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Psych 101 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”

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2
Q

“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”

A

Post hoc fallacy

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3
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

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4
Q

Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

A

Cross-sectional design

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5
Q

Cohort effect

A

Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

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6
Q

Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time

A

Cohort effect

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7
Q

Longitudal design

A

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

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8
Q

Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

A

Longitudal design

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9
Q

Gene-environment interaction

A

situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

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10
Q

situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed

A

Gene-environment interaction

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11
Q

Nature via Nurture

A

Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.

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12
Q

Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.

A

Nature via Nurture

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13
Q

Gene expression

A

activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

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14
Q

activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

A

Gene expression

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15
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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16
Q

fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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17
Q

Motor behaviour

A

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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18
Q

bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

A

Motor behaviour

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19
Q

Puberty

A

the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

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20
Q

the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce

A

Puberty

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21
Q

Primary sex characteristic

A

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

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22
Q

a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes

A

Primary sex characteristic

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23
Q

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men

A

Secondary sex characteristic

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24
Q

Secondary sex characteristic

A

a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men

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25
Q

Cognitive development

A

Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember

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26
Q

Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember

A

Cognitive development

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27
Q

Assimilation

A

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

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28
Q

Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures

A

Assimilation

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29
Q

Accommodation

A

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

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30
Q

Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience

A

Accommodation

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31
Q

Erikson’s 8 stages of human development

A
  1. Infancy
  2. Toddlerhood
  3. Early childhood
  4. Middle childhood
  5. Adolescence
  6. Young adulthood
  7. Adulthood
  8. Aging
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32
Q
  1. Infancy
  2. Toddlerhood
  3. Early childhood
  4. Middle childhood
  5. Adolescence
  6. Young adulthood
  7. Adulthood
  8. Aging
A

Erikson’s 8 stages of human development

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33
Q

Adolescence

A

Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.

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34
Q

Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.

A

Adolescence

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35
Q

Young adulthood

A

Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.

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36
Q

Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.

A

Young adulthood

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37
Q

Adulthood

A

Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.

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38
Q

Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.

A

Adulthood

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39
Q

Aging

A

Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.

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40
Q

Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.

A

Aging

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41
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.

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42
Q

period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.

A

Emerging adulthood

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43
Q

Preconventional Morality

A

in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward

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44
Q

in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward

A

Preconventional Morality

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45
Q

Conventional Morality

A

societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values

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46
Q

societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values

A

Conventional Morality

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47
Q

Postconventional Morality

A

a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles

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48
Q

a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles

A

Postconventional Morality

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49
Q

Primary appraisal

A

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

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50
Q

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

A

Primary appraisal

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51
Q

secondary appraisal

A

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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52
Q

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

A

secondary appraisal

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53
Q

problem-focused coping

A

coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on

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54
Q

coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on

A

problem-focused coping

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55
Q

emotional-focused coping

A

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions

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56
Q

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions

A

emotional-focused coping

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57
Q

corticosteroid

A

stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

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58
Q

stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

A

corticosteroid

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59
Q

hassle

A

minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope

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60
Q

minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope

A

hassle

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61
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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62
Q

stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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63
Q

The alarm reaction

A

Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.

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64
Q

Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.

A

The alarm reaction

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65
Q

Resistance reaction

A

Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.

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66
Q

Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.

A

Resistance reaction

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67
Q

Exhaustion reaction

A

The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. “Burned out”.

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68
Q

The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. “Burned out”.

A

Exhaustion reaction

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69
Q

Flight-or-fight response

A

Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation

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70
Q

Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation

A

Flight-or-fight response

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71
Q

Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress

A

Tend and befriend

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72
Q

Tend and befriend

A

Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress

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73
Q

Immune system

A

Our body’s defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances

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74
Q

Our body’s defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances

A

Immune system

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75
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,

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76
Q

a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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77
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

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78
Q

study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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79
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite

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80
Q

inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite

A

Peptic ulcer

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81
Q

Psychophysiological

A

illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.

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82
Q

illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.

A

Psychophysiological

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83
Q

Biopsychosocial perspective

A

The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.

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84
Q

The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.

A

Biopsychosocial perspective

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85
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.

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86
Q

Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

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87
Q

Proactive coping

A

Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping

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88
Q

Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping

A

Proactive coping

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89
Q

Health psychology

A

field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine

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90
Q

field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine

A

Health psychology

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91
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body

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92
Q

exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body

A

Aerobic exercise

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93
Q

Alternative medicine

A

health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

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94
Q

health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

A

Alternative medicine

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95
Q

Complementary medicine

A

health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine

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96
Q

health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine

A

Complementary medicine

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97
Q

Biofeedback

A

Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature

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98
Q

Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature

A

Biofeedback

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99
Q

Meditation

A

a variety of practices that train attention and awareness

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100
Q

a variety of practices that train attention and awareness

A

Meditation

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101
Q

Acupuncture

A

ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body

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102
Q

ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body

A

Acupuncture

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103
Q

Homeopathic medicine

A

Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body’s own natural defences

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104
Q

Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body’s own natural defences

A

Homeopathic medicine

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105
Q

Personality

A

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

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106
Q

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

A

Personality

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107
Q

Trait

A

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

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108
Q

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations

A

Trait

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109
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals

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110
Q

approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals

A

Nomothetic approach

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111
Q

Idiographic approach

A

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

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112
Q

Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person

A

Idiographic approach

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113
Q

Molecular genetic study

A

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

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114
Q

investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits

A

Molecular genetic study

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115
Q

Psychic determinism

A

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

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116
Q

the assumption that all psychological events have a cause

A

Psychic determinism

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117
Q

Id

A

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)

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118
Q

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)

A

Id

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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Pleasure principle

A

tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification

120
Q

tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification

A

Pleasure principle

121
Q

Superego

A

Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)

122
Q

Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)

A

Superego

123
Q

Ego

A

Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

124
Q

Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

A

Ego

125
Q

Reality principle

A

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet

126
Q

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet

A

Reality principle

127
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

128
Q

Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety

A

Defence mechanisms

129
Q

Repression

A

the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

130
Q

the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses

A

Repression

131
Q

Denial

A

the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

132
Q

the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences

A

Denial

133
Q

Regression

A

the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age

134
Q

the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age

A

Regression

135
Q

Reaction-formation

A

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

136
Q

transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite

A

Reaction-formation

137
Q

Projection

A

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

138
Q

unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others

A

Projection

139
Q

Displacement

A

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

140
Q

directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target

A

Displacement

141
Q

Rationalization

A

providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures

142
Q

providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures

A

Rationalization

143
Q

Sublimation

A

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

144
Q

transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal

A

Sublimation

145
Q

Erogenous zone

A

Sexually arpusing zone of the body

146
Q

Sexually arpusing zone of the body

A

Erogenous zone

147
Q

Oral stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

148
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth

A

Oral stage

149
Q

Anal stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

150
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training

A

Anal stage

151
Q

Phallic stage

A

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

152
Q

psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals

A

Phallic stage

153
Q

Oedipus complex

A

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

154
Q

conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

A

Oedipus complex

155
Q

Electra complex

A

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

156
Q

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

A

Electra complex

157
Q

Latency stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

158
Q

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious

A

Latency stage

159
Q

Genital stage

A

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

160
Q

psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others

A

Genital stage

161
Q

neo-Freudian theories

A

theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth

162
Q

theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth

A

neo-Freudian theories

163
Q

Style of life

A

According to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority

164
Q

According to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority

A

Style of life

165
Q

Inferiority complex

A

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings

166
Q

feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings

A

Inferiority complex

167
Q

Collective unconscious

A

according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

168
Q

according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

A

Collective unconscious

169
Q

Archetypes

A

Cross-culturally universal symbols

170
Q

Cross-culturally universal symbols

A

Archetypes

171
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour

172
Q

Tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour

A

Reciprocal determinism

173
Q

Locus of control

A

extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control

174
Q

extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control

A

Locus of control

175
Q

Self-actualization

A

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

176
Q

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

A

Self-actualization

177
Q

Conditions of worth

A

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour

178
Q

according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour

A

Conditions of worth

179
Q

Peak experience

A

Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

180
Q

Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world

A

Peak experience

181
Q

Factor analysis

A

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

182
Q

statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures

A

Factor analysis

183
Q

Big Five

A

Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness 
Extroversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
184
Q

Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness 
Extroversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
A

Big Five

185
Q

Openness to experience

A

Open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. “I like opera music”)

186
Q

These people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. “I like opera music”)

A

Openness to experience

187
Q

Conscientiousness

A

These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. “I show up to appointments on time or early”)

188
Q

These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. “I show up to appointments on time or early”)

A

Conscientiousness

189
Q

Extroversion

A

These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. “I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book”)

190
Q

These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. “I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book”)

A

Extroversion

191
Q

Agreeableness

A

These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. “I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me”)

192
Q

These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. “I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me”)

A

Agreeableness

193
Q

Neuroticism

A

These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. “it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry”)

194
Q

These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. “it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry”)

A

Neuroticism

195
Q

Lexical approach

A

Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

196
Q

Structured personality test

A

Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

197
Q

Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways

A

Structured personality test

198
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

199
Q

Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

200
Q

Empirical method of test construction

A

Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them

201
Q

Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them

A

Empirical method of test construction

202
Q

Face validity

A

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

203
Q

extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring

A

Face validity

204
Q

Rational/theoretical method of test construction

A

approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.

205
Q

approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.

A

Rational/theoretical method of test construction

206
Q

Projective test

A

test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

207
Q

test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of

A

Projective test

208
Q

Projective hypothesis

A

hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus

209
Q

hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus

A

Projective hypothesis

210
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots

211
Q

projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots

A

Rorschach inkblot test

212
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

213
Q

Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

214
Q

Graphology

A

psychological interpretation of handwriting

215
Q

psychological interpretation of handwriting

A

Graphology

216
Q

P.T. Barnum Effect

A

Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate

217
Q

Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate

A

P.T. Barnum Effect

218
Q

common cognitive distortions in adolescence

A

-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable
(adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)

219
Q

-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable (adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)

A

common cognitive distortions in adolescence

220
Q

Theories of Aging

A
  • Physiological theories
  • Wear-and-Tear theory
  • Homeostatic theory
221
Q
  • Physiological theories
  • Wear-and-Tear theory
  • Homeostatic theory
A

Theories of Aging

222
Q

Physiological theories

A

rely on both hereditary and environmental factors

223
Q

rely on both hereditary and environmental factors

A

Physiological theories

224
Q

Wear-and-Tear theory

A

assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse

225
Q

assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse

A

Wear-and-Tear theory

226
Q

Homeostatic theory

A

assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age

227
Q

assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age

A

Homeostatic theory

228
Q

Levinson’s 4 stages/eras of life

A
  • adolescence
  • early adulthood
  • middle adulthood
  • late adulthood
229
Q
  • adolescence
  • early adulthood
  • middle adulthood
  • late adulthood
A

Levinson’s 4 stages/eras of life

230
Q

Reversible dementias

A

can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people

231
Q

can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people

A

Reversible dementias

232
Q

Multiple infarct dementia

A

usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia

233
Q

usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia

A

Multiple infarct dementia

234
Q

Thanatology

A

the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying

235
Q

the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying

A

Thanatology

236
Q

Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?

A

Walter Cannon

237
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?

238
Q

Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?

A

Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)

239
Q

Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)

A

Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?

240
Q

4 behaviours to promote health

A
  • Stop Smoking!
  • Curb alcohol consumption
  • Achieve a healthy weight
  • Exercising
241
Q
  • Stop Smoking!
  • Curb alcohol consumption
  • Achieve a healthy weight
  • Exercising
A

4 behaviours to promote health

242
Q

Chronic pain

A

(long-lasting and ever-present)

243
Q

(long-lasting and ever-present)

A

Chronic pain

244
Q

Periodic pain

A

(pain that comes and goes)

245
Q

(pain that comes and goes)

A

Periodic pain

246
Q

Progressive pain

A

(ever-present, increases in severity over time)

247
Q

(ever-present, increases in severity over time)

A

Progressive pain

248
Q

What is PACSLAC and who developed it?

A

Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors

249
Q

Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors

A

What is PACSLAC and who developed it?

250
Q

PACSLAC: 4 Subscales

A
  1. Facial expressions
  2. Activity/body movements
  3. Social/personality/mood
  4. Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
251
Q
  1. Facial expressions
  2. Activity/body movements
  3. Social/personality/mood
  4. Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
A

PACSLAC: 4 Subscales

252
Q

Consciousness

A

occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment

253
Q

occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment

A

Consciousness

254
Q

preconscious

A

the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so

255
Q

the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so

A

preconscious

256
Q

unconscious

A

contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness

257
Q

contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness

A

unconscious

258
Q

Fixation

A

an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development

259
Q

an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development

A

Fixation

260
Q

reaction formation

A

people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings

261
Q

people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings

A

reaction formation

262
Q

creative power

A

the ability to shape our own personality

263
Q

the ability to shape our own personality

A

creative power

264
Q

Jung’s beliefs

A

He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection

265
Q

Shadow

A

dark side of our personality

266
Q

dark side of our personality

A

Shadow

267
Q

He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection

A

Jung’s beliefs

268
Q

Anima

A

a man’s feminine side

269
Q

a man’s feminine side

A

Anima

270
Q

Animus

A

A woman’s masculine side

271
Q

A woman’s masculine side

A

Animus

272
Q

Mandala

A

the ultimate simple of self

273
Q

the ultimate simple of self

A

Mandala

274
Q

Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory

A

each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions

275
Q

each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions

A

Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory

276
Q

Cardinal trait

A

a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)

277
Q

a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)

A

Cardinal trait

278
Q

Central traits

A

qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)

279
Q

qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)

A

Central traits

280
Q

Secondary traits

A

characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)

281
Q

characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)

A

Secondary traits

282
Q

Eysenck’s Factor Theory

A

Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)

283
Q

Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)

A

Eysenck’s Factor Theory

284
Q

Assessment

A

evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes

285
Q

evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes

A

Assessment

286
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A

test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive

287
Q

test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

288
Q

Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)

A

developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis

289
Q

developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis

A

Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)

290
Q

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)

A

measures three broad factors called types:

  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Psychoticism
291
Q

measures three broad factors called types:

  • Extraversion
  • Neuroticism
  • Psychoticism
A

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)

292
Q

Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)

A

yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors

293
Q

yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors

A

Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)

294
Q

Most widely used personality test:

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)

295
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)

A

Most widely used personality test:

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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