak variation)
127
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

Published similar idea as Darwin, traveled through Indonesia, famous for biogeology

128
Q

Darwin’s work

A
  • Clarified laws of evolution

- Provided theory (natural selection)

129
Q

Genetic drift

A

Something gets wiped out for a random reason unrelated to fitness (“survival of the luckiest”)

130
Q

Species

A

Individuals that can successfully interbreed

131
Q

How do new species form?

A

Reproductive isolation

132
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Isolated over time in different locations

133
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Isolated over time in same location

134
Q

Types of reproductive isolation in sympatric speciation

A

Temporal, behavioral, mechanical

135
Q

Temporal

A

Time of year

136
Q

Behavioral

A

Mating differences

137
Q

Mechanical

A

Physically can’t mate

138
Q

Polyploidy

A

More chromosomes due to meiosis error

139
Q

Progression

A

One species becomes another

140
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

One species becomes many

141
Q

Hybrid

A

A cross between two different species

142
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Rock strata (layers), including fossils

143
Q

Geochronology

A

Geologic time, radiometric dating

144
Q

Geologic time

A

Supereons, eons, eras, periods

145
Q

Precambrian supereon

A

4.6 bya - 544 mya, Hadean eon, Achean eon

146
Q

Hadean eon

A

Hot mess, early land forms being created

147
Q

Archean eon

A

Continents forming

148
Q

Creation of amino acids

A

Gases + water + energy

149
Q

Creation of bacteria

A

4 bya, “microbial mats” in low-oxygen waters, can be fossilized

150
Q

2.8 bya

A

Cyanobacteria can carry out photosynthesis

151
Q

Oxygen atmosphere

A

Proterozoic eon, eukaryotes, multicellular life (in water), animals (ancestors of jellyfish, sea fans)

152
Q

Phanerozoic eon

A

544 mya, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

153
Q

Paleozoic era

A

544-245 mya, “Cambrian explosion”, lots of fossils, hard shells, bones, trilobites, first vertebrate (fish), Pangea

154
Q

End of Paleozoic

A

90% of species go extinct

155
Q

Mesozoic era

A

245-65 mya, “Age of Reptiles”, dinosaurs everywhere

156
Q

End of Mesozoic

A

75% of species go extinct (meteorite), bird dinosaurs, mammals and fish survive

157
Q

Cenozoic era

A

65 mya - present, “Age of Mammals”, grass is staple in human and mammal diet

158
Q

Mass extinctions

A

Permian, cretaceous

159
Q

Permian mass extinction (P-T)

A

250 mya, climate change + catastrophe

160
Q

Cretaceous mass extinction (K-T/Pg)

A

65 mya, catastrophe + climate change

161
Q

Causes of mass extinction

A

Catastrophes & climate change (can trigger each other), other species, humans

162
Q

Earth’s current total species count

A

10+ million species

163
Q

Current extinction rate

A

~10,000 species/year (most microscopic)

164
Q

Dodo

A

Identified in 1598, extinct in 1662

165
Q

Passenger pigeon

A

3+ billion in 1850, extinct in 1914

166
Q

Bottleneck genetic diversity

A

Drastic reduction in population

167
Q

Extinction spiral

A
  • Habitat loss
  • Smaller population
  • Fewer adults and less genetic diversity
  • Fewer offspring and inbreeding
  • Extinction
168
Q

Northern elephant seal

A

30 in 1890, 200,000 now, all from same gene pool and could be wiped out by a single factor

169
Q

Cheetah

A

Likely will go extinct in this century

170
Q

“Wild” genes

A
  • Wild strawberries, Utah = Everbearing strawberries
  • Wild blueberries, Florida = drought-resistant blueberries
  • Periwinkle flower, Madagascar = battles leukemia
  • Calophyllum tree, Indonesia = inhibits HIV production in humans
171
Q

Current genetic diversity efforts

A

Habitat maintenance, DNA/genome banks, breeding programs

172
Q

Giant panda

A

Bottleneck: 43,000 ya, now 280 in captivity & 1000+ in wild

Bio 102 (4 decks)

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