Midterm 2 Flashcards
Post hoc fallacy
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
Post hoc fallacy
Cross-sectional design
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Cross-sectional design
Cohort effect
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Cohort effect
Longitudal design
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Longitudal design
Gene-environment interaction
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
Gene-environment interaction
Nature via Nurture
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
Nature via Nurture
Gene expression
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
Gene expression
Zygote
fertilized egg
fertilized egg
Zygote
Motor behaviour
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
Motor behaviour
Puberty
the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce
Puberty
Primary sex characteristic
a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
a physical feature such as the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes
Primary sex characteristic
a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men
Secondary sex characteristic
Secondary sex characteristic
a sex-differentiating characteristic that doesn’t relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in woman and deepening voices in men
Cognitive development
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Cognitive development
Assimilation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Assimilation
Accommodation
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Accommodation
Erikson’s 8 stages of human development
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Young adulthood
- Adulthood
- Aging
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Young adulthood
- Adulthood
- Aging
Erikson’s 8 stages of human development
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Young adulthood
Adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Adulthood
Aging
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Aging
Emerging adulthood
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
Emerging adulthood
Preconventional Morality
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
Postconventional Morality
Primary appraisal
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
Primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
problem-focused coping
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
problem-focused coping
emotional-focused coping
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
emotional-focused coping
corticosteroid
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
corticosteroid
hassle
minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope
minor annoyance or nuisance that strains our ability to cope
hassle
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
stress response pattern proposed by Hans Selye that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
The alarm reaction
Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.
Involves excitation of the autonomous nervous system, the discharge of stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety.
The alarm reaction
Resistance reaction
Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.
Adapts to the stressor and finds ways to cope with it. Fight or flight may be triggered.
Resistance reaction
Exhaustion reaction
The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. “Burned out”.
The result of the two previous states can manifest as depression, anxiety, damage to an organ system or breakdown of the immune system. “Burned out”.
Exhaustion reaction
Flight-or-fight response
Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation
Physical or psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves (fight) or escape (flight) or escape (flee) a threatening situation
Flight-or-fight response
Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress
Tend and befriend
Tend and befriend
Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress
Immune system
Our body’s defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances
Our body’s defence system against invading bacteria, viruses and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances
Immune system
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,
a life-threatening, incurable yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system,
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Psychoneuroimmunology
study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system
Psychoneuroimmunology
Peptic ulcer
inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite
inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea and loss of appetite
Peptic ulcer
Psychophysiological
illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.
illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition.
Psychophysiological
Biopsychosocial perspective
The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.
The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors.
Biopsychosocial perspective
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.
Damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart.
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Proactive coping
Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping
Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping
Proactive coping
Health psychology
field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine
field of psychology also called behavioural medicine that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine
Health psychology
Aerobic exercise
exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body
exercise that promotes the use of oxygen in the body
Aerobic exercise
Alternative medicine
health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine
health care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine
Alternative medicine
Complementary medicine
health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine
health care practices and products used together with conventional medicine
Complementary medicine
Biofeedback
Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature
Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature
Biofeedback
Meditation
a variety of practices that train attention and awareness
a variety of practices that train attention and awareness
Meditation
Acupuncture
ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body
ancient chinese practice of inserting thin needles into more than 2000 points in the body to alter energy forces believed to run through the body
Acupuncture
Homeopathic medicine
Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body’s own natural defences
Remedies that feature a small dose of an illness-inducing substance to activate the body’s own natural defences
Homeopathic medicine
Personality
people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving
Personality
Trait
relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations
relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behaviour across many situations
Trait
Nomothetic approach
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behaviour of all individuals
Nomothetic approach
Idiographic approach
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person
Idiographic approach
Molecular genetic study
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
investigation that allows researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits
Molecular genetic study
Psychic determinism
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
the assumption that all psychological events have a cause
Psychic determinism
Id
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
Id
Pleasure principle
tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification
tendency of the Id to strive for immediate gratification
Pleasure principle
Superego
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Superego
Ego
Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
Ego
Reality principle
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find and appropriate outlet
Reality principle
Defence mechanisms
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety
Defence mechanisms
Repression
the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
the motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses
Repression
Denial
the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
the motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Denial
Regression
the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age
the act of returning psychologically to a younger and typically simpler and safer age
Regression
Reaction-formation
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
transformation of an anxiety-provoking emotion into its opposite
Reaction-formation
Projection
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Projection
Displacement
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target
Displacement
Rationalization
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures
providing a reasonable-sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviours or for failures
Rationalization
Sublimation
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
transforming a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal
Sublimation
Erogenous zone
Sexually arpusing zone of the body
Sexually arpusing zone of the body
Erogenous zone
Oral stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
psychosexual stage that focuses on the mouth
Oral stage
Anal stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training
Anal stage
Phallic stage
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals
Phallic stage
Oedipus complex
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
Oedipus complex
Electra complex
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals
Electra complex
Latency stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious
Latency stage
Genital stage
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others
Genital stage
neo-Freudian theories
theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
theories derived from Freud’s model, but that placed less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth
neo-Freudian theories
Style of life
According to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority
According to Adler, each person’s distinctive way of achieving superiority
Style of life
Inferiority complex
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings
feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation of such feelings
Inferiority complex
Collective unconscious
according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
according to Jung our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Cross-culturally universal symbols
Cross-culturally universal symbols
Archetypes
Reciprocal determinism
Tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour
Tendency for people to mutually influence each other’s behaviour
Reciprocal determinism
Locus of control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control
Locus of control
Self-actualization
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent
Self-actualization
Conditions of worth
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
Conditions of worth
Peak experience
Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
Transcendent moment of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world
Peak experience
Factor analysis
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures
Factor analysis
Big Five
Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Big Five
Openness to experience
Open people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. “I like opera music”)
These people tend to be intellectually curious and unconventional (e.g. “I like opera music”)
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. “I show up to appointments on time or early”)
These people tend to be more careful and responsible (e.g. “I show up to appointments on time or early”)
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. “I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book”)
These people tend to be social and lively (e.g. “I prefer a big party to a quiet time reading a book”)
Extroversion
Agreeableness
These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. “I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me”)
These people tend to be social and easy to get along with (e.g. “I find it easy to forgive people who have wronged me”)
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. “it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry”)
These people tend to be tense and moody (e.g. “it takes me a long time to calm down after I get angry”)
Neuroticism
Lexical approach
Approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
Structured personality test
Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Paper-and-pencil test consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways
Structured personality test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
Widely used structured personality test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Empirical method of test construction
Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
Approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them
Empirical method of test construction
Face validity
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring
Face validity
Rational/theoretical method of test construction
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.
approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear-cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization.
Rational/theoretical method of test construction
Projective test
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of
Projective test
Projective hypothesis
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus
Projective hypothesis
Rorschach inkblot test
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots
Rorschach inkblot test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Graphology
psychological interpretation of handwriting
psychological interpretation of handwriting
Graphology
P.T. Barnum Effect
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions (descriptions that apply to almost everyone) as accurate
P.T. Barnum Effect
common cognitive distortions in adolescence
-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable
(adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)
-Imaginary audience
(adolescents see themselves “on stage”)
-Personal fable (adolescents believe they are so special that others cannot understand them)
common cognitive distortions in adolescence
Theories of Aging
- Physiological theories
- Wear-and-Tear theory
- Homeostatic theory
- Physiological theories
- Wear-and-Tear theory
- Homeostatic theory
Theories of Aging
Physiological theories
rely on both hereditary and environmental factors
rely on both hereditary and environmental factors
Physiological theories
Wear-and-Tear theory
assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse
assumes the body simply wears-out from overuse
Wear-and-Tear theory
Homeostatic theory
assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age
assumes the body’s ability to adjust to stress decreases with age
Homeostatic theory
Levinson’s 4 stages/eras of life
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- late adulthood
Levinson’s 4 stages/eras of life
Reversible dementias
can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people
can be caused by malnutrition, alcoholism, and toxins, and usually affect younger people
Reversible dementias
Multiple infarct dementia
usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia
usually caused by one or two small strokes, and Alzheimer’s disease are forms of irreversible dementia
Multiple infarct dementia
Thanatology
the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying
the study of the psychological and medical aspects of death and dying
Thanatology
Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?
Walter Cannon
Walter Cannon
Who created the fight-or-flight response theory?
Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?
Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)
Shelley Taylor (the responses specific to women)
Who created the tend-and-befriend response theory?
4 behaviours to promote health
- Stop Smoking!
- Curb alcohol consumption
- Achieve a healthy weight
- Exercising
- Stop Smoking!
- Curb alcohol consumption
- Achieve a healthy weight
- Exercising
4 behaviours to promote health
Chronic pain
(long-lasting and ever-present)
(long-lasting and ever-present)
Chronic pain
Periodic pain
(pain that comes and goes)
(pain that comes and goes)
Periodic pain
Progressive pain
(ever-present, increases in severity over time)
(ever-present, increases in severity over time)
Progressive pain
What is PACSLAC and who developed it?
Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors
Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate; Drs. Shannon Fuchs-Lacelle and Thomas Hadjistavropoulos; an observational tool for assessment of both common and subtle pain behaviors
What is PACSLAC and who developed it?
PACSLAC: 4 Subscales
- Facial expressions
- Activity/body movements
- Social/personality/mood
- Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
- Facial expressions
- Activity/body movements
- Social/personality/mood
- Physiological indicators/eating and sleeping changes/vocal behaviours
PACSLAC: 4 Subscales
Consciousness
occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment
occupies a minor place in the theory and refers to those experiences we are aware of at any given moment
Consciousness
preconscious
the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so
the level that contains experiences not currently conscious, but which can become so
preconscious
unconscious
contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness
contains experiences that are beyond the realm of awareness
unconscious
Fixation
an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development
an excessive attachment to another person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development
Fixation
reaction formation
people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings
people act in ways opposite of their anxiety-provoking feelings
reaction formation
creative power
the ability to shape our own personality
the ability to shape our own personality
creative power
Jung’s beliefs
He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection
Shadow
dark side of our personality
dark side of our personality
Shadow
He believed people are motivated to attain self-realization or perfection
Jung’s beliefs
Anima
a man’s feminine side
a man’s feminine side
Anima
Animus
A woman’s masculine side
A woman’s masculine side
Animus
Mandala
the ultimate simple of self
the ultimate simple of self
Mandala
Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory
each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions
each individual has a unique set of personality traits = personal dispositions
Gordon Allport’s Personal Disposition Theory
Cardinal trait
a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)
a trait so dominant that a person’s entire life revolves around it (Allport)
Cardinal trait
Central traits
qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)
qualities that characterize a person’s daily interactions (Allport)
Central traits
Secondary traits
characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)
characteristics that are exhibited in specific situations (Allport)
Secondary traits
Eysenck’s Factor Theory
Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)
Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three bipolar dimensions:
Extraversion-Introversion (E)
Neuroticism-Stability (N)
Psychoticism-Superego Function (P)
Eysenck’s Factor Theory
Assessment
evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes
evaluation of individual differences through tests, interviews, observations, and recording physiological processes
Assessment
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive
test based on Jung’s theory of personality
characterizes the test taker at one pole or another on four distinct dimensions:
> Extroversion-Introversion
>Sensing-Intuition
>Thinking-Feeling,
>Judging-Perceptive
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)
developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis
developed by Cattell; in a score on 16 factors, originally uncovered using factor analysis
Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16PF)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)
measures three broad factors called types:
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
measures three broad factors called types:
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1993)
Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)
yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors
yields measures on the five factors proposed by the theory, and six traits related to each of the factors
Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae)
Most widely used personality test:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2nd Edition (MMPI-2)
Most widely used personality test:
