Final 101 Flashcards
Primary appraisal
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful
Primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal
secondary appraisal
problem-focused coping
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
coping strategy by which we problem solve and tackle life’s challenges head-on
problem-focused coping
emotional-focused coping
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
coping strategy that features a positive outlook on feelings or situations accompanied by behaviours that reduce painful emotions
emotional-focused coping
corticosteroid
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances
corticosteroid
demonic model
view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
view of mental illness in which odd behaviour, hearing voices, or talking to oneself was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body.
demonic model
medical model
view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment
view of mental illness as due to a psychological disorder requiring medical treatment
medical model
moral treatment
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness
moral treatment
deinstitutionalization
governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals
governmental policy in the 1960s and 1970s that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing the mental hospitals
deinstitutionalization
Labelling theorists
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
scholars who argue that psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people’s perceptions and behaviours
Labelling theorists
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
Diagnostic system containing the American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Prevalence
Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder
Prevalence
Comorbidity
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
co-occurrence of two or more diagnoses within the same person
Comorbidity
Categorical model
model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.
model in which a mental disorder differs from the normal functioning in kind rather than degree.
Categorical model
Dimensional model
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than kind
Dimensional model
Insanity defence
legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them
legal defence proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them
Insanity defence
Somatic symptom disorder
condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
condition marked by physical symptoms that suggest an underlying medical illness, but that are actually psychological in origin
Somatic symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
an individual’s continual preoccupation with the notion that he or she has a serious physical disease
Illness anxiety disorder
Id
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression (often represented by the Devil)
Id
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Superego
Superego
Our sense of morality (often represented by an Angel)
Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
Ego
Ego
Psyche’s executive and principal decision maker
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning
Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension and irritability across many areas of life functioning
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Panic attack
Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy
Brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat and feelings of impending death or going crazy
Panic attack
Panic disorder
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about the future attacks or a change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
Panic disorder
Phobia
Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Intense fear of an object or situation that’s greatly out of proportion to its actual threat
Phobia
Agoraphobia
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack.
Agoraphobia
Specific phobia
Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
Intense fear of objects places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to their actual threat
Specific phobia
social anxiety disorder
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations
social anxiety disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event
Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witness a severely stressful event
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsession
persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
persistent idea, thought or impulse that is unwanted and inappropriate, causing marked distress
obsession
compulsion
repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress
compulsion
Anxiety sensitivity
fear of anxiety-related sensations
fear of anxiety-related sensations
Anxiety sensitivity
Major depressive episode
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties
Major depressive episode
Manic episode
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
Experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behaviour
Manic episode
Bipolar disorder I
presence of one or more manic episodes
presence of one or more manic episodes
Bipolar disorder I
Bipolar disorder II
Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode
Patients must experience at least one episode of major depression and one hypomanic episode
Bipolar disorder II
Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness
Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, hopelessness
Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia)
Hypomanic episode
A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness
A less intense and disruptive version of a manic episode; feelings of elation, grouchiness or irritability, distractibility and talkativeness
Hypomanic episode
Cyclothymic disorder
Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder
Moods alternate between numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous periods of depressive symptoms; this disorder raises the chances of the patient developing bipolar disorder
Cyclothymic disorder
postpartum depression
Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women
Depressive episode; within a month after childbirth; 15% of women
postpartum depression
Postpartum psychosis
1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit
1 or 2 out of 1000 births. Symptoms include command hallucinations to kill the infant or delusions that the infant is possessed by an evil spirit
Postpartum psychosis
Seasonal affective disorder
Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring
Depressive episodes that display a seasonal pattern, most commonly beginning in fall or winter and improving in spring
Seasonal affective disorder
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour
For children under 18; persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme out of control behaviour
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety
occurs in women during the final week before the onset of menses, with marked mood swings, irritability, anger and anxiety
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Cognitive model of depression
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations
Cognitive model of depression
Learned helplessness
tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can’t control
tendency to feels helpless in the face of events we can’t control
Learned helplessness
Major suicide risk factors
- Depression
- Hopelessness
- Substance abuse
- Schizophrenia
- Homosexuality
- Unemployment
- Chronic, painful or disfiguring mental illness
- Recent loss of a loved one; being divorced, separated or widowed
- Family history of suicide
- Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder
- Anxiety disorders
- Old age (notably men)
- Recent discharge from a hospital
Personality disorder
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations and lead to distress or impairment
Personality disorder
Boderline personality disorder
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
Boderline personality disorder
Psychopathic personality
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking
condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centredness and risk taking
Psychopathic personality
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
Dissociative disorder
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception
condition involving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception
Dissociative disorder
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization
condition marked by multiple episode of depersonalization
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Dissociative amnesia
inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
inability to recall important personal information - most often related to a stressful experience- that can’t be explained by ordinary forgetfulness
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
Schizophrenia
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia
delusion
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
strongly held, fixed belief that has no basis in reality
delusion
psychotic symptom
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
psychological problem reflecting serious distortions in reality
psychotic symptom
hallucination
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus
sensory perception that occurs in the absence of external stimulus
hallucination
catatonic symptom
motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
motor problem, including extreme resistance to complying, with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in a fetal position
catatonic symptom
Diathesis-stress model
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Perspective proposing that mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability, called a diathesis, and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Diathesis-stress model
Autism spectrum disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder
DSM-5 category that includes autistic disorder and Asperger’s disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
Childhood condition marked by excessive inattention, impulsivity and activity
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness
Psychodynamic model
Psychodynamic model
psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness
The Humanistic Model
maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met
maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met
The Humanistic Model
abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment
The Behavioural Model
The Behavioural Model
abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment
maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society
Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Model
maladjustment occurs within and because of the context of family, community and society
maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history
Evolutionary Model
Evolutionary Model
maladjustments may be expressions of behaviour that would once have been normal in evolutionary history
Misconceptions in psychotherapy
Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing
Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
Axes of DSM
Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: General medical conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
Criticisms of the DSM-5
Not all diagnoses meet Robins and Guze criteria for validity (Mathematics Disorder)
Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data
High level of comorbidity
Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology
Reluctance on many to change (cognitive misers)
Vulnerable to political and social influences
Histrionic personality disorder
Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives
Pervasise pattern of:
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
Pervasive pattern of:
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
Narcissistic personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Pervasive pattern of:
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Avoidant personality disorder
Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation
Dependent personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Pervasive and excessive pattern of:
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation
Psychotherapy
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives
Psychotherapy
eclectic approach to psychotherapy
integrating diverse theories and techniques
integrating diverse theories and techniques
eclectic approach to psychotherapy
paraprofessional
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
person with no professional training who provides mental health services
paraprofessional
insight therapies
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight
insight therapies
Resistence
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses
attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions and impulses
Resistence
transference
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
projecting intense, unrealistic feelings
transference
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Humanistic therapies
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
therapies that emphasize the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive
Humanistic therapies
Person-centered therapy
therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems
therapy centring on the client’s goals and ways of solving problems
Person-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self
Gestalt therapy
Strategic family intervention
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Strategic family intervention
Structural family therapy
treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change how family members arrange and organize interactions
family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication
Structural family therapy
Behavioural therapists
therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
therapists who focus on specific problem behaviours and on current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings and behaviours
Behavioural therapists
Systematic desensitization
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
patients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner
Systematic desensitization
Exposure therapy
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
therapy that confronts patients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear
Exposure therapy
dismantling
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment
dismantling
response preservation
technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours
response preservation
participant modelling
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
technique in which the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it unassisted
participant modelling
token ecnocomy
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
method in which desirable behaviours are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards
token ecnocomy
aversion therapy
treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours
treatment that uses punishment to decreases the frequency of undesirable behaviours
aversion therapy
Cognitive behavioural therapies
treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
treatments that attempt to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational cognitions
Cognitive behavioural therapies
Meta-analysis
statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature
Meta-analysis
Empirically supported treatment (EST)
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
intervention for specific disorders supported by high-quality scientific evidence
Empirically supported treatment (EST)
Hierarchy of needs (maslow)
- Physiological 2. Safety 3. Love/Belonging 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
Beck’s Approach
depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future
depression is caused by people’s distorted thoughts about reality
lead to negative views of the world, the self, and the future
Beck’s Approach
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)
An electric current is briefly applied to the head to produce a generalized seizure (convulsion)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Social cognition
the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general
the process of analyzing and interpreting events, other people, oneself, and the world in general
Social cognition
Attribution
the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions
the process by which a person infers other people’s motives or intentions
Attribution
Function of Attributions
help predict & control environment
help determine self/other thoughts, feelings, & behaviors
influence expectations for future
impact on own performance
Self-serving biases
people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
people’s tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
Self-serving biases
Regression to the mean
if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.
if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first.
Regression to the mean
Retrospective rewriting of the past
people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were
people think they get better because they thought that they were more sick than they actually were
Retrospective rewriting of the past
Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.
Spontaneous Remission
Spontaneous Remission
Recovery from a disorder without formal treatment.
Psychopharmacotherapy
the treatment of mental disorders with medication
the treatment of mental disorders with medication
Psychopharmacotherapy
Social psychology
study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
study of how people influence others’ behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
Social psychology
Social comparison theory
theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others
Social comparison theory
mass hysteria
outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion
outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion
mass hysteria
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour
fundamental attribution error
Deindividualization
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities (Stanford experiment)
Deindividualization
Groupthink
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking
Groupthink
group polarization
tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
tendency of group discussions to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
group polarization
cult
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
cult
innoculation effect
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct then debunking them
innoculation effect
obedience
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
obedience
Pluralistic ignorance
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do
Pluralistic ignorance
Diffusion of responsibility
reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
reduction of feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
Diffusion of responsibility
Social loafing
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups
Social loafing
altruism
helping others for unselfish reasons
helping others for unselfish reasons
altruism
enlightenment effect
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
enlightenment effect
attitude
belief that includes an emotional component
belief that includes an emotional component
attitude
self-monitoring
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people’s behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes
self-monitoring
cognitive dissonance
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
cognitive dissonance
Self-perception theory
theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours
theory that we acquire our attitude by observing our behaviours
Self-perception theory
impression management theory
theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes
theory that we don’t really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes
impression management theory
Lowball technique
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price and then mentions all of the add-on costs once the customers has agreed to purchase the product
Lowball technique
Prejudice
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
Prejudice
Stereotype
a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
a belief or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
Stereotype
ultimate attribution error
assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
ultimate attribution error
adaptive conservatism
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
adaptive conservatism
in-group bias
tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group
tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group
in-group bias
out-group homogeneity
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
out-group homogeneity
scapegoat hypothesis
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes
scapegoat hypothesis
just-world hypothesis
claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
just-world hypothesis
explicit prejudice
unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
explicit prejudice
implicit prejudice
unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group
implicit prejudice
Consistency
whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances (High/Low)
whether the person being observed behaves the same way when faced with the same set of circumstances
(High/Low)
Consistency
Distinctiveness
the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)
the observed person acts differently in different types of situations (High/Low)
Distinctiveness
Dimensions of Attitudes
cognitive dimension
emotional dimension
behavioural dimension
Central route (persuasion)
consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message
consists of thoughtful consideration of the arguments (ideas, content) of the message
Central route (persuasion)
Peripheral route (persuasion)
occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive
occurs when the listener decides whether to agree with the message based on other cues besides the strength of the arguments or ideas in the message. For example, a listener may decide to agree with a message because the source appears to be an expert, or is attractive
Peripheral route (persuasion)
Prosocial Behaviour
behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice
behaviour that benefits someone else or society that offers no obvious benefit to the person performing it and may involve personal risk or sacrifice
Prosocial Behaviour
Egoism
behaviour that benefits self
behaviour that benefits self
Egoism
collectivism
behaviour that benefits group
behaviour that benefits group
collectivism
Principlism
behaviour to uphold moral principles
behaviour to uphold moral principles
Principlism
bystander effect
as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help
as the number of people present at an emergency increases, people often watch, but do not help
bystander effect
Group
any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence
any number of people who share a common purpose, interact with each other, and develop some degree of interdependence
Group
Social Facilitation
a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others
a change in behaviour when people are (or believe they are) in the presence of others
Social Facilitation
Compliance
refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)
refers to a change in behavior that is requested by another person or group; the individual acted in some way because others asked him or her to do so (but it was possible to refuse or decline.)
Compliance
Reciprocation
a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them
a social rule that says people should repay, in kind, what another person has provided for them
Reciprocation
Liking
term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them
term to describe the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them
Liking
Scarcity
humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant
humans place a higher value on an object that is less prevalent, and a lower value on those that are abundant
Scarcity
Authority
the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly
the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly
Authority
