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Psych 1000 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is the study of__________

A

behaviour and mental processes

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2
Q

__________ is a testable prediction about processes that can be observed or measured.

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

A theory is ______

A

an explanation for a broad range of observations

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4
Q

Pseudoscience can be described as _________

A

an idea that is presented as scientific but does not utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure

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5
Q

scientific method is

A

a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them and using the theories to make predictions

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6
Q

Biopsychosocial model is a _____

A

means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors

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7
Q

Scientific literacy can be described as _______

A

the ability to understand, analyze and apply scientific information

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8
Q

Critical thinking _____

A

involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others with our own assumptions or beliefs

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9
Q

The 4 major perspectives of psychology are _______

A

Biological, cognitive, behavioural and sociocultural

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10
Q

_______ psychology can be described as using ______ factors such as genetics, physiological etc to explain human behaviour

A

Biological, biological

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11
Q

Cognitive psychology is the study of ______

A

mental processes

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12
Q

Behavioural psychology is the study of ______

A

observable behaviour

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13
Q

______ is the study of how culture influences human behaviour

A

sociocultural psychology

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14
Q

Using the biopsychosocial model, identify the biological, psychological and sociocultural factors in this situation:

Your remember a family argument and you become upset

A

Biological: Memory causing a hormone release

Psychological: upset feeling triggered by the memory

Sociocultural: The family

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15
Q

What are the 4 steps of the scientific literacy model?

A
  1. knowledge gathering
  2. scientific explanation
  3. critical thinking
  4. application
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16
Q

Some skills for developing critical thinking are:

A
  1. be curious
  2. examine the source
  3. examine assumptions or bias
  4. avoid overly emotional thinking
  5. Tolerate the uncertainty of all answers
  6. Consider alternative viewpoints
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17
Q

Objective measurements are ______

A

The measure of an entity or behaviour that within an allowed margin of error is consistent across instruments and observers

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18
Q

a Variable is _____

A

The object or concept or event being measured

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19
Q

_____ examines whether scores on a given measure of behaviour are consistent across test sessions

A

Test Retest reliability

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20
Q

Alternate forms reliability can be described as______

A

Examines whether different forms of the same test produce the same results

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21
Q

Inter-rater reliability can be described as _____

A

Meaning the raters agree on the measurements that were taken

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22
Q

Generalizability

A

Refers to the degree to which one set of results can be applied to other events, situations or individuals

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23
Q

_____ is a sampling technique in which every individual of a population has a fair chance of being included

A

Random Sampling

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24
Q

Convenience sampling can be described as

A

Samples of individuals who are most readily available

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25
Q

_____ Means the results of a lab study can be applied or repeated in the natural environment

A

Ecological Validity

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26
Q

________ when the researcher has preconceived ideas about the participants or experiment

A

Researcher Bias

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27
Q

Participant Bias can be described as_______

A

The subjects try to figure out the the basis of the experiment and then alter their behaviour to fit how they believe they are expected to act

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28
Q

____ describes a behaviour change that occurs as a result of being observed

A

Hawthorne Effect

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29
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Cues given off by the researcher that provide information about how participants are expected to behave

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30
Q

Social Desirability

A

Subjects respond in ways that increase their chances of being viewed favourably

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31
Q

____ is a measurable and experienced improvement in health or behaviour that cannot be attributed to the medication or treatment

A

Placebo Effect

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32
Q

Single blind study

A

The subjects do not know the true purpose of the study or they do not know what treatment they will be receiving

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33
Q

Double blind study

A

a study in which neither subject or researcher know what individual is receiving what treatment

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34
Q

Anecdotal Evidence

A

An individual’s story or testimony about an observation or event that is used to make a claim as evidence

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35
Q

Independent Variable is _____

A

The variable that the researcher manipulates

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36
Q

The variable the researcher observes and compares across all test groups

A

Dependent Variable

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37
Q

Within subjects design

A

same participants respond to all types of stimuli

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38
Q

Between subjects design

A

We compare the performance of participants in different groups

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39
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Viewing a subject in their natural setting without interruption

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40
Q

Subjects are chosen due to predetermined characteristics

A

quasi experimental research

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41
Q

In positive correlation the two variables _____

A

take the same direction

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42
Q

In a negative correlation, the two variables ____

A

Take opposite direction

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43
Q

what is a limitation of a case study?

A

Cannot be generalized to the public as it is too individually based

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44
Q

Neurons are found in the nervous system and are responsible for _____

A

sending out and receiving messages throughout the body

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45
Q

Dendrites are _____

A

small branches radiating from the cell body that receive and transmit messages to and from cells

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46
Q

___ transport information in the form of electrochemical reactions from the cell body to the end of the neuron

A

Axons

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47
Q

Neurotransmitters allow neutrons to

A

communicate with each other

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48
Q

Sensory neurons

A

receive info rom the bodily senses and brings it toward the brain

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49
Q

motor neurons are responsible for

A

extension and flexation of muscles

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50
Q

What are the main purposes of Glial cells?

A

Mounting immune responses, removing waste, and synchronizing the activities of neurons

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51
Q

Myelin is a _______

A

fatty sheath that insulates axons resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication

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52
Q

_____ is the relatively stable state during which the cell is not transmitting messages

A

Resting Potential

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53
Q

Electrostatic Gradient

A

The inside and outside of a cell have different charges

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54
Q

Action potential

A

a wave of electrical activity that originates at the base of the axon and rapidly travels down its length

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55
Q

Refractory period

A

The brief period when a neuron cannot fire

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56
Q

____ the microscopically small spaces that separate nerve cells

A

synapses

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57
Q

all or none principle

A

individual nerve cells all fire at the same strength every time action potential occurs

58
Q

synaptic cleft

A

the minute space between the axon terminal and the dendrite

59
Q

_____ neurotransmitter molecules that have been released into the synapse are reabsorbed into the axon terminals

A

reuptake

60
Q

Glutamate

A

most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brains of vertebrates

61
Q

GABA prevents

A

neurons from generating action potentials

62
Q

acetylcholine is very important for

A

voluntary movement

63
Q

Agonists

A

enhance or mimic the effects of neurotransmitters action

64
Q

antagonists

A

inhibit neurotransmitter activity by blocking receptors

65
Q

The hypothalamus _____

A

regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

66
Q

Amygdala

A

facilitates memory formation for emotional events, mediates fear response and interpreting emotional stimuli

67
Q

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for

A

regulating the activity of organs and glands

68
Q

basal ganglia is involved in

A

facilitating planned movements, skill learning, and integrating sensory and movement information with the brains reward system

69
Q

The cerebellum is involved in

A

monitoring movement, maintaining balance, attention and emotional responses

70
Q

cerebral cortex

A

involved in higher functions such as thought, language, and personality

71
Q

____ is a collection of neural fibres connecting the two hemispheres in the brain and allows communication between the two hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

72
Q

the forebrain is responsible for

A

emotion, memory, thinking and reasoning

73
Q

frontal lobes

A

involved in planning, regulating emotions and impulses, language production and voluntary movement

74
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for learning and memory especially the formation of new memories

75
Q

Hindbrain

A

supports vital bodily processes

76
Q

limbic system

A

integrated network involved in emotion and memory

77
Q

Midbrain

A

functions as a relay between the sensory and motor areas

78
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the brains ability to repair and change itself

79
Q

occipital lobes

A

where visual info is processed

80
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

helps maintain homeostatic balance in the presence of change

81
Q

somatic nervous system

A

nerves that control skeletal muscles which control voluntary and reflexive movement

82
Q

partietal lobes

A

involved in touch and bodily awareness

83
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body

84
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

Responsible for the flight or fight response

85
Q

temporal lobes

A

involved in hearing, language

86
Q

thalamus

A

involved in relaying sensory information to different regions of the brain

87
Q

CT scan

A

x rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head

88
Q

DTI

A

allows researchers to measure white matter pathways

89
Q

EEG

A

measures brain activity with multiple electrodes attached to the scalp

90
Q

FMRI

A

measures brain activity through oxygen rich blood

91
Q

Functional neuroimaging

A

provides info on which parts of the brain are active during specific activities

92
Q

MRI

A

Clear images of the brain are produced based on how different neural regions absorb and release energy while in a magnetic field

93
Q

MEG

A

measures the tiny magnetic field created by electrical activity of the nerve cells in the brain

94
Q

PET

A

low level radioisotope is injected to the blood and its movement to regions of the brain are measured

95
Q

TMS

A

electromagnetic pulse is delivered to the targeted region of the brain

96
Q

lesioning

A

a technique in which researchers intentionally damage an area of the brain

97
Q

what brain scan is similar to lesioning with no side effects or permanent damage

A

TMS

98
Q

sensation

A

detecting external events by sensory organs and turning those stimuli into neural signals

99
Q

perception

A

involves attending to, organizing and interpreting stimuli that we sense

100
Q

transduction

A

when specialized receptors transform physical energy from the outside world into neural impulses

101
Q

an example of sensory adoption would be_____

A

hearing annoying traffic outside your window but after 5 min of repeated exposure to the stimuli your brain “forgets” it and the traffic becomes less annoying

102
Q

absolute threshold

A

the amount of energy or quantity it takes to reliably detect a stimuli 50% of the time

103
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest detection that can be recognized 50% of the time (salt ex. )

104
Q

signal detection theory

A

whether a stimulus was received depends on the sensory functions as well as the subjects own judgement

105
Q

____ states that small pieces of an image have little meaning but when combined as a whole it creates a different perceived form

A

gestalt psychology

106
Q

figure ground principle

A

objects tend to stand out against a background

107
Q

proximity

A

we tend to treat things that are close together as a group

108
Q

similarity

A

we tend to treat things in similar uniform as a group

109
Q

continuity

A

lines tend to be continuous although they cannot be seen

110
Q

closure

A

the tendency to fill in the gaps that we cannot see

111
Q

mcgurk effect

A

what we see overpowers what we hear

112
Q

top down processing

A

our perceptions are influenced by our expectations or prior knowledge

113
Q

bottom down processing

A

when we perceive individual bits of sensory info and use them to construct a more complex perception

114
Q

divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one task at a time

115
Q

selective attention

A

involves focusing on one particular task at a time

116
Q

inattentional blindless

A

a failure to notice a clearly visible event or object as attention is focused elsewhere

117
Q

sclera

A

the white surface of the eye

118
Q

cornea

A

the clear layer that covers the the portion of the eye, helps eye focus

119
Q

pupil

A

regulates the amount of light into the eye

120
Q

iris

A

a round muscle adjusts the size of the pupil also gives the eye colour

121
Q

lens

A

focuses light into the back of the eye

122
Q

retina

A

consists of specialized receptors that absorb light

123
Q

optic nerve

A

a dense bundle of fibres that connect to the brain

124
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that are highly sensitive to low level lights

125
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that are highly sensitive to different wavelengths of light that we perceive as colour

126
Q

fovea

A

the central region of the retina

127
Q

trichromatic theory

A

colour vision is determined by three cone types that are sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) and long (red) wavelengths

128
Q

opponent process theory

A

we perceive colours in opposites

129
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of thoughts, perceptions, self awareness and the environment

130
Q

circadian rhythm

A

driven daily cycles lasting approx. 24 hrs that affect physiological and behavioural processes

131
Q

entrainment

A

bio rhythm becomes synchronized to external cues such as lights or clocks

132
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

bio rhythms that are generated by our body

133
Q

REM sleep

A

quickening brain waves, inhibited movement, rapid eye movement and dreaming

134
Q

restore and repair

A

restore energy levels and repair body from the day

135
Q

protect and preserve

A

persevering energy and protecting the body from harm

136
Q

sleep deprivation

A

cannot sleep or does not sleep

137
Q

sleep displacement

A

individual is prevented from sleeping at their normal time

138
Q

jet lag

A

the discomfort somebody feels when their sleep cycles are out of whack with light and dark

139
Q

activation synthesis hypothesis

A

dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitatory messages from the pons

140
Q

manifest content

A

the images an story lines that we dream about

141
Q

latent content

A

symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggressive urges

142
Q

problem solving theory

A

states things that happen in your conscious mind reside in your unconscious mind

Psych 1000 (3 decks)

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