Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology 1 > Midterm 2 (2.2) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (2.2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of eukaryotic cell division that produces sperm and eggs.

Meiosis reduces 2n to n
– Diploid to haploid

Meiosis makes cells genetically different from the parent cell AND each other

3 events unique to MEIOSIS (occur during MEIOSIS I)
-1. Synapsis and crossing over (during prophase I)
-2. Homologous pairs positioned at metaphase
plate
-3. Homologues separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genome

A

Genetic material of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chromosome

A

Packages DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells except reproductive cells.

In humans: 46 chromosomes (two sets of 23)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells

Humans: 23 chromosomes (one set)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromatids

A

Joined copies of original chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Centromere

A

Chromosomal DNA where sister chromatids most closely attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Arm of the chromatid

A

Portion of chromatid to either side of centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells

  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase

Cytokinesis overlaps with latter stages, completes mitotic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Division of cytoplasm
-One cell becomes two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interphase

A

-G1 phase: cell grows
-S phase: cell grows and chromosomes replicated
-G2 phase: grows more, prepares for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Cell divides
-mitosis
-cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Interphase: G2

A
  • Centrosome duplicated
    >2 centrosomes each with 2
    centrioles
  • Chromosomes have been duplicated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prophase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense
- two identical sister chromatids joined at centromere

Nucleoli disappear

Mitotic spindle forms
-centrosomes and microtubules

Centrosomes pushed away from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prometaphase (mitosis)

A

Nuclear envelope fragments

Each of the two chromatids now have a kinetochore

Microtubules attach to kinetochore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure at centromere

17
Q

Metaphase (mitosis)

A

Centrosomes at opposite poles

Chromosomes at metaphase plate
- Plane equidistant between two poles
- Centromeres at metaphase plate
- Kinetochore of each sister chromatid attached to microtubules from opposite poles

18
Q

Anaphase (mitosis)

A

Two sister chromatids pulled appart
-Each chromatid becomes a chromosome

Daughter chromosomes moved to opposite ends of cell as microtubules shorten

Cell elongated
-two ends of cell have complete copies of chromosome

19
Q

Telophase (mitosis)

A

2 daughter nuclei form

Nucleoli reappear

Chromosomes decondense

Spindle breaks down

Mitosis is finished

20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm (starts during telophase)

Animal cells: cell pinches in two
- Occurs by CLEAVAGE
- Microfilaments contract until cell splits in two

Plant cells
- No cleavage furrow
- Cell plate produced by vesicles from Golgi during telophase.
- Cell plate develops into cell wall

21
Q

Aster

A

Radial array of shorter microtubules that extend from the centrosomes

22
Q

Metaphase plate

A

A plane that is equidistant between the spindle’s two poles.

23
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Single individual is sole parent.

Parent passes copies of all its genes to offspring

No fusion of gametes

Some multi-cellular organisms can produce asexually

24
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents

Offspring vary genetically from siblings and parents

25
Q

Karyotype

A

Image of a cell’s chromosomes laid out in pairs

26
Q

Locus

A

Gene’s specific location along length of a chromosome (plural: loci)

27
Q

Homologous chromosomes OR homologues

A

Two chromosomes making up a pair have the same length, centromere position, staining pattern

Both carry genes controlling the
same inherited characters
- If gene for eye colour is at a
particular LOCUS on a certain chromosome. its homologue will have version of gene to specify eye colour (at same locus)

28
Q

Autosomes

A

Rest of the chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

29
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

Females (XX)

Males (XY)
- Most genes on x do not have counterparts on Y
- Y has genes X does not have

30
Q

Diploid cell

A

Any cell with 2 chromosome sets
- Has diploid number of chromosomes (2n)

31
Q

n

A

Number of chromosomes in a single set

32
Q

Haploid cell

A

Single set of chromosomes (gametes)

Haploid number of chromosomes (n)

33
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of haploid gametes to produce diploid zygote

34
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of genes in homologues
- Allele for freckles on one
chromosome and allele for absence of freckles at same locus
on the homologue

35
Q

Synapsis

A

Paired homologues become physically attracted

Form tetrads

36
Q

Chiasmata

A

Where a crossover has occurred

37
Q

Mutations

A

Original sources of genetic variation

Changes in nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or RNA of a virus

Mutations created different versions of genes called alleles

38
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that carry genes derived from 2 different parents

General Biology 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions