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PSYC215 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how can goal contagion happen?

A
  • associating someone with a goal
  • being inspired from other’s achieving their goal
  • resisting someone controlling us
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2
Q

following our impulse for short term immediate gratification can be adaptive in what cases?

A

o Only live for today
o If we’re selfish
o Lack of long term goals
o Lack of interpersonal goals

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3
Q

definition of self control

A

Manage choice dilemma between small immediate reward and long term goal

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4
Q

takeaway from the Marshmallow study

A

self control correlated with: future aducational archievement & body mass index

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5
Q

what are the 2 techniques mentionned to help have self control: attentional focus and representation of the temptation?

A
  1. attentional focus: focus on the shape of marshallow instead of taste
  2. representation of the temptation: see marshallow as a cotton ball (hot vs cool perspective)
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6
Q

impulse & self control: which is reflective vs reflexive?

A

impulse are reflexive (automatic)
self control is reflective (have to think about it)

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7
Q

definition of desire

A

affectively charged motivation toward a specific object or person or activity associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure

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8
Q

explain the expectancy value theory

A

consider:
- need (ex hunger) & incentive value of the temptation (food)
- probability of motive satisfaction: successfully executing the task (buying cake), and will the task satisfy the need (cake will satisfy hunger)

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9
Q

if the desride object is immediatelyavailable, and processing resources are ____, it’s more tempting to follow your impulse

A

processing resources are LOW

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10
Q

how can processing resources be low in the context of self-control (less inhibition of temptation) (6)

A

Having just engaged in self regulation (you can only have so much self regulation).
Cognitively busy.
Death thoughts.
Alcohol.
Working memory capacity.
Self affirmation.

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11
Q

why does self affirmations lower processing resources?

A

they make you think you deserve the temptation

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12
Q

what kind of interactions may take up more mental energy and reduce your capacity to self regulate?

A
  • inter-racial interactions
  • other person not mimicking
  • efforts to empathize with someone not responsive
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13
Q

what happens if you try to suppress thoughts about the temptation?

A
  • Ruminate about desires.
  • Generate more thoughts supporting and justifying indulgence.
  • Suppression rebound effects.
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14
Q

Epsilon-cost temptation

A

seeing the indulgence as a small isolated thing makes you less likely to see it as a self control conflict and therefore more likely to indulge

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15
Q

what happened when they put healthy and unhealthy snacks together vs separate?

A

more likely to indulge in unhelathy snacks when they are with the healthy snacks because it doesn’t seem like you need to chooose one

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16
Q

strategies to help resolve a self-control conflict

A
  • Distance from temptation
    – Precommitment (buy fruit)
    – Devalue temptation (cotton ball)
    – Temptations abstract and cool and goal concrete and hot
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17
Q

give 4 proactive self-control strategies (to use before the temptation occurs)

A
  • select a less tempting situation
  • modify the situation to make it less tempting
  • appraise the temptation as less tempting
  • willful resistance in the moment
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18
Q

what is the restraint illusion?

A

in “cold” states, we underestimate the influence of hot, implusvie states (when the temptation is far away, you don’t think youll be too tempted)

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19
Q

how did they test the restraint illusion?

A

let people choose a snack. if they come back in a week with the snack, they get the snack + 10$ cash.

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20
Q

what was the results of the snack study on restraint illusion?

A
  • hungry people realise how hard it might be not to eat the snack, so they choose a snack they dont like that much: had 60% success rate
  • satiated people choose their favorite snack cus they didn’t think it would be that hard -> 39% success
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21
Q

when does violence happen more often?

A

late at night when people are tired, when it’s hot outside

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22
Q

what’s the study on violence and self control?

A

-1: resist eating donut vs radish (donut takes a lot of self control)
- 2: receive insulting evaluation
- 3: decide how much hot sauce to give confederate when he hates spicy food

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23
Q

what were the finding of the violence / self control study??

A
  • resisting the donut = self-regulating resources are low = confederate gives more hot sauce (increased aggressive behavior)
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24
Q

what does the Safe Dates Physical Violence Scale measure?

A

measures how frequently you initiated 16 violent behaviors during an argument

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25
Q

what did they find out using the Safe Dates Physical Violence Scale?

A
  • low trait self control OR low relationship commitment = more intimate partner violence
  • giving people more time to answer made them less likely to say they have intimate partner violence
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26
Q

Mortality is threatening. according to terror management theory, how do you still feel good about your place in the world?

A

By embracing and associating with your culture.

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27
Q

having a cultural world view adds what to our life?

A

order, meaning, permanence

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28
Q

what are the spiritual vs secular ways of transcending death?

A
  • Spiritual (soul, heaven)
  • Secular: offspring, achievements, identification with collective
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29
Q

what is the provocative implication of the terror management theory?

A

that culture and self esteem’s reason to exist is to buffer death-related anxiety

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30
Q

explain the study with making mortality salient for judges, what results did they get and why?

A
  • judges for whom mortality was made salient sent a higher bond to a hooker.
  • Judges reminded of their mortality set higher bond due to threat to cultural world view.
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31
Q

explain the study about making death salient end setting a reward for someone who calls the police on a violent dude

A

students participating set the bond 3x higher after mortality is made salient

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32
Q

how is mortality made salient in these studies? 2 ways

A

1: describe emotions that arise when you think about your own death
2: not down what you
think will happen to you as you physically die

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33
Q

what did the study of mortality salience asking christians to rate other christians vs jews show?

A

Mortality salience increases your good impression of someone like you but decreases your good impression of someone in a different group than you

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34
Q

what are the 2 ways in which death thoughts accessibility DTA is managed?

A
  • proximal way: conscious, rational, distractions, convincing ourselves that were healthy,
  • distal way: unconscious, association with culture & self-esteem
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35
Q

what did the white bear experiment show?

A

rebound effect that comes with trying to suppress thoughts / distract or cognitive load

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36
Q

the white bear experiment is what type of prime?

A

conscious prime

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37
Q

what is the problem with making death salient experiment?

A

you need a delay to bypass the proximal defense on pushing down thought about death

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38
Q

how can you bypass the problem of the rebound effect about thoughts of death?

A

subliminal priming! showing words related to death quickly unconsciously

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39
Q

more specifically how does unconscious, subliminal priming resolve the problem of rebound effect with death thoughts?

A

By bypassing proximal defenses because subject is not aware defenses needed.
Not refuting or putting a positive spin on mortality salience. Gets directly to distal defenses.

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40
Q

after the subliminal prime, how did they evaluate terror management theory?

A

they made participants rate a pro-US vs anti-US essays, and participants who were primed with death preferred the pro-US essaye a LOT

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41
Q

what’s another way (except showing words about death quickly) that they did subliminal priming of death?

A

stopped people before, in front or, and after a funeral home

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42
Q

what did they find with the funeral home study?

A

people who were questionned in front of a funeral home overestimated how many people shared their view on immigration and christianity

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43
Q

flip terror managment theory around: what if the cultural world view is threatened, what happens to death thoughts?

A

death thoughts become more accessible!

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44
Q

what was the canucks study about?

A

made canadians read a anti-canada website and then measured their death thoughts by showing word fragments that good be normal word or death words, and seeing if they guess the normal or death word.
They guessed the death word

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45
Q

what is the elaboration likelihood model ELM?

A

model of persuasion that maintains there are two routes to persuasion

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46
Q

what are the 2 routes to persuasion? briefly describe

A
  • central route: people think deliberately about the message
  • peripheral route: using superficial cues
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47
Q

in what cases do you use central route to persuasion?

A
  • issue is personally relevant to the audience
  • person is knowledgeable in the domain
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48
Q

in what cases do you use peripheralroute to persuasion?

A
  • issue is not personlly relevant
  • person is distracted or tired
  • message is incomplete or hard-to-comprehend
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49
Q

what are characteristics of peripheral route arguments?

A
  • long and many
  • source attractivenes/fame/expertise
  • consensus
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50
Q

peripheral route to persuasion might affect what in someone?

A

change someone’s emotional reaction

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51
Q

what were the findings of the study on student’s attitude towards a comprehensive exam?

A

student for who the exam policy was personally relevant were motivated by strong arguments.
students for who is was not personally relevant were motivated by the expertise of the source.

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52
Q

in persuasion, what characteristic of an argument could be peripheral and central route?

A

source expertise

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53
Q

what persuasion route has more effective results?

A

central route leads to more long-lasting attitude changes

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54
Q

what are the 3 specific elements of peruasion?

A

1) who (source of message)
2) what (content)
3) to whom (audience)

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55
Q

how can attractiveness of the source influence persuasion?

A

Via peripheral route: we like attractive people
central route: making people’s effortful thinking more favorable

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56
Q

what is the sleeper effect

A

message from unreliable / not credible source exert little influence initially, but over time can switch people’s attitudes

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57
Q

how does the sleeper effect work?

A

you unconsciously dissociate the content of the message from the source

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58
Q

how does the importance of certainty of the source influence jurys?

A

jurors show that people judge the credibility of a witness based on the confidence they express

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59
Q

what can increase the quality of a persuasion message?

A
  • source argues against its own self-interest
  • makes its conclusion / consequences explicit
  • refute opposition
  • straightforward and clear
  • vivid central argument
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60
Q

what is the identificable victim effect?

A

the tendency to be more moved by the vivid plight of a single individual than by the struggle of a more bastract number of people

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61
Q

in what cases does the identificable victim effect not work?

A

when it is possible to blame a victim for the situation

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62
Q

how should fear be addressed in persuasion?

A

right amount of fear with clear information about steps people can make to address the source of fear

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63
Q

what can intense fear in persuasion do?

A

disrupt the central processing of the message, reducing long-lasting change

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64
Q

in persuasion, messages that appeal to independence may be more effective among what groups?

A

individuals from higher socioeconomic backgrounds

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65
Q

westerners vs east asians: what kind fo messages persuade each the most?

A

westerners: gain-framed / positive outcome message
east-asians: loss-framed / avoiding negative outcomes message

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66
Q

when it comes to mood, name one way you can increase the audience compliance?

A

inducing guilt (but like fear, you need to give that solutions for that guilt)

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67
Q

what age group is more easily persuaded?

A

youngs

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68
Q

what is shared attention?

A

when you believe that many other people are attending the same stimulus as you

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69
Q

what does shared attention do when it comes to persuasion?

A

makes you incline to process the stimulus more deeply

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70
Q

what is the agenda control?

A

efforts by the media to emphasize certain events and topics, shaping which issues and events people think are important

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71
Q

what is the hostile media phenomenon?

A

tendency to see media coverage as biased against our own side and in favor of the opponnent

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72
Q

name the 3 concepts via which our mind decide to respon selectively to information

A
  • selective attention
  • selective evaluation
  • selective framing
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73
Q

we are selectively more attentive to what info?

A

information that reinforces our attitude

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74
Q

how was selective attention demonstrated?

A

people heard pro and anti-weed messages but with a static noise that could be removed by pressing a button.
pro-weed pressed the button mostly during pro-weed messages, and opposit for anti-week

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75
Q

what are echo-chambers

A

algorithms that drive people’s internet search and keeps us in our own bubble

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76
Q

what was suprising about liberals vs conservatives echochambers?

A

there was an overlap or over 50% between the ideological content of liberals and conservatives

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77
Q

explain selective evaluation

A

people who are personally motivated will be more skeptical of information that challenges cherished beliefs

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78
Q

what is the thought polarization hypothesis?

A

more extended thinking about an issue gives rise to more extreme attitudes

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79
Q

what is moral reframing? give an example

A

changing an argument so it fits the moral values of the person we are trying to convince (ex Gay Americans are patriotic Americans)

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80
Q

what is attitude inoculation?

A

an initial inoculation (small attack to your belief) makes people more resistant to changing their attitude

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81
Q

how could we use attitude inoculation to get people not to belive false news?

A

bad news game: nudging participants to come up with ways of resisting misinformation primes their “immune system” to resist future misinformation

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82
Q

3 things that increase resistance to persuasion

A
  • previous commitment
  • heavy knowledge
  • morals/values
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83
Q

what’s homophily?

A

tendency of people to disproportionally associate with peole like them

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84
Q

what is conformity?

A

changing one’s beliefs or behavior to more closely align with those of others

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85
Q

difference between compliance and obedience?

A

compliance is responding to a request from someone else who can be equal as you, obedience is from someone with unequal power relationship

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86
Q

name positive examples of confromity

A

suppressing anger, paying taxes, forming lines at the bus

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87
Q

why do we mimic others? 2 examples

A
  • brain regions responsible for perception overlap with action
  • facilitate smooth, gratifying interactions
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88
Q

what does mimicry create?

A

powerful feelings of closeness and bonding

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89
Q

examples of studies looking at mimicry / synchronicity

A
  • participants who tapped in time with the experimenter like him better
  • marching at the same time increases connection
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90
Q

explain sherif’s conformity experiment

A

participants guessed how far a light move.
They were then influenced by others and changed their guess until everyone’s judgment fused into a group norm, who still affected their response 1 year later

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91
Q

definition of informational social influence

A

influence of other people that results from taking their comments/actions as source of information about what is correct

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92
Q

when is the informational social influence the strongest?

A

when people are uncertain about what is correct

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93
Q

in study about TMT, what short-term tactic did israelis use to manage terror?

A

DENIAL about the disengagement plan

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94
Q

what happened to israelis who were high in denial of the disengagement plan after being subliminally primed with death?

A

they endorse violence MORE than control (pain)

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95
Q

what happened to israelis who were low in denial of the disengagement plan after being subliminally primed with death?

A

no change; People who were NOT in denial were already dealing with the reality of getting deported. Mortality salience had no effect.

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96
Q

from the gaza/israel deportment study, we can conclude that mortality salience ….

A

disrupt fragile beliefs

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97
Q

what did 9/11 trigger (in relation to TMT)?

A
  • Increased patriotism
  • Search for meaning
  • Desire for justice and vengeance
  • Increased altruism, esp to ingroup
  • Lash out at those symbolically connected to the attackers.
  • Ingroup becomes Americans—decreased prejudice towardAfricanAmericans.
  • If you threaten my cultural worldview then increase DTA
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98
Q

describe the 3 types of leaders we talked about

A
  • Charismatic leader: “you are part of a special state, special nation”
  • Task-oriented leader: “I can accomplish the goals I sell out”
  • Relationship leader: “I know everyone can make a difference. I worry about citizens wellbeing”
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99
Q

after mortality salience, what leader is preferred by thegains popularity? why?

A

charismtic leader; people wan to feel as part of something bigger

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100
Q

why was it harder to cope with the mortality saliencee brought my covid 19?

A

the chaotic situation really challenged our world view. Couldn’t get close to our community to cope.

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101
Q

what characteristics in people can protect against the anxiety of death?

A

o High meaning in life
o Nostalgia, longing for the past
o Interdependence
o Good self-esteem

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102
Q

how did they find that women are more interdependent than men (well just an example from the prof)?

A

women take more pictures with people rather than with objects

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103
Q

what happened in the study where people read pro- or anti-afterlife essays?

A

pro-afterlife essays: they were protected from the stress induced by mortality salience after reading the essays

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104
Q

what happened when people who read pro- vs anti-afterlife essays were presented with self-esteem boosting feedback?

A

people who read anti-anfterlife: increase accepted of the feedback.
pro-afterlife essay: no increased acceptance (they don’t need it).

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105
Q

what happened when participants affirmed their religious beliefs before mortality salience?

A

protected against anxiety & decrease death thought accessibility

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106
Q

what’s different between people who went through post-traumatic growth vs other people who havent?

A
  • PTG: they endorse more intrinsic goals (Build closer relationships, Make the world better, Build meaningful lasting resources)
  • others: extrinsic goals (Physical attractiveness, wealth, materialism)
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107
Q

what happens when people are presented to an innocent victim?

A

they assume negative trait for the victim to try and rationalize why she deserved to die. (Belief of just world)

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108
Q

what is the belief of just world?

A

we implicitely believe that people get what they deserve

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109
Q

how do the TMT psychologist manage to live with that knowledge?

A

they do drugs

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110
Q

what did they find when studying participants who were told to think about death for long periods of time over 6 days?

A

different effect than mortality salien. shows that mortality salience studies don’t necessarely tell us about what happens when people are actually confronted to death.

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111
Q

name one problem about TMT

A

Difficult to decide whether a particular world view defense fits for you?

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112
Q

What underlies the effect of mortality salience? according to prof

A

fear of dying ALONE.
total severing of social connections

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113
Q

what is the social distance measure?

A

scale mesuring your racism (how close in your life you would let a POC be) (from visitor in my country to spouse)

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114
Q

the problem with explicit racism scores such as the social distance scores, is that we dont know if it actually measures recism or ..?

A

Or people’s desire not to act racist

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115
Q

what is the implicit association test?

A

type left for bad word, right for good. then type left for black, and right for white or vice versa -> measure reaction time

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116
Q

explain the priming prejudice study

A

If you have neg attitudes towards black people, you will you identify negative words as negative faster - after being primed with a black face, than if you aren’t primed or primed with a white face.
White face prime has no effect.

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117
Q

participant’s Rodney king verdict and attitude towards a black participant could be predicted by what measured of racism?

A

rodney king verdict: explicit measure (modern racism scale)
attitude towards black: implicit, automatic attitude measure

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118
Q

what kind of people will have strong correlation between implicit and explicit racist measures?

A

poeple who are openly racist

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119
Q

what is the affective misattribution paradigm?

A

way to mesure attitude about something: show a first slide that is a distractor, ask participants not to care about it, show a 2nd slide and ask them to rate it

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120
Q

what did using the bogus pipeline to measure people’s level of racism show?

A

being more thruthful = more racist; when they think people can see if they lie or no, people
show more prejudice

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121
Q

in what conditions do explicit self report of racism correlation with pain’s affective misattribution paradigm measure?

A

when people are tied to a bogus pipeline while answering the explicit self report (still only 0.49 correlation, wtv)

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122
Q

name the 3 implicit measures of racism and their characteristics

A
  • IAT implicit association test: but not sure what it actually measures, because it is based on reaction time
  • sequantial priming: not the most reliable
  • AMP affective misattribution paradigm: better because it measures attitude + reaction time
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123
Q

What do people think IAT implicit association test actually mesures?

A

what is cognitively accessible at this moment in time! (bias to stimulus youve experienced today)

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124
Q

Bias in a community measured by IAT scores in 2004-2017 correlates with the proportion of what? what does this tell us?

A

of county and state slavery in 1860; racism gets past on through history

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125
Q

Additionally, Payne found that school’s IAT scores (implicit association test) correlated with what 3 measures?

A
  1. lack of faculty diversity
  2. likeliness of having a confederate monument
  3. lack of income mobility
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126
Q

2 more things found by Hehman that correlate with communitie’s IAT bias?

A

number of cardiovascular deaths in black men & police shootings

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127
Q

4 methods to prejudice reduction

A
  1. cooperative learning
  2. peer influence (publicly expressed opinions)
  3. contact (equal status, shared goal, community support)
  4. entertainement
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128
Q

explain the study about using entertainment to change people’s prejudices in Rwanda

A

put a script about bringing people together in radio soap operas in Rwanda lead people to change opinions on social norms like intermarriage, trust and empathy.
BUT no change in personal beliefs or attitudes

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129
Q

in the study asking students to write down how they would interact with an indigenous person after being prompted with different subject, how did they react after being prompted with anti-racism?

A
  • low prejudice people had decreased warmth and responsivity
130
Q

why would low prejudice people have decreased warmth with indigenous person after being prompted with anti-racism?

A

cus it stressed low prejudice people out to think about racism = worst interaction with the indigenous person

131
Q

how did low prejudice vs high prejudice react after being prompted with multiculturalism?

A

low prejudice: increased warmth and amical
high prejudice: decreased warmth

132
Q

how did low prejudice vs high prejudice react after being prompted with colorblindness (look behind skin color)?

A

didn’t help either low or high prejudice people to be more warm

133
Q

what is dehumanization?

A

deeper than prejudice: you don’t value the person as human, therefore you fell like you don’t have to treat them as one

134
Q

what did the degraded picture study give as results?

A

dehumanization: when primed with black faces, people recognized ape image sooner (they don’t see black people as humans, they see them as apes)

135
Q

why did they repeat the degraded image study with lions and tigers?

A

to make sure that the association wasn’t due to people seeing black people as dangerous predator, like an ape

136
Q

what is the dot-probe vigilance taks?

A

2 dots appear on the screen and you must press a key as soon as you notice the dots, depending on what side they are.

137
Q

what did they measure using the dot-probe vigilance task?

A

you are faster to notice the dots when they are on the same side as a black face because seeing a black face makes you MORE VIGILANT

138
Q

how did they test if dehumanization predicts behavior?

A

primed with ape or tiger, showed a clip of a beating by police, participants are lead to beleive the suspect is either white or black.
Then, participant must say if the guy deserved the beating.

139
Q

what results did they find in the dehumanization / behavior prediction study?

A

o if you are lead to believe that the person is white: prime makes no difference if your opinion on the beating
o if you are lead to believe that the person is black: ape prime = you think that the beating is MORE justified

140
Q

what did the super explicit measure of dehumanization show?

A

people actually rate Asians, Mexican, Arabs, Muslims as LESS evolved compared to whites (Europeans/north Americans) on the scale of ape to homosapien

141
Q

how did dehumanization show in the study with the story about 2 kids shoplifting?

A

people felt less guilty, angry and less compassion for the arab kid who got taken to the police if they saw arabs as less evolved

142
Q

what was the pornography study?

A

male participant got primed or not with pornography and were evaluated in how they treated a woman confederate.

143
Q

in the study priming men to view women as sexual object, how did they assess the likelihood to sexually harass?

A
  1. men read 10 scenarios and give their opinion (ex offer job to candidate in exchange for sex). (People who associate power with sex or attraction have higher likelihood to sexually harass)
  2. Men are brought in for an “instructor study” where they were randomly chosen to teach a woman to play poker or hit a golf ball. Then the woman rated how much the guy touched her (how much did the guy exploit the situation to touch the woman).
144
Q

what lexical decision task was used after priming with sexist adds?

A

measure response-time to word or non-word:
- Sexist words (babe, bimbo, playboy) or non-sexist word (mother, sister nurturer)

145
Q

what were the results of the sexist/non-sexist lexical decision task?

A

getting primed with sexist add increases the rapidity to recognize sexist word

146
Q

what did they found in men with high vs low likeliness to sexually harass and sexist add prime?

A

they all had increased sexist behavior after getting primed with sexist add, but men with low LSH had less initial sexist behavior

147
Q

with this sexist study, conclusion is that …

A

Likeliness of sexual harassment is chronically available. There are INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES that men carry with them

148
Q

how were sexist behaviors measured?

A

o Proximity (chair)
o Sexualized behavior when teaching golf
o Memory about appearance after interview
o Memory about qualifications after interview
o Rating of competence of the confederate in interview
o Rating of friendliness and attractiveness of confederate
o Rating of hireability
- also sexual staring

149
Q

what sexist behavior was the only one who wasn’t increased after priming with sexist adds?

A

hireability! it was actually increased by the prime

150
Q

how did the sexist adds prime affect women vs men’s body image?

A

women saw themselves as bigger after the add; men saw themselves as smaller

151
Q

what is the definition of self-objectification

A

Whenever people’s bodies, body parts, or sexual functions are separated out from their identity and reduced to the status of mere instruments or regarded as capable of representing them

152
Q

how did they measure self-objectification?

A

asked participants to rate importance of characteristics:
- high objectification = physical appearance, measurements, weight, firm muscles, sex appeal
- low = fitness, coordination, health, strength

153
Q

in the bodyshame study, the combination of high self-objectification + wearing a swimsuit produced what results?

A

highest bodyshame

154
Q

who ate in a “symbolically restrained” way after reieving a cookie?

A

women who experienced high bodyshame

155
Q

did women who experience low body shame from the experience eat the cookie?

A

Yes. they either ate in a fully restrained or non-restrained way

156
Q

when asked to fill out a math test in a sweather vs smiwsuit, what happened to men vs women?

A

Men: nothing
Women: wearing a swimsuit reduced their score compared to wearing a sweather

157
Q

what is stereotype threat?

A

knowledge of a prevalent cultural stereotype about performance interferes with performance through fear of confirming the stereotype

158
Q

what about black vs white student SAT and GPA score?

A
  • Black student’s SAT score did NOT predict their GPA
  • But it did for white students
159
Q

what happened to balck vs white students performing a test, depending if they were told that it was a diagnostic of their intelligence?

A

if they were told that the test WAS a diagnostic, black students performed way worst

160
Q

why do black men do worst on a test when they think its a diagnostic of their intelligence?

A

because they are scared of representing the stereotype that black students are worst at school. It brings to mind their IMPOSTOR SYNDROME

161
Q

to happened to men vs women who were super good at math when they were given a test that started with with very hard questions? what is the phenomenon behind that?

A

they both did way worst than if they had easy questions first, but women did worst than men. this is due to stereotype threat

162
Q

how did being in a minority/majority affect women and men’s score on a math test?

A

women performed worst in the moniroty, but best in the majority.
no effect on men

163
Q

what is the logic behind stereotype threat making us perform worst on tests?

A

physiological stress response, active monitoring of own performance, and suppression of negative thoughts about this: This DRAINS executive resources needed to perform well on task

164
Q

why doesnt stereotype threat increase motivation and therefore performance?

A

it increase motivation, but the also triggers insecurity and stress responses, making it even harder to overcome the stereotype

165
Q

what happened when people had to affirm their gender before vs after a test?

A

women performed worst when affirming their gender before a test

166
Q

how can stereotype threat be alleviated?

A
  • Having role models of your group: Less pressure on you to represent your whole group
  • self-affirmations
167
Q

who has the most impaired performance (when talking about stereotype threat)?

A

those most concerned with succeeding in the domain experience greater threat and impaired performance

168
Q

what is modern racism?

A

prejudice directed at racial groups that exist alongside the rejection of explicitely racist beliefs

169
Q

example of modern racism when helping someone on the street

A

if there were other people around to help, white people would help another white person 2x more than a black person

170
Q

how does modern racism increase the mental load of minorities?

A

they have to use cognitive resources to discern the intentions of others (are they treating me like that because of my race?)

171
Q

what is benevolent/ambivalent sexism

A

when negative stereotypes accompany positive ones (im not sexist, i love women)

172
Q

what is the implicit association test

A

technique for revealing nonconscious attitude toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people (press a key; you will be faster if things you associate together are on the same key - ex old person anad negative word)

173
Q

data from the IAT show what? (textbook)

A
  • young and old people have pronounced prejudice in favor of young people
  • half black people show pro-white prejudice
174
Q

why is IAT criticized?

A

not sure what it measures…

175
Q

how was priming first used to measure prejudice?

A

prime with a face, see how quick people are at recognizing positive or negative words

176
Q

what is affect misattribution procedure?

A

measures how people evaluate a stimulus after a given prime instead of how quickly they respond to it

177
Q

explain the 3 perspectives that explain inter-group hostility

A
  • economic perspective: competing interests
  • motivational perspective: psychological needs
  • cognitive perspective: cognitive processes that enable people to categorize things
178
Q

what is realistic group conflict theory?

A

groups develop prejudices when they compete for limited material resources

179
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

glorifying one’s own group while vilifying other groups

180
Q

according to realistic group conflict theory, what groups will have the most prejudice?

A

groups who stand to loose the most from another group’s economic advance

181
Q

what is the robbers cave experiment?

A

2 groups of boys in a camp, they have a tournament and quickly express intergroup hostlity, until they had a shared goal

182
Q

whats a superordinate goal?

A

goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can be archieved more readily by working together

183
Q

did putting the 2 groups of robbers cave experiment together in noncompetitive settings ease the tensions?

A

no

184
Q

3 lessons from the robbers cave experiment

A
  1. no need for difference between groups to have conflict, or even competition. just 2 groups.
  2. competition increase group cohesion
  3. diminishing intergroup conflict is possible is they work on common goal
185
Q

whats minimal group paradigm?

A

researchers create groups based on meaningless criteria and examine how the members of these groups behave towards each other

186
Q

in the minimal group paradigm experiment, participants are interested in maxomizing ..?

A

the relative gain for members of their ingroup over the outgroup, even if that means less money

187
Q

what is social identity theory?

A

part of a person’s self-concept and esteem derives from the status and accompishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

188
Q

when are people most likely to identify strongle with their group?

A

when they feel uncertain anout their own attitudes, values, feelings, and place in the world

189
Q

what is basking in reflected glory?

A

taking pride of other people’s accomplishments in our group (we won the tournament! instead the the team)

190
Q

explain the study on denigrating outgroups due to a hit in self esteem, and the effect on self-esteem

A
  • people get a hit in self-esteem
  • rate job candidates
  • they rated jewish people as worst than the control did
  • they had a big increase in self-esteem that came with it!
191
Q

what happened when people were asked to recognize health vs black words after being praised or criticized by a white or black doctor?

A
  • praised by black doctor = recognize health words quicker
  • criticized by black doctor = recognized black words quicker
192
Q

why do we categorize things?

A

simplifies taking in and processing all the stimuli surrounding us

193
Q

the cognitive perspective states that we are more likely to stereotype when?

A

we’re tired, intoxicated, have cognitive load

194
Q

when shown a video of hannah, and told she was from upper-middle-class vs working class, what did people predict?

A
  • upper class = she performed better on school
  • working-class = she’s not good at school
195
Q

what is illusory correlation?

A

when we attend more closely to distinctive events, so we’re likely to remember them better

196
Q

what is paired distinctiveness?

A

pairing of 2 distinctive events that stand out more because they occur together (minorities as well as negative behavior are distinctive)

197
Q

what is self-fulfiiling prophecies?

A

people act towards members of a group in ways that encourage the behavior they expect to see from them, reinforcing the stereotype

198
Q

describe the experiment on self fulfilling prophecies and job interview

A

fund that black applicant were treated differently, and therefore were less likely to be selected for the job

199
Q

what is subtyping?

A

explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that differs from the rest of the group

200
Q

subtyping shows that people don’t easily let go of _____ even when …?

A

stereotypes, even when proven the opposit

201
Q

people tend to describe the positvie vs negative actions of their own group vs other groups in what different ways?

A

own group negative actions and other group positive actions as more concrete, so the individual is less implicated in the action.
own group positive and other group negative actions as more abstract, so individual is MORE implicated.

202
Q

the pure act of categorizing distorts what?

A

judgment

203
Q

we tend to assume what about ingroup vs outgroup members personalities?

A

Ingroups are not individual and diverse, outgroups are all the same

204
Q

what’s own race identification bias?

A

tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own races

205
Q

neuroscience found that our reactions to different groups of people are guided by ___ and ______ mental processes

A

quick and automatic

206
Q

what did they find when participants were asked to shoot, in a video game, a player when it appeared on screen with a weapon?

A

they were more likely to mistake a tool for a wepaon when the player was black than white

207
Q

studie showed that social norms communicated via social media can be effectvie but ..

A

only if it comes from a high-status ingroup member, and the effects may be temporary

208
Q

what is contact hypothesis?

A

proposition that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of different groups in frequent contact

209
Q

is contact hypothesis true?

A

no… only works if the groups have equal status, have a shared goal, and the community supports intergroup contact

210
Q

definition of multiculturalism

A

diversity ideology that encourages the acknoledgment and appreciation of people’s unique culture

211
Q

what is the opposit of multiculturalism?

A

color-blindness

212
Q

people primed with color-blindness are less able to detect what?

A

racial discrimination

213
Q

multiculturalism also has downfallsm. explain

A

it can increase race essentialism, or the belief that racial-group differences are biologically based and immutable

214
Q

what can be bad about diversity trainings?

A

members of underrepresented groups may be prompted to doubt their own competence

215
Q

what is social dominance theory?

A

theory about the hierarchical nature of societies and how they remain stable

216
Q

social dominance theory states that hierarchies are often based on what?

A

age, gender, arbitrary set (ethnicity, religion, race)

217
Q

3 things that keep hierarchies in place? describe them quickly

A
  • individual discrimination (dominant group -> subordinate groups)
  • institutional discrimination (laws and norms)
  • behavioral asymmetries (self-fulfilling prophecies)
218
Q

what is social dominance orientation

A

people are willin to express prejudiced atiitudes toward different groups and are more inclined to endorse policies that preserve existing hierarchies

219
Q

what are legitimizing myths?

A

myths that make unequal treatment seem not only perfectly resonable but highly desirable

220
Q

what kind of streotypes govern who is and isnt thought to be deserving?

A

stereotypes of who is and isnt productive or virtuous

221
Q

whats meritocracy?

A

some people merit more than others do

222
Q

meritocracy fails to acknowledge what?

A

the role of luck in everyone’s life and the difference in opportunities

223
Q

what is just world hypothesis?

A

belief that everyone in life get what they deserve and deserve what they get

224
Q

beliefs in meritocracy, in a just world, and in pronounced mobility make it easier to accept what?

A

inequalities

225
Q

whats the opposite of dehumanizing?

A

anthropomorphism (attribution of human traits, feelings, and intentions to nonhuman entities)

226
Q

what can foster brutal dehumanization?

A

strong feelings of ingroup loyalty

227
Q

when are we more likely to dehumanize?

A

when we see the world as chaotic and threatening

228
Q

name 3 legitimizing myths

A
  • belief in meritocracy
  • belief in a just world
  • pronounced mobility
229
Q

what is the stereotype content model?

A

describes the nature of common group stereotypes, positing that they vary along the two prominent dimensions of warmth and competence

230
Q

people high in competence and low in warmth tend to be _____.
people low in competence but high in warmth tend to be _____.

A
231
Q

when women act in a way that signal competence, they risk being seen as insufficiently what?

A

warm

232
Q

explain the bias in law enforcement

A

blakc people and disproportionally stopped by policed, incarcerated and killed by police, compared to the % they make of the population

233
Q

explain the bias in what is absent or witheld

A

members of marginalized groups often find that the world does not pay as much attention to them

234
Q

what individuals seems to be relatively invisible?

A

people with multiple nondominant identities

235
Q

in a study where people were asked to looked at pictures, and then identify the ones they had already seen, who was the least recognized?

A

black women (double minority)

236
Q

what are systemic inequities?

A

historical or contemporary laws, policies, practices and norms that advantage some groups in soceity and disadvantage others

237
Q

example of systemic inequality and temperature

A

its hotter in poorer black neighborhood of portland because there is less money for parc and green

238
Q

systemic inequalities when is comes to punishing crimes

A

white collar crimes tend to be committed by members of the dominant groups in society and are much less severely punished than crimes by marginalized people

239
Q

how does being largely absent from the broader culture affect marginalized groups (ex native americans)?

A

they feel like they don’t belong in school because they dont have role models

240
Q

when can invisibility can be a blessing for intersectional people?

A

there can be less resistance to their acting in ways that depart from the stereotypes of those groups.

241
Q

what study looked at intersetcional people and how they are percieved?

A

study on black/white female/male leaders acting dominant or communal.
Black female leaders, unlike white female, were seen as effective if they acted dominant or communal, while white female were disadvanaged for being dominant.

242
Q

what did changing “master” to “head” as a leadership role in academic do?

A

lowered % of people who thought of a man when they hear the word master!

243
Q

what is attributional ambiguity?

A

not knowing if you recieved a treatment because you deserve it or because of your race or other characteristic

244
Q

what happened when black people were given feedback by someone they thought could vs could not see them?

A

when they thought the other person could see them, their self esteem was not affected by positive or negative feedback.. cus they thought it was because they were black

245
Q

inducing thoughts about gender difference made women perform worst in a test due to what phenomenon?

A

stereotype threat

246
Q

study about gold test described as sports intelligence or atheltic ability test:

A

black student performed worst if they thought it was a sport intelligence test,
white students if they thought it was an athletic test.

247
Q

what it caused by concealment of seual orientation

A
  • cardiovascular stress
  • mentally taxing (increased cognitive load)
248
Q

how do white people act to try to be seen as warm when interactng with POC?

A

they downshift their language, which can be patronizing.

249
Q

study about distance of chair in interacial interactions

A

white people position the chairs farther appart when they thought they were gonna talk to black people about racial profilling vs about love

250
Q

what is the hypothesis why african cashiers outperformed white cashiers when there was an unbiased manager?

A

the grocery chain set a higher bar for hiring non-white cashiers

251
Q

people are more open to providing help to other in needs if others are …

A

from their own ethnic, racial, and religious groups

252
Q

white people are scared of what kind of demographic change?

A

decrease in white people %, increase in immigration

253
Q

people who were told that california had recently become a majority-minority state were more likely to vote what?

A

republican

254
Q

how do members of dominant vs marginalized groups view progress in prejudice and discrimination?

A
  • dominant: where historically marginalized were vs where they are now
  • marginalized: where they want to be compared to where they are
255
Q

what is the marley hypothesis

A

the claim that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society because they differ in their knowledge of racial history

256
Q

people overestimate what when it comes to discrimination?

A

overestimate the progress towards racial equality

257
Q

availability heuristic in terms of discrimination?

A

we are more attentive to the hardships of life. white are prone to think we are being discriminated against even if it barely happens.

258
Q

many of the advantages enjoyed by members of dominants groups are not presence of perks but they are …

A

absence of burdens (harder to notice)

259
Q

people who don’t like being told they got lucky will often gratefully recount time when …

A

they have benefited from luck. ask, don’t tell! let them tell you

260
Q

3 types of justification

A
  • ego justification: maintain favorable self image and feel valid, justified and legitimate as an individual
  • group justification: maintain favorable image of my group, defend and justify
  • system justification: social and psychological need to justify the system, status quo
261
Q

why do people justify the system even if it doesnt favor them?

A

The status quo is hard to change when you are not favored by it

262
Q

how can social change / system change be triggered?

A

Ego and/or group justification must overcome strength of system justification

263
Q

explain the study about the shocks given to an innocent?

A

people rated themselves.
Then, saw an innocent “learner” get shocked, and were told that there was a 2nd round of shocks coming, that it was done, or that it was a video from last week.
First option cause most discomfort, so people rate the learner as worst in the first condition to try to justify why she gets shocks.

264
Q

give an example of black children justifying the system

A

they internalize the stereotype and rpefer white dolls over black dolls

265
Q

in the french vs english canadian study, what were the results? (match guise test) this is an example of what?

A

english AND french canadians saw the english canadian as the more favorable person.
System justification

266
Q

what did they find when studying bush vs gore supporters around election time? this is an example of what?

A
  • if they manipulated data to make people think the opposit candidate was most likely gonna win, more people endorsed the winning candidate
  • more people say they voted for the winning candidate after the election, than people who actually voted for them
  • System justification
267
Q

what hypothesis is usually linked to system justification?

A

just world hypothesis

268
Q

how do people justify the disadvantaged people?

A

“they aren’t disadvantages, were just different” (ex poor but happy)

269
Q

give an example of how we see women based on benevolent sexism

A

Talking about women as warm nurturers relieves them from being seen as competent (WARM VS COMPETENT)

270
Q

explain the priming study about women endorsing status quo

A

If women were primed with stereotype as women being considerate, honest, warm, moral (WARM), the endorsed the system and status quo.
(things such as “Relations between men and women are fair, division of labor in families operates as it should”)

271
Q

did priming have an effect on men endorsing status quo?

A

no … they always endorse it

272
Q

when primed with benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, or control prime, what did women think of the system?

A
  • more system jusrtification with benevolent
  • middle justification with hostile (!!)
  • less justification with control
273
Q

when primed with benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, or control prime, what did men think of the system?

A

they always endorse

274
Q

men show most romantic interest towards what kind of women?

A

women who are benevolently sexist (pure, vulnerable and ideal at making men feel complete)

275
Q

they found correlational evidence that endorsing benevolent sexism is linked to what in women?

A

appearance concerns, thin ideal, self-objectification.
Putting goals for themselves to maintain appearance

276
Q

name the benevolent sexism prime

A
  • Many women have a quality of purity that few men possess
  • Men are incomplete without women
  • Women compared to men have a superior moral sensibility
  • Women compared to men have a more refined sense of culture and good taste.
277
Q

do women primed with hostile sexism suffer self-objectification?

A

barely

278
Q

if people can easily move out of their system, do they justify it?

A

no. people mostly justify the system if they can’t escape

279
Q

how can you get inoculated to system justification?

A

by being reminded (almost inucolated) about how good the system is (reading system affirmation quote), you dont feel the need to system justify as much

280
Q

what can uncertainty cause related to system justification?

A
  • can make people rebel
  • can make people justify the system MORE to try to find comfort
281
Q

what are we most likely to do when the system faces threat?

A

defend the system even more

282
Q

what are the foundations of the moral foundations theory

A
  • Moral intuitions derived from innate psychological mechanisms that interact with cultural institutions and practices.
  • Innate but modifiable. Cultural expression
  • Decrease selfishness, facilitating community and cooperation
283
Q

what are the individualization foundation of morality in WEstern world?

A
  1. care (vs harm)
  2. justice/fairness
284
Q

what are the binding foundation of morality, mostly in non-western world?

A
  1. Ingroup loyalty
  2. Respect authority
  3. Preserve purity and sanctity
285
Q

what is moral reasoning?

A

Height think that morality is automatic, and we try to reason our intuitions after (constructing and explanation for why something seems wrong)

286
Q

what can affect your decision in the trolley problem?

A

seeing a picture of the person who would die

287
Q

what did height say about liberals vs conservatives? and morality

A
  • liberals endorse individualizing foundaations to the expense of binding foundations
  • conservatives endorse both
288
Q

suggesting that conservatives consciously endorse binding values to satisfy psychological needs, means that ______
____ could make them not endorse them anymore

A

cognitive load

289
Q

what happened when cognitive load was put on conservatives vs liebrals?

A
  • conservatives decrease binding values (authority, ingroup loyalty, purity)
  • liberals slightly increase support for binding values
290
Q

when are binding foundations more likely to be activated?

A

when we are in state of fear and threat

291
Q

what happens when binding foundations are not activated?

A

individualizing foundations of care and fairness expand

292
Q

what do binding foundations “do”?

A

limit moral concern, conserve moral resources, and reinforce moral boundaries.

293
Q

why do conservatives have more binding values / foundations??

A

because they see more threat in the world and system!

294
Q

what’s a dyadic process?

A

when we assume that someone did smtg to make someone else cry - morality, is one person doing harm to another?

295
Q

moral rule applied to a situation depends on what?

A

the relationship model you have with the person

296
Q

name the moral rules and associated relationship model

A

unity -> communal sharing
hierarchy -> authority ranking
equality -> equal matching
proportionality -> market pricing

297
Q

what is specific to communal sharing?

A

it is specific to sharing with your IN-GROUPS

298
Q

example of authority ranking moral decision

A

in the med tent, a corporal and a lieutenant both need blood but only enough blood for 1 person.
The lieutenant, higher ranked, should get the blood

299
Q

how does being in position of power alters someone’s rule of morality?

A
  • increases own hypocrisy (rate our own transgression as more moral)
  • decrease acceptance of other’s trangressions
300
Q

explain equality / equal matching in morality

A

it’s about reciprocity: eye for an eye

301
Q

give 3 examples we talked about, about the moral rule of proportionality

A
  • proportional sentence depending how bad a crime was
  • sacrificing one to save 5 in trolley problem
  • give boring task and see how well they do if theyre paid little or a lot
302
Q

what is moral dumbfunding?

A

idea that we have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant event that then influence our reasoning towards right or wrong judgment

303
Q

what is moral foundation theory?

A

moral foundations = care/harm, fairness/reciprocity, ingroup loyalty, authority, purity

304
Q

what kind of deliberative processe do we use to arrive at a moral judgment (after our gut feeling)

A

assesments of costs and benefits, causal attributions, considerations of socialnorms

305
Q

what happens if you induce disgust in people?

A

they have more harsh moral judgment about others

306
Q

altriusm definition

A

prosocial behavior that benefits others without regard to the consequences for oneself

307
Q

what are the selfish motives mentionned in the book that make us be altruistic?

A
  • social reward
  • relieve from personal distress
  • empathic concern
308
Q

what is one evidence that humans are wired to care?

A

children respond altruistically to others in need at a very young age (18 motnhs in the study)

309
Q

what is diffusion of responsibility?

A

reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in an emergency based on the assumption that others will help

310
Q

what is the neuroscientific explanation to diffusion of responsibility?

A

presence of others weakens the strength of the communication between the regions of the brain involved in initiating action and understanding the outcomes of action

311
Q

what victim characteristics increase the help they recieve?

A
  • if they are loud
  • if they are in the same group of the helper
312
Q

what is pluralistic ignorance?

A

if someone is in trouble but people aren’t sure of what’s happening, people might assume that nothing is wrong because no one is doing anything

313
Q

how do you improve your chances of getting help when you need it?

A
  1. make your need clear
  2. select a specific person to help you
314
Q

people from what areas have more empathic concern?

A

rural areas / small town

315
Q

what is more important to decide someone’s level of empathic concern: the environment they grew up in, or their current situation?

A

their current situation

316
Q

2 reasons why people help others less in cities

A
  • stimulus overload
  • diversity hypothesis: people less likely to help people
  • diffusion of responsibility: more people around
317
Q

why do people who have less give more (2 reasons broad)

A
  • scarcity of resources leads individuals to be more empathically attuned to others
  • also people from low socioeconomic backgrounds are better judges of other people’s emotions
318
Q

how can we make people who have more (rich) want to give more?

A

by triggering empathic concern

319
Q

how did religion prime affect altruism in study about giving money?

A

increase altruism! people were more willing to give to a stranger

320
Q

how did cooperation/community primes affect people in the economic game?

A

increased altruism

321
Q

what is kin selection?

A

evolutionnary strategy: favors reproductive success of your genetic relatives

322
Q

what is prisoner’s dilemma?

A

game of defecting vs dominating someone else

PSYC215 (3 decks)

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