Midterm 1 Flashcards
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable the experimenter manipulates.
Dependent Variable (DV); Independent Variable (IV)
The ___________ variables are those that are observed to change in response to the manipulation of the __________ variable.
William James
Founder of American Psychology
Variable the experimenter manipulates.
Independent Variable (IV)
The ___________ variables are those that are observed to change in response to the manipulation of the __________ variable.
Dependent Variable (DV); Independent Variable (IV)
Founder of American Psychology
William James
Levels of Psychological Analysis
Social Culture Influences (social or behavioural level, involves: relating to others and personal relationships)
|
Psychological (mental or neurological level, involves thoughts, feelings and emotions)
|
Biological (Molecular or neurochemical, involves molecules and brain structure)
Social Culture Influences (social or behavioural level, involves: relating to others and personal relationships)
|
Psychological (mental or neurological level, involves thoughts, feelings and emotions)
|
Biological (Molecular or neurochemical, involves molecules and brain structure)
Levels of Psychological Analysis
Psychology
The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour
The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour
Psychology
Levels of analysis
Rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences.
Rungs on a ladder of analysis, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences.
Levels of analysis
Multiply determined
Caused by many factors
Caused by many factors
Multiply determined
Individual differences
Variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality and behaviour.
Variations among people in their thinking, emotion, personality and behaviour.
Individual differences
Naive realism
Belief that we see the world precisely as it is
Belief that we see the world precisely as it is
Naive realism
Scientific theory
Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
Explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
Scientific theory
Hypothesis
testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
Hypothesis
Confirmation Bias
Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them
Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them
Confirmation Bias
Belief perseverance
Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
Belief perseverance
Metaphysical claims
Assertation about the world that is not testable
Assertation about the world that is not testable
Metaphysical claims
Pseudoscience
set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
ex: miracle weight loss program
set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t
ex: miracle weight loss program
Pseudoscience
Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis
Loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification.
Loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification.
Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis
Signs of pseudoscience (7)
- Exaggerated claims
- Overreliance on anecdotes
- Absence of connectivity to other research
- Lack of review by other scholars/replication from independent labs
- Lack of self-correction when contrary evidence is published
- Psychobabble
- Talk of “proof” instead of “evidence”
Pareidolia
Tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli.
Tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli.
Pareidolia
Apophenia
Tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena.
Tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena.
Apophenia
Terror management theory
Theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural world views.
Theory proposing that our awareness of our death leaves us with an underlying sense of terror which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural world views.
Terror management theory
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim.
Error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim.
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Bandwagon fallacy
Error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
Error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
Bandwagon fallacy
Either-or fallacy
Error of framing a question as though we can answer it in only one of two extreme ways
Error of framing a question as though we can answer it in only one of two extreme ways
Either-or fallacy
Not me fallacy
Error of believing we are immune from errors (in thinking) that afflict other people
Error of believing we are immune from errors (in thinking) that afflict other people
Not me fallacy
Appeal to authority fallacy
Error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it
Error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it
Appeal to authority fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its origins or genesis
Error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its origins or genesis
Ex: the belief was influenced by the time period, therefore cannot be considered valid
Genetic fallacy
Genetic fallacy
Error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its origins or genesis
Ex: the belief was influenced by the time period, therefore cannot be considered valid
Error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its origins or genesis
Genetic fallacy
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Error of assuming that a belief must be valid just because it’s been around for a long time
Error of assuming that a belief must be valid just because it’s been around for a long time
Argument from antiquity fallacy
Argument from adverse consequences fallacy
Error of confusing the validity of an idea with its potential real-world consequences
Error of confusing the validity of an idea with its potential real-world consequences
Argument from adverse consequences fallacy
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
Error of assuming that a claim must be true because no one has shown it to be false
Error of assuming that a claim must be true because no one has shown it to be false
Appeal to ignorance fallacy
Naturalistic fallacy
Error of inferring a moral judgement from a scientific fact
Error of inferring a moral judgement from a scientific fact
Naturalistic fallacy
Hasty generalization fallacy
Error of drawing a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
Error of drawing a conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
Hasty generalization fallacy
Circular reasoning fallacy
Error of basing a claim on the same claim reworded in slightly different terms
Error of basing a claim on the same claim reworded in slightly different terms
Circular reasoning fallacy
Scientific skepticism
approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them
Scientific skepticism
Six principles of scientific thinking
- Ruling out rival hypotheses
- Correlation vs. Causation
- Falsifiability
- Replicability
- Extraordinary claims
- Occam’s Razor
- Ruling out rival hypotheses
- Correlation vs. Causation
- Falsifiability
- Replicability
- Extraordinary claims
- Occam’s Razor
Six principles of scientific thinking
Ruling out rival hypotheses
findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to eliminate these hypotheses.
findings consistent with several hypotheses require additional research to eliminate these hypotheses.
Ruling out rival hypotheses
Correlation vs. causation
a phrase used in statistics to emphasize that two things are associated with each other doesn’t mean that one causes the other.
a phrase used in statistics to emphasize that two things are associated with each other doesn’t mean that one causes the other.
Correlation vs. causation
claims must be capable of being disproved.
Falsifiability
Falsifiability
claims must be capable of being disproved.
a finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following the same “recipe”/“formula”.
Replicability
Replicability
a finding must be capable of being duplicated by independent researchers following the same “recipe”/“formula”.
the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more persuasive the evidence must be before we should accept it.
Extraordinary claims
Extraordinary claims
the more a claim contradicts what we already know, the more persuasive the evidence must be before we should accept it.
Occam’s razor
if two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally select the simpler one.
if two hypotheses explain a phenomenon equally well, we should generally select the simpler one.
Occam’s razor
Structuralism
A theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener. The “What”. Seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events.
A theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and his mentee Edward Bradford Titchener. The “What”. Seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlated to physical events.
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt
Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, he is often regarded as the father of psychology. His assistant: Edward Titchener.
Opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, he is often regarded as the father of psychology. His assistant: Edward Titchener.
Wilhelm Wundt
Gestalt psychology
________ psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. Founder: Max Wertheimer
________ psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world.
Gestalt psychology
Functionalism
Mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role – that is, they have causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. Founder: William James.
Mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional role – that is, they have causal relations to other mental states, numerous sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. Founder: William James.
Functionalism
It assumes that the behavior of a human or an animal is a consequence of that individual’s history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual’s current motivational state and controlling stimuli. (focus primarily on environmental factors). Founder: John B. Watson
Behaviourism
Behaviourism
It assumes that the behavior of a human or an animal is a consequence of that individual’s history, including especially reinforcement and punishment, together with the individual’s current motivational state and controlling stimuli. (focus primarily on environmental factors). Founder: John B. Watson
Who is the founder of Behaviourism?
John B. Watson
John B. Watson
Who is the founder of Behaviourism?
William James (Influenced by Charles Darwin)
Who is the founder of Functionalism?
Who is the founder of Functionalism?
William James (Influenced by Charles Darwin)
Who is the founder of Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and his assistant, Edward Titchener.
Wilhelm Wundt and his assistant, Edward Titchener.
Who is the founder of Structuralism?
Introspection
method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
Introspection
Who is the founder of Cognitivism?
Jean Piaget & Ulric Neisser
Jean Piaget & Ulric Neisser
Who is the founder of Cognitivism?
________ Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
________ Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind.
Natural selection
Principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms
Principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms
Natural selection
Cognitive neuroscience
Examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking
Examines the relation between brain functioning and thinking
Cognitive neuroscience
Who is the founder of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud.
Who is the founder of Psychoanalysis?
Focuses on the internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware. Founder:
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Focuses on the internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware. Founder:
Nature VS. Nurture
Whether a person’s development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment
Whether a person’s development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment
Nature VS. Nurture
Evolutionary psychology
Discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour.
Discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behaviour.
Evolutionary psychology
Prefrontal lobotomy
Surgical procedure that serves fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
Surgical procedure that serves fibres connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
Prefrontal lobotomy
Heuristic
Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world.
Mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world.
Heuristic
Representativeness heuristic
heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype.
heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype.
Representativeness heuristic
Base rate
How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population
How common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population
Base rate
Availability heuristic
heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it cord to our minds.
heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it cord to our minds.
Availability heuristic
Cognitive biases
Systematic errors in thinking
Systematic errors in thinking
Cognitive biases
Hindsight bias
tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
Hindsight bias
Case studies
research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
Case studies
External validity
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
External validity
Internal validity
Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study.
Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study.
Internal validity
Existence proof
Demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
Demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
Existence proof
Random selection
procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
Random selection
Response set
tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
Response set
Correlation design
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
Correlation design
Illusory correlation
Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
Illusory correlation
Experimental design
Characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
Characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
Experimental design
Random assignment
randomly sorting participants into groups
Random assignment
Random assignment
Control group
In an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
In an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
Control group
Experimental group
In an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation
In an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation
Experimental group
Between-subjects design
In an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition
In an experiment, researchers assign different groups to the control or experimental condition
Between-subjects design
Within-subject design
In an experiment each participant acts as his or her own control
In an experiment each participant acts as his or her own control
Within-subject design
Operational definition
A working definition of what a researcher is measuring
A working definition of what a researcher is measuring
Operational definition
Blind
Unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
Unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
Blind
Placebo effect
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
Improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
Placebo effect
Double-blind
When neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group
When neither the researchers nor the participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group
Double-blind
Demand characteristics
Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis
Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypothesis
Demand characteristics
Central tendency
measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
Central tendency
variability
measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
variability
Range
difference between the highest and lowest scores (a measure of dispersion)
difference between the highest and lowest scores (a measure of dispersion)
range
Standard deviation
measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
Standard deviation
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
Post hoc fallacy
Post hoc fallacy
“Since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X.”
Cross-sectional design
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
Cross-sectional design
Cohort effect
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Effect observed in a sample of participants that results from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time
Cohort effect
Longitudal design
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
Longitudal design
Gene-environment interaction
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
situation which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
Gene-environment interaction
Nature via Nurture
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
Tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions.
Nature via Nurture
Gene expression
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
Gene expression
Zygote
fertilized egg
fertilized egg
Zygote
Blastocyst
ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part
ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven’t yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part
Blastocyst
Embryo
2nd to 8th week of prenatal developmental, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form.
2nd to 8th week of prenatal developmental, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form.
Embryo
Fetus
period of prenatal development from 9th week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change.
period of prenatal development from 9th week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change.
Fetus
Teratogen
An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
An environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
Teratogen
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders
condition resulting from high levels of prenatal alcohol exposure, causing learning disabilities, physical growth retardation, facial malformations and behavioural disorders
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Motor behaviour
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
bodily motion that occurs as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles
Motor behaviour
Menarche
the start of menstruation
the start of menstruation
Menarche
Spremarche
boys’ first ejaculation
boys’ first ejaculation
Spremarche
Stages of the scientific method
Step 1: State the problem Step 2: Form a hypothesis Step 3: design a study Step 4: collect and analyze data Step 5: draw conclusions and reporting results
Cognitive development
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Step 1: State the problem Step 2: Form a hypothesis Step 3: design a study Step 4: collect and analyze data Step 5: draw conclusions and reporting results
Stages of the scientific method
Study of how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate and remember
Cognitive development
Assimilation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Accommodation
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience
Accommodation
Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures
Assimilation
Sensorimotor stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally. Birth to 2 years: no thought beyond immediate physical experiences.
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally. Birth to 2 years: no thought beyond immediate physical experiences.
Sensorimotor stage
Object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view
Object permanence
Preoperational stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them. 2 to 7 years: egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them. 2 to 7 years: egocentric and unable to perform mental transformations
Preoperational stage
Concrete operations stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only. 7 to 11 years: able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects.
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only. 7 to 11 years: able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects.
Concrete operations stage
Formal operations stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now. 11 to adulthood: able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now. 11 to adulthood: able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning.
Formal operations stage
Conservation
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of a given amount, the amount remains the same.
Scaffolding
Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent.
Lev Vygotsky
Developed a theory of cognitive development that emphasized social and cultural information as the key sources of learning.
Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of a given amount, the amount remains the same.
Conservation
Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent.
Scaffolding
Developed a theory of cognitive development that emphasized social and cultural information as the key sources of learning.
Lev Vygotsky
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
Theory of mind
Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
Ability to reason about what other people know or believe
Theory of mind
Phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Temperament
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin
Temperament
Mono-operation bias
drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure
drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure
Mono-operation bias
Average expectable environment
environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline
Average expectable environment
Psychosocial crisis
dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people
dilemma concerning an individual’s relations to other people
Psychosocial crisis
Emerging adulthood
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
period of life between the ages of 18-25 during which many aspects of emotional development, identity, and personality become solidified.
Emerging adulthood
Erikson’s 8 stages of human development
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Young adulthood
- Adulthood
- Aging
Infancy
Trust vs. Mistrust. Developing general security, optimism and trust in others.
- Infancy
- Toddlerhood
- Early childhood
- Middle childhood
- Adolescence
- Young adulthood
- Adulthood
- Aging
Erikson’s 8 stages of human development
Trust vs. Mistrust. Developing general security, optimism and trust in others.
Infancy
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt. Developing a sense of independence and confident self-resilience, taking setbacks in stride.
Toddlerhood
Toddlerhood
Autonomy vs. shame & doubt. Developing a sense of independence and confident self-resilience, taking setbacks in stride.
Initiative vs. guilt. Developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment.
Early childhood
Early childhood
Initiative vs. guilt. Developing initiative in exploring and manipulating the environment.
Industry vs. inferiority. Enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in and out of school.
Middle childhood
Middle childhood
Industry vs. inferiority. Enjoyment and mastery of the developmental tasks of childhood, in and out of school.
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
Adolescence
Adolescence
Identity vs. role confusion. Achievement of a stable and satisfying sense of role and direction.
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Young adulthood
Young adulthood
Intimacy vs. isolation. Development of the ability to maintain intimate personal relationships.
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Adulthood
Adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation. Satisfaction of personal and familial needs supplemented by development of interest in the welfare of others and the world in general.
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Aging
Aging
Ego integrity vs. despair. Recognizing and adjusting to aging and the prospect of death with a sense of satisfaction about the future.
Stability versus Change
centers on the permanence of initial personality traits. Some developmental psychologists argue that personality traits seen in infancy persist through a person’s entire life, while others disagree
centers on the permanence of initial personality traits. Some developmental psychologists argue that personality traits seen in infancy persist through a person’s entire life, while others disagree
Stability versus Change
whether children are ___________ contributors to their own development or, rather, ____________ recipients of environmental influence.
Activity versus Passivity
Activity versus Passivity
whether children are ___________ contributors to their own development or, rather, ____________ recipients of environmental influence.
To explain how people change through the course of their lives, the ________ theory says that someone changes throughout their life along a smooth course while the _______ theory instead contends that people change abruptly.
Continuity versus Discontinuity
Continuity versus Discontinuity
To explain how people change through the course of their lives, the ________ theory says that someone changes throughout their life along a smooth course while the _______ theory instead contends that people change abruptly.
Proximadistal
Latin for “near to far”. Growth begins at the centre of the body and proceeds to the extremities.
Latin for “near to far”. Growth begins at the centre of the body and proceeds to the extremities.
Proximadistal
Nocebo effect
when a person experiences harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable side effects after a placebo medical treatment
when a person experiences harmful, unpleasant, or undesirable side effects after a placebo medical treatment
Nocebo effect
James Mark Baldwin
First psych lab/(psychologist?) in Canada
First psych lab/(psychologist?) in Canada
James Mark Baldwin
Babinski
fanning of toes when foot stroked. Newborn reflex.
involves outstretching of arms and legs, and crying, in response to a loud noise
Moro reflex
Moro reflex
involves outstretching of arms and legs, and crying, in response to a loud noise
fanning of toes when foot stroked. Newborn reflex.
Babinski
the head is turned toward a light touch
Rooting reflex
Rooting reflex
the head is turned toward a light touch
produced in response to a finger or a nipple in the baby’s mouth
Sucking reflex
Sucking reflex
produced in response to a finger or a nipple in the baby’s mouth
takes place in response to an object being pressed into the palm
grasping reflex
grasping reflex
takes place in response to an object being pressed into the palm
Examples of favorable stimuli to infants
- curved patterns over straight ones
- more complex patterns
- normal faces over random patterns
Who is the founder of Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer (Germany)
Who brought functionalism to North America?
John Dewey
Max Wertheimer (Germany)
Who is the founder of Gestalt psychology?
John Dewey
Who brought functionalism to North America?
Who was the first female psychologist in Canada?
Brenda Milner
Brenda Milner
Who was the first female psychologist in Canada?
Insecure-anxious attachment
Child reacts with panic when mother leaves
Show mixed feelings of anger and closeness when reunited with mother
Some researchers call “anxious ambivalent”
Child reacts with panic when mother leaves
Show mixed feelings of anger and closeness when reunited with mother
Some researchers call “anxious ambivalent”
Insecure-anxious attachment
Heteronomous Morality
Morality based on what others (parents) tell them is right or wrong (Directed by someone else)
Morality based on what others (parents) tell them is right or wrong (Directed by someone else)
Heteronomous Morality
Autonomous Morality
Self-directed morality
Allows individual to recognize situational factors that affect perceptions
Self-directed morality
Allows individual to recognize situational factors that affect perceptions
Autonomous Morality
Preconventional Morality
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
in which decisions about right and wrong are based on avoiding punishment and obtaining benefits
focus on punishment and reward
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
societal rules are internalized and children conform to avoid the disapproval of others
focus on societal values
Conventional Morality
ex post facto study
employed when researchers want to compare groups of individuals with pre-existing differences (e.g., gender)
No manipulation
employed when researchers want to compare groups of individuals with pre-existing differences (e.g., gender)
No manipulation
ex post facto study
Postconventional Morality
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
a person moves beyond fixed rules and laws, and judgments are based on one’s perception of societal needs
focus on internal moral principles
Postconventional Morality
