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Psych 1000 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning can be described as

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

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2
Q

_______ is learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

A

Classical Conditioning

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

_____ can be described as a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response

A

Conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

_______ can be described as the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned response

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7
Q

Acquisition is when

A

the initial phase of learning in which a response is established

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8
Q

______ is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together

A

Extinction

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9
Q

Spontaneous recovery is when

A

the recurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response typically after some time has passed since extinction

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10
Q

_____ is a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to a different though similar stimulus

A

generalization

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11
Q

Discrimination can be described as

A

an organism learns to respond one original stimulus but not to a new stimulus even though it could be similar

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12
Q

Conditioned emotional Response

A

consists of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

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13
Q

_____ is the biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

A

preparedness

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14
Q

______ acquired dislike disgust of a food or drink because it was paired with an illness

A

Conditioned taste aversion

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15
Q

Conditioned drug tolerance

A

over time more drug is needed achieve the same high

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16
Q

Operant conditioning is a

A

type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences

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17
Q

Reinforcement is a

A

process in which an event or reward follows a response which increases that the behaviour will occur again

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18
Q

Punishment is a

A

process that decreases the future probability of a response

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19
Q

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response that increases the probability of that response occurring again

A

reinforcer

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20
Q

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response that results in a decrease in a behaviour

A

punisher

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21
Q

Positive reinforcement is

A

the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise or money follow that behaviour

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22
Q

Negative Reinforcement involves

A

The strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

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23
Q

_____ is a specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

A

avoidance learning

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24
Q

Escape learning is when

A

a response is removes a stimulus that is already present

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25
Q

Positive Punishment

A

A process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular usually unpleasant stimulus

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26
Q

Negative punishment

A

occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus

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27
Q

Primary reinforcers consist of

A

reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs that affect an individual’s ability to survive

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28
Q

Secondary Reinforcers consist of

A

stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn they have value

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29
Q

_______ is a cue or event that indicates that a response if made will be reinforced

A

discriminative stimulus

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30
Q

Extinction

A

The weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

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31
Q

Shaping

A

a procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximation of that response

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32
Q

______ can be described as rules that determine when reinforcement is available

A

Schedules of Reinforcement

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33
Q

_____ is when every response results in reinforcement

A

Continuous Reinforcement

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34
Q

Partial Reinforcement is

A

only a certain number of responses are rewarded or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

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35
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed

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36
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

the number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average age

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37
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes

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38
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

The first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

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39
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

A phenomenon in which organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous

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40
Q

In operant conditioning, reinforcement is _______

A

a consequence of a behaviour

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41
Q

In Classical conditioning, reinforcement is _______

A

present regardless whether a response occurs

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42
Q

In classical conditioning behaviour mostly depends on

A

reflexive and psychological responses

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43
Q

In operant conditioning behaviour mostly depends on

A

skeletal muscles

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44
Q

Stores retain_______

A

information in memory without using it for any specific purpose

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45
Q

Control processes

A

shift information from one memory store into another

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46
Q

Attention

A

selects which information will be passed on to the short term memory

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47
Q

Encoding

A

The process of storing information information in the long term memory back into the short term memory

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48
Q

Retrieval

A

Brings information from the long term memory back into the short term memory

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49
Q

sensory memory

A

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

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50
Q

Iconic Memory

A

The visual form of sensory memory

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51
Q

Echoic Memory

A

The auditory form of sensory memory

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52
Q

Short term memory

A

a memory store with limited capacity and duration (less than a min)

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53
Q

Long term memory

A

Holds information for an extended periods of times if not permanently

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54
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing smaller units of information into larger more meaningful units

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55
Q

Serial Position effect

A

Most people will recall the first few items in a list and the last few items and maybe 1-2 items from the middle

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56
Q

Proactive Interference

A

The first information learned occupies memory

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57
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

The most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long term memory

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58
Q

Storage

A

Refers to the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

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59
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

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60
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Prolonging exposure to information by thinking about it’s meaning

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61
Q

Shallow processing

A

involves more superficial properties of a stimulus such as the sound of spelling of a word

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62
Q

Deep processing

A

Generally related to an item’s meaning or function

63
Q

Self reference

A

When you think about information in terms of how to relates to you or how it is useful to you

64
Q

Survival Processing

A

Item relating to survival are more likely to be remembered

65
Q

Recognition

A

Involves identifying a stimulus or a piece of information when it is presented to you

66
Q

Recall

A

Involves retrieving information when asked

67
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

68
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

Retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same physical setting as encoding

69
Q

Context Dependent Forgetting

A

Changing environments with a purpose and during the change forgetting it

70
Q

Context Reinstatement Effect

A

Walking back into the previous environment in order to remember what was forgotten

71
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

An extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

72
Q

Mnemonic

A

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

73
Q

Method of Loci

A

A mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

74
Q

Acronyms

A

Pronounceable words whose letters Corepresent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

75
Q

First Letter Technique

A

Uses the letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

76
Q

Dual Coding

A

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

77
Q

testing effect

A

Taking practice tests can improve exam performance even without additional studying

78
Q

Schemas

A

Organized clusters that constitute one’s knowledge about events objects and ideas

79
Q

Constructive memories

A

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

80
Q

false memory

A

remembering events that did not occur or incorrectly

81
Q

Misinformation effect

A

When info occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

82
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

The increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of an event

83
Q

DRM Procedure

A

Participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates

84
Q

Recovered memory

A

A memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time

85
Q

_______ is a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories

A

recovered memory controversy

86
Q

Anthropometrics

A

Methods of measuring physical and mental variations in humans

87
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to think, understand, reason, and adapt to or overcome obstacles

88
Q

Mental Age

A

The intellectual ability score for children of a specific age

89
Q

Stanford Binet Test

A

a test intended to measure innate level of intelligence

90
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

Calculated by taking a person’s mental age dividing it by their chronological age and then multiplying it by 100

91
Q

WAIS

A

Most common intelligence test used for adolescents and adults

92
Q

Raven’s progressive matrices

A

An intelligence test that is based on pictures not words thus make it relatively unaffected by language or cultural background

93
Q

Eugenics

A

Good genes

94
Q

Stereotype threat

A

which occurs when negative stereotypes about a group cause group members to underperform on ability tests

95
Q

Entity theory

A

the belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult or impossible to change

96
Q

Incremental theory

A

The belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practices and effort

97
Q

Who believed in anthropometrics and eugenics

A

Sir Francis Galton

98
Q

Alfred Binet was

A

hired by the french government to identify which students needed special education and discovered the mental age

99
Q

Who invented the IQ

A

William Stern

100
Q

Who created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

A

David Wechsler

101
Q

Savant

A

an individual with low mental capacity in most domains but excels in specific areas

102
Q

Factor analysis

A

a statistical technique that examines correlations between variables to find clusters of related variables or factors

103
Q

general intelligence factor (g)

A

represents a person’s mental energy

104
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

used in learning new information and solving new problems NOT based on knowledge that a person already possesses

105
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

draws upon past experiences and learning

106
Q

Triarchic Theory of intelligence

A

divides intelligence into 3 categories

  1. analytical
  2. practical
  3. creative
107
Q

Analytical intelligence

A

the ability to reason logically through a problem and to find solutions

108
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

the ability to find solutions to real world problems that are encountered in everyday life

109
Q

Creative intelligence

A

The ability to create new ideas and generate novel solutions to those problems

110
Q

Multiple intelligences

A

a model claiming that there are 8 different forms of intelligence each independent from one another

111
Q

Learning style

A

the form of intelligence that is most dominant for one person

112
Q

List Howard Gardner’s Proposed forms of intelligence

A
  1. verbal
  2. logical
  3. visuospatial
  4. Bodily
  5. Musical
  6. Interpersonal
  7. Self
  8. Naturalist
  9. Existential
113
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

the study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan

114
Q

cross sectional design

A

used to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at any given point in time

115
Q

longitudinal design

A

follows the development of the same set of individuals through time

116
Q

cohort effects

A

differences between people that result from being born in different time periods

117
Q

sensitive periods

A

a window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability

118
Q

zygote

A

the initial cell formed when the nuclei of an egg and sperm fuse

119
Q

germinal stage

A

spans from conception to 2 weeks

120
Q

embryonic stage

A

spans two weeks through eight

121
Q

fetal stage

A

spans 8 weeks to birth

122
Q

during the fetal stage________ become more developed and specialized

A

skeletal, organ and nervous systems

123
Q

teratogens

A

substances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development

124
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

involves abnormalities in mental functioning, growth and facial development in offspring of women who consumed alcohol during pregnancy

125
Q

preterm infants

A

babies born earlier than 36 weeks

126
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary muscular reactions to a specific type of stimulus

127
Q

rooting reflex

A

stimulation to the corners of the mouth causing infants to make sucking motions

128
Q

moro reflex

A

occurs when infants lose support to their head causing them to reach outward then inward in a hugging motion

129
Q

grasping reflex

A

babies grab things

130
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the forming of new synaptic connections

131
Q

synaptic pruning

A

the lose of weak nerve cell connections

132
Q

Cognitive development

A

the study of changes in memory, thought, reasoning, processes that occur throughout the lifespan

133
Q

assimilation

A

a conservative process whereby people fit new information into the belief systems they already possess

134
Q

accommodation

A

a creative process whereby people modify their belief structure based on experiences

135
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to two years

infants thinking about and exploration of the world is based on sensory and motor experiences

136
Q

object permanence

A

the ability to understand that objects exist even if they cannot be seen

137
Q

preoperational stage

A

from 2-7 years

language development using symbols, pretend play, and mastering the concept of conservation

138
Q

conservation

A

the knowledge that the quantity of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object

139
Q

concrete operational stage

A

7-11 years

children develop logical thinking and manipulating numbers

140
Q

formal operational stage

A

11-adulthood

involves the development of advanced cognitive processes such as abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking

141
Q

core knowledge hypothesis

A

proposes that infants have inborn abilities for understanding some key aspects of their environment

142
Q

habituation

A

a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event

143
Q

dishabituation

A

an increase in responsiveness with the presence of a new stimulus

144
Q

zone of proximal development

A

development is ideal that when children attempt skills and activities beyond their abilities but have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress

145
Q

scaffolding

A

a highly attentive approach teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learner’s needs

146
Q

attachment

A

the enduring emotional bond between individuals

147
Q

strange stimulation

A

a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort

148
Q

self awareness

A

the ability to recognize one’s individuality

149
Q

egocentric

A

describes an individual who only consider their own perspective

150
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability to recognize the thoughts and beliefs and expectations of others and to understand that these can be different from one’s own

151
Q

attachment behavioural system,

A

focused on meeting our own needs for security

152
Q

caregiving behavioural system

A

focused on meeting the needs of others

153
Q

introjection

A

the internalization of the conditioned regard of significant others

154
Q

inductive discipline

A

involves explaining the consequences of a child’s actions on other people, activating empathy for other’s feelings

Psych 1000 (3 decks)

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