Final 101 Flashcards
(310 cards)
1
Q
Primary appraisal
A
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
2
Q
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
A
Primary appraisal
3
Q
secondary appraisal
A
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
4
Q
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
A
secondary appraisal
5
Q
problem-focused coping
A
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
6
Q
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
A
problem-focused coping
7
Q
emotional-focused coping
A
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
8
Q
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
A
emotional-focused coping
9
Q
corticosteroid
A
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
10
Q
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
A
corticosteroid
11
Q
demonic model
A
view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
12
Q
view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
A
demonic model
13
Q
medical model
A
view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment
14
Q
view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment
A
medical model
15
Q
moral treatment
A
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
16
Q
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
A
moral treatment
17
Q
deinstitutionalization
A
governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals
18
Q
governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals
A
deinstitutionalization
19
Q
Labelling theorists
A
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
20
Q
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
A
Labelling theorists
21
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A
Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
22
Q
Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
23
Q
Prevalence
A
Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
24
Q
Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
A
Prevalence
25
Comorbidity
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
26
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
Comorbidity
27
Categorical model
model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.
28
model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.
Categorical model
29
Dimensional model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
30
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
Dimensional model
31
Insanity defence
legal defence proposing that people shouldn't be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren't of "sound mind" when committing them
32
legal defence proposing that people shouldn't be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren't of "sound mind" when committing them
Insanity defence
33
Somatic symptom disorder
condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
34
condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
Somatic symptom disorder
35
Illness anxiety disorder
an individual's continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
36
an individual's continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
Illness anxiety disorder
37
Id
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
38
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
Id
39
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Superego
40
Superego
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
41
Psyche's executive and principal decision maker
Ego
42
Ego
Psyche's executive and principal decision maker
43
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning
44
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
45
Panic attack
Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy
46
Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy
Panic attack
47
Panic disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
48
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
Panic disorder
49
Phobia
Intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
50
Intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Phobia
51
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
52
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
Agoraphobia
53
Specific phobia
Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
54
Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
Specific phobia
55
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
56
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
social anxiety disorder
57
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event
58
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event
Posttraumatic stress disorder
59
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
60
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
61
obsession
persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
62
persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
obsession
63
compulsion
repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
64
repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
compulsion
65
Anxiety sensitivity
fear of anxiety-related sensations
66
fear of anxiety-related sensations
Anxiety sensitivity
67
Major depressive episode
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
68
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
Major depressive episode
69
Manic episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
70
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
Manic episode
71
Bipolar disorder I
presence of one or more manic episodes
72
presence of one or more manic episodes
Bipolar disorder I
73
Bipolar disorder II
Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode
74
Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode
Bipolar disorder II
75
Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
Low-level depression of at least two years' duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness
76
Low-level depression of at least two years' duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness
Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
77
Hypomanic episode
A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness
78
A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness
Hypomanic episode
79
Cyclothymic disorder
Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder
80
Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder
Cyclothymic disorder
81
postpartum depression
Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women
82
Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women
postpartum depression
83
Postpartum psychosis
1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit
84
1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit
Postpartum psychosis
85
Seasonal affective disorder
Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring
86
Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring
Seasonal affective disorder
87
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour
88
For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
89
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety
90
occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
91
Cognitive model of depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
92
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Cognitive model of depression
93
Learned helplessness
tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can't control
94
tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can't control
Learned helplessness
95
Major suicide risk factors
1. Depression
2. Hopelessness
3. Substance abuse
4. Schizophrenia
5. Homosexuality
6. Unemployment
7. Chronic, painful or disfiguring mental illness
8. Recent loss of a loved one; being divorced, separated or widowed
9. Family history of suicide
10. Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder
11. Anxiety disorders
12. Old age (notably men)
13. Recent discharge from a hospital
96
Personality disorder
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment
97
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment
Personality disorder
98
Boderline personality disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
99
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
Boderline personality disorder
100
Psychopathic personality
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking
101
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking
Psychopathic personality
102
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
103
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
104
Dissociative disorder
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception
105
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception
Dissociative disorder
106
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization
107
condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
108
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
109
inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
Dissociative amnesia
110
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behaviour
111
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behaviour
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
112
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person's behaviour
113
Schizophrenia
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
114
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia
115
delusion
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
116
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
delusion
117
psychotic symptom
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
118
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
psychotic symptom
119
hallucination
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus
120
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus
hallucination
121
catatonic symptom
motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
122
motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
catatonic symptom
123
Diathesis-stress model
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
124
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Diathesis-stress model
125
Autism spectrum disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder
126
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
127
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
128
Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
129
psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness
Psychodynamic model
130
Psychodynamic model
psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness
131
The Humanistic Model
maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met
132
maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met
The Humanistic Model
133
abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment
The Behavioural Model
134
The Behavioural Model
abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment
135
maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society
Sociocultural Model
136
Sociocultural Model
maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society
137
maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history
Evolutionary Model
138
Evolutionary Model
maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history
139
Misconceptions in psychotherapy
Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing
Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
140
Axes of DSM
Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: General medical conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
141
Criticisms of the DSM-5
Not all diagnoses meet Robins and Guze criteria for validity (Mathematics Disorder)
Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data
High level of comorbidity
Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology
Reluctance on many to change (cognitive misers)
Vulnerable to political and social influences
142
Histrionic personality disorder
Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives
143
Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives
Histrionic personality disorder
144
Narcissistic personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
145
Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
Narcissistic personality disorder
146
Avoidant personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
147
Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoidant personality disorder
148
Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation
Dependent personality disorder
149
Dependent personality disorder
Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation
150
Psychotherapy
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
151
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
Psychotherapy
152
eclectic approach to psychotherapy
integrating diverse theories and techniques
153
integrating diverse theories and techniques
eclectic approach to psychotherapy
154
paraprofessional
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
155
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
paraprofessional
156
insight therapies
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
157
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
insight therapies
158
Resistence
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses
159
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses
Resistence
160
transference
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
161
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
transference
162
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
163
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
164
Humanistic therapies
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
165
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
Humanistic therapies
166
Person-centered therapy
therapy centring on the client's goals and ways of solving problems
167
therapy centring on the client's goals and ways of solving problems
Person-centered therapy
168
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
169
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
Gestalt therapy
170
Strategic family intervention
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
171
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Strategic family intervention
172
Structural family therapy
treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
173
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Structural family therapy
174
Behavioural therapists
therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
175
therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
Behavioural therapists
176
Systematic desensitization
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
177
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Systematic desensitization
178
Exposure therapy
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
179
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
Exposure therapy
180
dismantling
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
181
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
dismantling
182
response preservation
technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
183
technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
response preservation
184
participant modelling
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
185
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
participant modelling
186
token ecnocomy
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
187
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
token ecnocomy
188
aversion therapy
treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours
189
treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours
aversion therapy
190
Cognitive behavioural therapies
treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
191
treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
Cognitive behavioural therapies
192
Meta-analysis
statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
193
statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
Meta-analysis
194
Empirically supported treatment (EST)
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
195
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
Empirically supported treatment (EST)
196
Hierarchy of needs (maslow)
1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love/Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
197
Beck’s Approach
depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future
198
depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future
Beck’s Approach
199
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)
200
An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
201
Social cognition
the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general
202
the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general
Social cognition
203
Attribution
the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions
204
the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions
Attribution
205
Function of Attributions
help predict & control environment
help determine self/other thoughts, feelings, & behaviors
influence expectations for future
impact on own performance
206
Self-serving biases
people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
207
people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
Self-serving biases
208
Regression to the mean
if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.
209
if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.
Regression to the mean
210
Retrospective rewriting of the past
people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were
211
people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were
Retrospective rewriting of the past
212
Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.
Spontaneous Remission
213
Spontaneous Remission
Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.
214
Psychopharmacotherapy
the treatment of mental disorders with medication
215
the treatment of mental disorders with medication
Psychopharmacotherapy
216
Social psychology
study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
217
study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
Social psychology
218
Social comparison theory
theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
219
theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
Social comparison theory
220
mass hysteria
outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion
221
outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion
mass hysteria
222
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour
223
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour
fundamental attribution error
224
Deindividualization
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)
225
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)
Deindividualization
226
Groupthink
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
227
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
Groupthink
228
group polarization
tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
229
tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
group polarization
230
cult
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
231
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
cult
232
innoculation effect
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them
233
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them
innoculation effect
234
obedience
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
235
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
obedience
236
Pluralistic ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
237
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
Pluralistic ignorance
238
Diffusion of responsibility
reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
239
reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
Diffusion of responsibility
240
Social loafing
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
241
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
Social loafing
242
altruism
helping others for unselfish reasons
243
helping others for unselfish reasons
altruism
244
enlightenment effect
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
245
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
enlightenment effect
246
attitude
belief that includes an emotional component
247
belief that includes an emotional component
attitude
248
self-monitoring
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes
249
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes
self-monitoring
250
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
251
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
cognitive dissonance
252
Self-perception theory
theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours
253
theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours
Self-perception theory
254
impression management theory
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes
255
theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes
impression management theory
256
Lowball technique
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product
257
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product
Lowball technique
258
Prejudice
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
259
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
Prejudice
260
Stereotype
a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
261
a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
Stereotype
262
ultimate attribution error
assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
263
assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
ultimate attribution error
264
adaptive conservatism
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
265
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
adaptive conservatism
266
in-group bias
tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group
267
tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group
in-group bias
268
out-group homogeneity
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
269
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
out-group homogeneity
270
scapegoat hypothesis
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
271
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
scapegoat hypothesis
272
just-world hypothesis
claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
273
claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
just-world hypothesis
274
explicit prejudice
unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
275
unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
explicit prejudice
276
implicit prejudice
unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
277
unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
implicit prejudice
278
Consistency
whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances (High/Low)
279
whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances
(High/Low)
Consistency
280
Distinctiveness
the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)
281
the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)
Distinctiveness
282
Dimensions of Attitudes
cognitive dimension
emotional dimension
behavioural dimension
283
Central route (persuasion)
consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message
284
consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message
Central route (persuasion)
285
Peripheral route (persuasion)
occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive
286
occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive
Peripheral route (persuasion)
287
Prosocial Behaviour
behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice
288
behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice
Prosocial Behaviour
289
Egoism
behaviour that benefits self
290
behaviour that benefits self
Egoism
291
collectivism
behaviour that benefits group
292
behaviour that benefits group
collectivism
293
Principlism
behaviour to uphold moral principles
294
behaviour to uphold moral principles
Principlism
295
bystander effect
as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help
296
as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help
bystander effect
297
Group
any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence
298
any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence
Group
299
Social Facilitation
a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others
300
a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others
Social Facilitation
301
Compliance
refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)
302
refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)
Compliance
303
Reciprocation
a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them
304
a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them
Reciprocation
305
Liking
term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them
306
term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them
Liking
307
Scarcity
humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant
308
humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant
Scarcity
309
Authority
the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly
310
the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly
Authority
