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Final 101 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary appraisal

A

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

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2
Q

initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

A

Primary appraisal

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3
Q

secondary appraisal

A

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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4
Q

perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

A

secondary appraisal

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5
Q

problem-focused coping

A

coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on

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6
Q

coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on

A

problem-focused coping

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7
Q

emotional-focused coping

A

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions

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8
Q

coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions

A

emotional-focused coping

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9
Q

corticosteroid

A

stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

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10
Q

stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances

A

corticosteroid

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11
Q

demonic model

A

view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.

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12
Q

view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.

A

demonic model

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13
Q

medical model

A

view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment

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14
Q

view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment

A

medical model

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15
Q

moral treatment

A

approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

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16
Q

approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness

A

moral treatment

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17
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals

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18
Q

governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals

A

deinstitutionalization

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19
Q

Labelling theorists

A

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours

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20
Q

scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours

A

Labelling theorists

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21
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

A

Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders

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22
Q

Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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23
Q

Prevalence

A

Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

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24
Q

Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

A

Prevalence

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25
Q

Comorbidity

A

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

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26
Q

co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person

A

Comorbidity

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27
Q

Categorical model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.

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28
Q

model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.

A

Categorical model

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29
Q

Dimensional model

A

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

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30
Q

model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind

A

Dimensional model

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31
Q

Insanity defence

A

legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

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32
Q

legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them

A

Insanity defence

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33
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin

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34
Q

condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin

A

Somatic symptom disorder

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35
Q

Illness anxiety disorder

A

an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease

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36
Q

an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease

A

Illness anxiety disorder

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37
Q

Id

A

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)

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38
Q

reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)

A

Id

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39
Q

Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)

A

Superego

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40
Q

Superego

A

Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)

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41
Q

Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

A

Ego

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42
Q

Ego

A

Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker

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43
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning

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44
Q

Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

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45
Q

Panic attack

A

Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy

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46
Q

Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy

A

Panic attack

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47
Q

Panic disorder

A

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them

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48
Q

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them

A

Panic disorder

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49
Q

Phobia

A

Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

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50
Q

Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat

A

Phobia

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51
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.

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52
Q

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.

A

Agoraphobia

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53
Q

Specific phobia

A

Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

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54
Q

Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat

A

Specific phobia

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55
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

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56
Q

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

A

social anxiety disorder

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57
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder

A

Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event

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58
Q

Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event

A

Posttraumatic stress disorder

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59
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

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60
Q

condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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61
Q

obsession

A

persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

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62
Q

persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress

A

obsession

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63
Q

compulsion

A

repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

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64
Q

repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress

A

compulsion

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65
Q

Anxiety sensitivity

A

fear of anxiety-related sensations

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66
Q

fear of anxiety-related sensations

A

Anxiety sensitivity

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67
Q

Major depressive episode

A

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

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68
Q

state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

A

Major depressive episode

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69
Q

Manic episode

A

Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour

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70
Q

Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour

A

Manic episode

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71
Q

Bipolar disorder I

A

presence of one or more manic episodes

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72
Q

presence of one or more manic episodes

A

Bipolar disorder I

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73
Q

Bipolar disorder II

A

Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode

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74
Q

Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode

A

Bipolar disorder II

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75
Q

Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)

A

Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness

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76
Q

Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness

A

Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)

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77
Q

Hypomanic episode

A

A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness

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78
Q

A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness

A

Hypomanic episode

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79
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder

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80
Q

Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder

A

Cyclothymic disorder

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81
Q

postpartum depression

A

Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women

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82
Q

Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women

A

postpartum depression

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83
Q

Postpartum psychosis

A

1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit

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84
Q

1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit

A

Postpartum psychosis

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85
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring

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86
Q

Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring

A

Seasonal affective disorder

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87
Q

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A

For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour

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88
Q

For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour

A

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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89
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety

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90
Q

occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety

A

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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91
Q

Cognitive model of depression

A

theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

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92
Q

theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

A

Cognitive model of depression

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93
Q

Learned helplessness

A

tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can’t control

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94
Q

tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can’t control

A

Learned helplessness

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95
Q

Major suicide risk factors

A
  1. Depression
  2. Hopelessness
  3. Substance abuse
  4. Schizophrenia
  5. Homosexuality
  6. Unemployment
  7. Chronic, painful or disfiguring mental illness
  8. Recent loss of a loved one; being divorced, separated or widowed
  9. Family history of suicide
  10. Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder
  11. Anxiety disorders
  12. Old age (notably men)
  13. Recent discharge from a hospital
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96
Q

Personality disorder

A

condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment

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97
Q

condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment

A

Personality disorder

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98
Q

Boderline personality disorder

A

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

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99
Q

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

A

Boderline personality disorder

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100
Q

Psychopathic personality

A

condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking

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101
Q

condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking

A

Psychopathic personality

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102
Q

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

A

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions

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103
Q

condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions

A

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)

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104
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception

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105
Q

condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception

A

Dissociative disorder

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106
Q

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

A

condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization

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107
Q

condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization

A

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

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108
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

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109
Q

inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

A

Dissociative amnesia

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110
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

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111
Q

Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

A

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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112
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour

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113
Q

Schizophrenia

A

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

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114
Q

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

A

Schizophrenia

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115
Q

delusion

A

strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality

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116
Q

strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality

A

delusion

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117
Q

psychotic symptom

A

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality

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118
Q

psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality

A

psychotic symptom

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119
Q

hallucination

A

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus

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120
Q

sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus

A

hallucination

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121
Q

catatonic symptom

A

motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position

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122
Q

motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position

A

catatonic symptom

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123
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

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124
Q

Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability

A

Diathesis-stress model

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125
Q

Autism spectrum disorder

A

DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder

126
Q

DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder

A

Autism spectrum disorder

127
Q

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity

128
Q

Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

129
Q

psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness

A

Psychodynamic model

130
Q

Psychodynamic model

A

psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness

131
Q

The Humanistic Model

A

maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met

132
Q

maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met

A

The Humanistic Model

133
Q

abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment

A

The Behavioural Model

134
Q

The Behavioural Model

A

abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment

135
Q

maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society

A

Sociocultural Model

136
Q

Sociocultural Model

A

maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society

137
Q

maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history

A

Evolutionary Model

138
Q

Evolutionary Model

A

maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history

139
Q

Misconceptions in psychotherapy

A

Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing
Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people

140
Q

Axes of DSM

A

Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: General medical conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (GAF)

141
Q

Criticisms of the DSM-5

A

Not all diagnoses meet Robins and Guze criteria for validity (Mathematics Disorder)
Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data
High level of comorbidity
Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology
Reluctance on many to change (cognitive misers)
Vulnerable to political and social influences

142
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives

143
Q

Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives

A

Histrionic personality disorder

144
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance

145
Q

Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

146
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

147
Q

Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

A

Avoidant personality disorder

148
Q

Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation

A

Dependent personality disorder

149
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation

150
Q

Psychotherapy

A

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

151
Q

a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives

A

Psychotherapy

152
Q

eclectic approach to psychotherapy

A

integrating diverse theories and techniques

153
Q

integrating diverse theories and techniques

A

eclectic approach to psychotherapy

154
Q

paraprofessional

A

person with no professional training who provides mental health services

155
Q

person with no professional training who provides mental health services

A

paraprofessional

156
Q

insight therapies

A

psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

157
Q

psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight

A

insight therapies

158
Q

Resistence

A

attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses

159
Q

attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses

A

Resistence

160
Q

transference

A

projecting intense, unrealistic feelings

161
Q

projecting intense, unrealistic feelings

A

transference

162
Q

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A

treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions

163
Q

treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions

A

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

164
Q

Humanistic therapies

A

therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

165
Q

therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive

A

Humanistic therapies

166
Q

Person-centered therapy

A

therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems

167
Q

therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems

A

Person-centered therapy

168
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

169
Q

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

A

Gestalt therapy

170
Q

Strategic family intervention

A

family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication

171
Q

family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication

A

Strategic family intervention

172
Q

Structural family therapy

A

treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions

173
Q

family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication

A

Structural family therapy

174
Q

Behavioural therapists

A

therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours

175
Q

therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

Behavioural therapists

176
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

177
Q

patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner

A

Systematic desensitization

178
Q

Exposure therapy

A

therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

179
Q

therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

A

Exposure therapy

180
Q

dismantling

A

research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment

181
Q

research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment

A

dismantling

182
Q

response preservation

A

technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours

183
Q

technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours

A

response preservation

184
Q

participant modelling

A

technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

185
Q

technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted

A

participant modelling

186
Q

token ecnocomy

A

method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards

187
Q

method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards

A

token ecnocomy

188
Q

aversion therapy

A

treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours

189
Q

treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours

A

aversion therapy

190
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapies

A

treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions

191
Q

treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions

A

Cognitive behavioural therapies

192
Q

Meta-analysis

A

statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature

193
Q

statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature

A

Meta-analysis

194
Q

Empirically supported treatment (EST)

A

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence

195
Q

intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence

A

Empirically supported treatment (EST)

196
Q

Hierarchy of needs (maslow)

A
  1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love/Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
197
Q

Beck’s Approach

A

depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future

198
Q

depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future

A

Beck’s Approach

199
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A

An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)

200
Q

An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

201
Q

Social cognition

A

the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general

202
Q

the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general

A

Social cognition

203
Q

Attribution

A

the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions

204
Q

the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions

A

Attribution

205
Q

Function of Attributions

A

help predict & control environment

help determine self/other thoughts, feelings, & behaviors

influence expectations for future

impact on own performance

206
Q

Self-serving biases

A

people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors

207
Q

people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors

A

Self-serving biases

208
Q

Regression to the mean

A

if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

209
Q

if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.

A

Regression to the mean

210
Q

Retrospective rewriting of the past

A

people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were

211
Q

people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were

A

Retrospective rewriting of the past

212
Q

Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.

A

Spontaneous Remission

213
Q

Spontaneous Remission

A

Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.

214
Q

Psychopharmacotherapy

A

the treatment of mental disorders with medication

215
Q

the treatment of mental disorders with medication

A

Psychopharmacotherapy

216
Q

Social psychology

A

study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes

217
Q

study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes

A

Social psychology

218
Q

Social comparison theory

A

theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

219
Q

theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

A

Social comparison theory

220
Q

mass hysteria

A

outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion

221
Q

outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion

A

mass hysteria

222
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour

223
Q

tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour

A

fundamental attribution error

224
Q

Deindividualization

A

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)

225
Q

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)

A

Deindividualization

226
Q

Groupthink

A

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

227
Q

emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

A

Groupthink

228
Q

group polarization

A

tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members

229
Q

tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members

A

group polarization

230
Q

cult

A

group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

231
Q

group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

A

cult

232
Q

innoculation effect

A

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them

233
Q

approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them

A

innoculation effect

234
Q

obedience

A

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

235
Q

adherence to instructions from those of higher authority

A

obedience

236
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

237
Q

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

A

Pluralistic ignorance

238
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

239
Q

reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

A

Diffusion of responsibility

240
Q

Social loafing

A

phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

241
Q

phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups

A

Social loafing

242
Q

altruism

A

helping others for unselfish reasons

243
Q

helping others for unselfish reasons

A

altruism

244
Q

enlightenment effect

A

learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better

245
Q

learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better

A

enlightenment effect

246
Q

attitude

A

belief that includes an emotional component

247
Q

belief that includes an emotional component

A

attitude

248
Q

self-monitoring

A

personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes

249
Q

personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes

A

self-monitoring

250
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

251
Q

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

A

cognitive dissonance

252
Q

Self-perception theory

A

theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours

253
Q

theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours

A

Self-perception theory

254
Q

impression management theory

A

theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes

255
Q

theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes

A

impression management theory

256
Q

Lowball technique

A

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product

257
Q

persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product

A

Lowball technique

258
Q

Prejudice

A

drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

259
Q

drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence

A

Prejudice

260
Q

Stereotype

A

a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

261
Q

a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group

A

Stereotype

262
Q

ultimate attribution error

A

assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

263
Q

assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions

A

ultimate attribution error

264
Q

adaptive conservatism

A

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

265
Q

evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different

A

adaptive conservatism

266
Q

in-group bias

A

tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

267
Q

tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group

A

in-group bias

268
Q

out-group homogeneity

A

tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar

269
Q

tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar

A

out-group homogeneity

270
Q

scapegoat hypothesis

A

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

271
Q

claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

A

scapegoat hypothesis

272
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

273
Q

claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason

A

just-world hypothesis

274
Q

explicit prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

275
Q

unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

A

explicit prejudice

276
Q

implicit prejudice

A

unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

277
Q

unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group

A

implicit prejudice

278
Q

Consistency

A

whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances (High/Low)

279
Q

whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances
(High/Low)

A

Consistency

280
Q

Distinctiveness

A

the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)

281
Q

the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)

A

Distinctiveness

282
Q

Dimensions of Attitudes

A

cognitive dimension
emotional dimension
behavioural dimension

283
Q

Central route (persuasion)

A

consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message

284
Q

consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message

A

Central route (persuasion)

285
Q

Peripheral route (persuasion)

A

occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive

286
Q

occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive

A

Peripheral route (persuasion)

287
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice

288
Q

behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice

A

Prosocial Behaviour

289
Q

Egoism

A

behaviour that benefits self

290
Q

behaviour that benefits self

A

Egoism

291
Q

collectivism

A

behaviour that benefits group

292
Q

behaviour that benefits group

A

collectivism

293
Q

Principlism

A

behaviour to uphold moral principles

294
Q

behaviour to uphold moral principles

A

Principlism

295
Q

bystander effect

A

as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help

296
Q

as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help

A

bystander effect

297
Q

Group

A

any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence

298
Q

any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence

A

Group

299
Q

Social Facilitation

A

a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others

300
Q

a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others

A

Social Facilitation

301
Q

Compliance

A

refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)

302
Q

refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)

A

Compliance

303
Q

Reciprocation

A

a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them

304
Q

a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them

A

Reciprocation

305
Q

Liking

A

term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them

306
Q

term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them

A

Liking

307
Q

Scarcity

A

humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant

308
Q

humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant

A

Scarcity

309
Q

Authority

A

the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly

310
Q

the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly

A

Authority

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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