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Bio 102 > Final real > Flashcards

Final real Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four possible causes extinction?

A
  • Catastrophe
  • climate change
  • other species
  • humans
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2
Q

Periwinkle Flower

A

-Has chemical to beat lukemia

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3
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell

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4
Q

Glycolysis

A

A series of chemical reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate (sugar into ketone). Can occur in low oxygen environments

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5
Q

What are some of the earliest crops?

A
  • Reminisce of tools used for grinding
  • China-rice
  • Americas-squash/corn
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6
Q

Fitness

A
  • Ability to survive
  • pass on alleles to offspring
  • “winners”
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7
Q

In the Predator-Prey Interactions exercise with the beans, how did the structure of the predator influence its behavior?

A

Hands were more successful at catching prey

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8
Q

In the Predator-Prey Interactions exercise with the beans, how could the prey phenotype change in order to help them survive?

A

They could match their color to the surface they live on, making it harder for the predator to stop them

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9
Q

Approximately how frequently do the hare-lynx populations cycle?

A

10 years

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10
Q

What are chance altering allele frequencies called?

A

Genetic drift

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11
Q

Population bottleneck

A

an event that drastically reduces the size of a population. May be caused by various events, such as an environmental disaster, the hunting of a species to the point of extinction, or habitat destruction that results in the deaths of organisms

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12
Q

What are the four eons?

A

(starting with) Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic (our current eon)

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13
Q

Stratigraphy

A
  • rock strata
  • study of layers
  • as you dig deeper, you go back in time
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14
Q

Geochronology

A
  • geologic time

- radiometric dating

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15
Q

How is time ordered?

A

Super Eon, eon, era, period

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16
Q

Precambrian Super Eon

A
  • 4.6bya-544 mya
  • water
  • Able to create amino acids, a lot of energy
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17
Q

Hadean Eon

A
  • (Precambrian super Eon)
  • Known for heat
  • earliest life (bacteria)
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18
Q

Archean Eon

A
  • (Precambrian Super Eon)
  • Known for cooling
  • continents forming
  • Cyanobacteria can carry out photosynthesis
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19
Q

Protozoic Eon

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • multicellular life
  • jellyfish and sea fans
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20
Q

Phanerozoic

A

Includes Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era

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21
Q

Paleozoic Era

A
  • 544mya-245mya
  • Evolutions big bang!
  • enormous amount of fossils
  • Cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian
  • first vertebrates
  • Continents formed, pangea
  • land plants
  • insects
  • vertebrates, amphibians and reptiles
  • End of paleozoic 90% go extinct
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22
Q

Mesozoic Era

A
  • 245mya-65mya
  • Things start to get BIG
  • Age of Reptiles (air, land, water)
  • Mammals (rodents)
  • End of mesozoic 75% of species go extinct
  • Meteorite?
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23
Q

Cenozoic

A
  • 65mya-present
  • age of mammals
  • grass
  • diatoms
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24
Q

What happens after extreme event?

A

Climate change

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25
Q

Permian Mass Extinction

A
  • P.T. Extinction
  • 90% gone
  • life mostly still aquatic
  • catastrophe+climate change
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26
Q

End of Cretaceous

A
  • K.T Extinction
  • wipes out age of reptiles
  • catastrophe climate change
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27
Q

How many species are currently on earth?

A

10+ million

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28
Q

What is the current extinction rate?

A

~10,000 species per year

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29
Q

Most extinct species are….

A

microscopic

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30
Q

How did the Dodo bird go extinct?

A
  • Eaten by humans!

- Identified in 1598, extinct in 1662

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31
Q

Passenger Pigeon extinction

A

3+ billion in 1850; extinct in 1914

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32
Q

Extinction Spiral

A

Habitat loss–> smaller pop. –> fewer adults –> less genetic diversity –> fewer offspring/inbreeding –> extinction

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33
Q

Northern Elephant Seal

A
  • Example of recovery!
  • 30 in 1890, 200,000 now!
  • inbred
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34
Q

Everbearing Strawberries

A

-Genes from wild strawberries used in edible strawberries to create an everbearing strawberry plant

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35
Q

Calophyllum Tree

A
  • In indonesia
  • fights HIV
  • only 1 left, but we saved it
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36
Q

When was the first evolutionary tree?

A

1840

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37
Q

What are the three branches of today’s evolutionary tree?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
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38
Q

Cladogram

A

Ancestral relationships, hypothesis

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39
Q

What is one of the most significant fossil finds?

A

Feathered Dinos

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40
Q

What is the T-Rex most closely related to?

A

Chicken!

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41
Q

What does science use ancestral trees for?

A

To develop and test hypothesis

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42
Q

What is something we do in order to make links within an ancestral tree?
We assume that there have to be certain species to make connections between ancestral species and species today

A

We assume that there have to be certain species to make connections between ancestral species and species today

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43
Q

Coevolution trees

A
  • Species impact each other over time

- Lice and gophers (different species of gophers, have different species of life)

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44
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

-One or more species living inside another

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45
Q

How long ago did hominan occur?

A

5.5mya

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46
Q

What is the different from us and primates? (movement)

A

We walk heel to big toe, while primates walk through outside of the foot to pinky

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47
Q

What are some examples of early Hominin?

A
  • Sahelanthropus
  • Orrorin
  • Ardipithecus
  • Australopithecus
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48
Q

Ardipithecus

A
  • 5.5-4mya
  • upright
  • long arms
  • K-9
  • Large brain
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49
Q

Australopithecus

A
  • Multiple Species
  • 4mya-1.5mya
  • Lucy (famous fossil)
  • spread throughout Africa
  • around 5ft
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50
Q

Genus Homo

A
  • 2.5mya-present
  • differences in skull shape
  • Homo Habilis—-tools!
  • Homo Erectus—first hominin to leave Africa
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51
Q

Neanderthalensis

A
  • 400tya
  • bigger brains
  • entire genome almost reconstructed
52
Q

Homo Floresiensi

A
  • Tiny (3ft)

- we think this may be an immediate descendant of homo erectus

53
Q

Behavior

A

what an animal does when interacting with its enviornment

54
Q

What was Darwin’s outlook on behavior?

A

Structures and behaviors impact fitness

55
Q

Innate Behaviors

A
  • genetically programed

- reflexes

56
Q

Drive

A

Internal stimulus promotes behavior (water, food, sex)

57
Q

Learned Behaviors

A
  • imprinting

- Associative learning

58
Q

What experiment did they do with gosling prey recognition?

A
  • They flew a kite that, one way, resembled a prey bird, and the other way resembled a goose
  • scared when kite resembled predator, gets excited when it resembled goose
59
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning while focusing on other behaviors (rats memorizing ways to a maze

60
Q

Insight

A

Using prior knowledge to figure something out

61
Q

What are some innate behaviors in humans?

A

Yawning, baby grabbing fingers, suckling

62
Q

Synapse

A

Connection between neurons

63
Q

What should you do with a child between the ages of birth and three years old?
Its very important to enrich them in order to make connections within the brain, for we shed 80% of our neurons during this time

A

Its very important to enrich them in order to make connections within the brain, for we shed 80% of our neurons during this time

64
Q

What do killdeer birds do to lead you away from their nest?

A

They will fake having a broken wing

65
Q

Migration

A
  • Largely genetic

- happens due to strong seasonal changes

66
Q

What cues do birds use for migration?

A
  • visual (learned)
  • Magnetic (protein allows them to associate with earths magnetic fields
  • chemical
67
Q

What cues do salmon use for migration?

A
  • chemical cues from the river

- oceanic magnetic cues

68
Q

Monarch Migration

A
  • Takes four generations of monarch to make a years migration
  • probs innate
69
Q

What are some problems with sexual reproduction?

A
  • finding mate

- gametes finding each other (this is why eggs are stationary and sperm moves

70
Q

Sexual Selection

A

An individual is more fit than others of the same sex

71
Q

What is an example of elaborate sexual selection?

A

Dance fly…. elaborate behaviors may be sign of good heatlh

72
Q

What is so unusual about the side blotched lizard?

A
  • Color goes with behavior
  • Orange: dominant
  • Blue: guards single mate
  • Yellow: mimics female
73
Q

Social behaviors are impacted by…

A

Nature and Nurture

74
Q

Genus impact social behaviors, ex:

A
  • Meadow vole: promiscuous

- Prairie vole: monogamous

75
Q

Visual Communication

A
  • Body movement
  • Bird displays
  • limited distance
  • need light
  • best for species that are close together
76
Q

Endogenous

A

A mechanism within an organism that can control biological rhythms

77
Q

Exogenous

A

A mechanism external to an organism that can control biological rhythms

78
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during the day

79
Q

Auditory Communication

A
  • Whale calls
  • Bird calls
  • short and long distance
80
Q

Tactile Communication

A
  • Important for infancy
  • forms social bonds
  • imprinting
  • Hissing cockroach
81
Q

Chemical Communication

A
  • Pheromones
  • Chemical messages
  • Linger and hard to changes
82
Q

Animal Societies

A

Recipient
+ -
Actor + Cooperative Selfish
- Altruistic Spiteful

83
Q

Societies

A
  • Incredibly strong cooperation
  • termites societies
  • naked mole rats
  • bees
84
Q

What are all the jobs a worker bee goes through before they die?

A

(in chronological order) Clean, build honey comb, take food to hive, guard, take dead bees out, look for food, die.

85
Q

Stromatolites

A

A dome-shaped structure consisting of alternating layers of carbonate or silicate sediment and fossilized algal mats. They are produced over geologic time by the trapping, binding, or precipitating of sediment by groups of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria.

86
Q

Prokaryotes

A

A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria.

87
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. Wormlike and green.

88
Q

What are the more complex shapes that eukaryotes changed into ver time?

A

Fans, tubes, vases

89
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

Sponges, moss animals, brachiopods, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates

90
Q

What are living fossils?

A

Organisms that appear to be the same as species only known from fossils

91
Q

Permian Extinction

A
  • 250mya

- 40% of earth’s species dies

92
Q

What groups of species rely on grass plants?

A

Herd animals

93
Q

Approx. how old are the fossils found in Astoria, Or? What are they?

A
  • 15 mill

- Shells

94
Q

Evolutionary Tree

A

Structure that represents evolutionary relationship with group of organisms

95
Q

Cladogram

A

A hypothesis evolutionary relationships with arbitrary lengths of branches

96
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

Represents evolutionary history widely accepted in the scientific community

97
Q

Humans: mutated microcephaly gene

A
  • Helps us grow brain after birth
  • Genes that stop brain grown in other primates dont work like ours
  • Zika effects the microcephaly gene
98
Q

What does the brain mostly control (touch wise)

A

Large area of brain controls mouth/tongue/hands

99
Q

How is the human FOXP2 gene different than other mammals?

A
  • Helps us focus speech and language

- Mutated FOXP2 gene allele, speech & language deficits

100
Q

When was agriculture developed?

A

12 thousand years ago(brassica)

101
Q

What was the Green Revolution?

A

Being able to utilize machinery instead of manpower for food production and food distribution

102
Q

19th century Modern medicine

A
  • Sterile technique
  • Anesthesia
  • Vaccines
  • Antibiotics
103
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches

104
Q

Diapsids

A

Gave rise to: lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinos, birds

105
Q

Synapsids

A

Gave rise to: other mammal like reptiles that are now extinct

106
Q

What proteins determined dino color?

A

Melanin

107
Q

What is the largest animals to ever exist>

A

Blue whale

108
Q

What is the function of the B-globin in RBC?

A

Produce hemaglobin

109
Q

What kind of genetic disorder is sickle cell anemia?

A

Recessive

110
Q

Humans typically have the same____ but different

A

genes; alleles

111
Q

Process of making mRNA a copy of a portion of DNA

A

transcription

112
Q

Transgenic Organisms

A

Relating to an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed

113
Q

What changes normal cells into cancer cells?

A

Mutation

114
Q

What are the three eons that make up the super eon? Oldest to most recent

A

hadean, archean, proterozoic

115
Q

How long is the current eon

A

544mya

116
Q

Age of mammals, birds, and flowering plants

A

cenozoic

117
Q

Chemicals in wild periwinkle flower are used to cure….

A

leukemia

118
Q

What are the three branches to Domains of life

A

Archea, Bacteria, Eukaryota

119
Q

Stromatolites are fossilized layers that were o.g mats of

A

cyanobacteria

120
Q

What was Tiktaalik?

A

Early tetrapod

121
Q

Pterosaurs is a

A

vertebrate

122
Q

What two groups classify Dinosaurs?

A

Ornithischians; saurichians

123
Q

Theropods

A

carnivorous bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (such as a tyrannosaur or velociraptor) usually having small forelimbs.

124
Q

Sauropods

A

any herbivorous dinosaur of the suborder Sauropoda, from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, having a small head, long neck and tail, and five-toed limbs: the largest known land animal. belonging or pertaining to the sauropods

125
Q

Approximately how frequently do the hare-lynx populations cycle?

A

11 years

126
Q

Chance altering allele frequencies is called

A

Chance altering allele frequencies is called

Bio 102 (4 decks)

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