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PSYC215 > final (last 2 weeks) > Flashcards

final (last 2 weeks) Flashcards

1
Q

what is moral self-licensing?

A

people use the fact that they acted morally in the past to excuse your future immoral actions

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2
Q

what kind of faces do we find more attractive?

A

familiar faces

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3
Q

explain the dyadic reciprocity effect in romantic interest

A
  • Angela is more interested in Ben than in other men attendees
  • Makes her more appealing to Ben
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4
Q

what is the matching hypothesis when it comes to dating?

A

you might seek someone at the same attractiveness level as you even if you would desire someone more attractive, as a compromise to avoid rejection

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5
Q

is the matching hypothesis true?

A

no, people don’t seek out people that match their attractiveness. But, they might end up with less attractive people.

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6
Q

why do people prefer attractive people?

A
  • assumptions that preety people and socially skilled
  • aestetically pleasing
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7
Q

what makes men vs women attractive?

A
  • Women- large eyes, small nose, small chin, prominent cheekbones, narrow cheeks, high eyebrows, large pupils, large smile.
  • Men- large eyes, cheekbones and chins
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8
Q

why do we prefer familiar faces?

A

it conveys reproductive fitness more

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9
Q

what kind of faces are seen as more familiar and preffered?

A

Prototype faces: Prototypic humans probably seen as genetically higher value

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10
Q

what is the repulsion hypothesis?

A

on a first impression, we try to rule OUT who we dislike.
First impression is about dissimilarity

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11
Q

explain theory of percieved similarity?

A

if you like the person, you are more likely to percieve that they are similar to you… it goes both ways

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12
Q

for short term relationships, both women and men prefer what in their partner? (20$)

A

physical attractivenes

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13
Q

for long term relationship, women and men each prefer what? (20$)

A

men: phys attractiveness
women: warmth

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14
Q

what change when you give people 40$ instead of 20$ to “spend” on their ideal partner?

A

men put more money towards warmth, instead of attractiveness

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15
Q

women see what kind of men as attractive vs desirable?

A

dominant men as attractive, warm/sweet men as desirable

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16
Q

how do people with high perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) act in speed dating?

A
  • less open to meeting others
  • others see them at less friendly
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17
Q

what happened to people’s interest in others when primed with disgusting facts?

A

less interest in getting to know confederates

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18
Q

what is feeling in cool STATE REFERRING TO?

A

cool state: easy to resist temptations

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19
Q

name 2 ways in which we express positive bias toward our partners

A

✤Can see our partners better than average
✤Can project an idealized view onto our view of our partners. You project onto your partner the characteristics of your ideal partner

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20
Q

people are more likely to rate their partner as higher than their partner rate themselves, except in what relationships?

A

except for men in dating relationship

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21
Q

in what cases do men in dating relationships have the better-than-average-partner effect?

A

If men thought of relationship as part of his identity: they rated their girlfriend more positively

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22
Q

what causes people to define themselves more in term of their relationship?

A

if they had positive relationship experiences in the past

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23
Q

what is the reality path of perception of partner?

A

partner self = perception of partner

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24
Q

what are the construction paths of perception of partner?

A
  • myself = perception of partner (projection of your own self image)
  • ideal partner = perception of partner (projection of ideal)
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25
Q

what types of qualities are easier vs harder to construe in a biased way?

A
  • global = easier to bias (ex kind)
  • specific = harder to bias (ex how oftenhe cooks)
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26
Q

what is the Projected Illusions Hypothesis?

A

I am happy as long as I see my partner as better than they think they are. Idealizing your partner = happy!

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27
Q

What is the Reflected Illusions Hypothesis?

A

I am happy as long as my partner thinks of me as better than I think of myself! Partner idealizing me = happy!

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28
Q

How does relationship illusions help you according to the buffering hypothesis?

A

positive feelings from your partner help withstand inevitable negative relationship events

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29
Q

How does relationship illusions help you according to the reflected appraisal hypothesis?

A

Individuals come to see themselves through their partner’s eyes.

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30
Q

How does relationship illusions help you according to the transformational hypothesis?

A

links partner’s fault with vitures

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31
Q

when they studied the buffering hypothesis and successfullness of relationships, what did they find?

A

Illusions do help to buffer stress!
MEN with low illusions (high negativity about the relationship) did not stay in relationships. Men with high illusions did.

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32
Q

what did studies on Reflected Appraisals Hypothesis show?

A

Reflecting your partner’s position view of yourself can have positive impact! Self-fulfilling prophecy

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33
Q

how does women’s self esteem affect their male partner?

A
  • high self-esteem = happier hubby
  • low self-esteem = sad hubby
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34
Q

what happened to couples who read an article about how conflict and differences are a good thing in relationships?

A

they reported increased conflict and differences in their relationships

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35
Q

what are the 2 hypothesis about low vs high self esteem people in relationships?

A
  • low self esteem = contamination hypothesis: assume partners share their disappointment
  • high self-esteem = compensation hypothesis: you compensate for self doubts by embelishing relationship
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36
Q

high self esteem people anticipate what type of love from their partner?

A

unconditional acceptance

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37
Q

what happens to low vs high self esteem people’s rating of their partner after they recieved a threat (think about one time you disapointed your partner)?

A
  • high self esteem: rated their partner better and having more love for you (compensation)
  • low self-esteem: rated their partner worst and having less love for you (contamination)
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38
Q

how did low vs high SE participants react to their partner writing a long list of negative traits about them?

A
  • high SE: confused. increased positive feelings about partner (compensation)
  • low SE: Significant decrease in feelings about partner (contamination)
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39
Q

how do low SE people interpret problems or ambiguous situation in relationship?

A

low love and commitment from partner, leading to self protective strategies

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40
Q

Micheloangeloa effect is better for who?

A

low SE people, hopefully their partner can bring their qualities out

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41
Q

in a study on implicit vs explicit measures of newly married couples, what predicted change in marrital happiness?

A

the implicit measures right after they got married

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42
Q

explain the monkey study that shows evidence for the need to belong

A

monkeys preferred the fake mother that could give comfort over the one who gave food

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43
Q

having strong social relatonship increase what?

A

odds of survival, as much as stopping smoking

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44
Q

what are communal vs exchange relationships?

A
  • communal = sense of responsibility, more long term relationships
  • exchange = feel little responsibility, more short term
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45
Q

many social psychologist believe that all relationships are based to a certain extent, on what?

A

rewards

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46
Q

what is the social exchange theory?

A

how people feel about a relationship depends on the cost and reward ratio from that relationship

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47
Q

what is comparison level?

A

expectations people have about what they should get out of a relationship

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48
Q

what is the equity theory?

A

opposite to social exchange theory: people are motivated to pursue fairness in relationships (same ratio of cost/rewards for both people)

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49
Q

what cutlures is the social exchange theory mostly applied?

A

individualistic/egalitarian cultures

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50
Q

what is a sign of secure attachment in children?

A

they feel comfortable exploring new environments

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51
Q

what are the 3 textbook attachment styles?

A
  • secure: easily gets close to others
  • avoidant: uncomfortable getting too close
  • anxious-ambivalent: othersoften don’t want to get as close as i would like. scared of loosing people.
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52
Q

in another attchment theory, what are the 2 dimensions of attachment?

A
  • anxiety: how worried you are about rejection
  • avoidance: how comfortable you are with intimacy and dependance
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53
Q

are attachment styles flexible?

A

yes!
they can vary through time or in different relationships

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54
Q

how did they study the role of proximity and attraction?

A

built a housing project of apartment buildings built to have some people closer to eachother, and looked at relationships formed

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55
Q

what is more decisive in relationships about proximity, functional or physical distance?

A

functional distance

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56
Q

what is the mere exposure effect?

A

the more you are exposed to something, the more you tend to like it

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57
Q

what did zajonc proove with different studies?

A

the mere exposure effect is true! fo faces, words, music for rats, paintings, etc

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58
Q

what is one exception about the mere exposure effect?

A
  1. it does not apply to auditory stimuli
  2. does not work for a stimuli you dislike
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59
Q

hypothesis of why mere exposure effect is real?

A

2 reasons: processing of known stimuli is more fluent, so more desirable. Associate the stimulus with the absence of negative consequence.

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60
Q

the similarity of engaged couples is strongly in what domains?

A

stronger for demographic characteristics and physical characteristic.
weaker for personality traits

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61
Q

interacial couples are more similar in what?

A

personality traits (compensate)

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62
Q

3 reasons why we like poeple similar to us

A
  • we assume positive qualities of someone similar to us
  • feel more certain about being liked
  • more rewarding interactions
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63
Q

when does the complementary hypothesis work for attraction?

A

when the opposite traits alow the other’s needs to be met

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64
Q

what hypothesis supports the complementary hypothesis in attraction?

A

status exchange hypothesis: romantic attraction increases when 2 individuals offer each other elevated status where they are each lacking

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65
Q

what actions can make us be seen as more attractive?

A

warm eye contact and warm smile

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66
Q

what is the halo effect?

A

common belief that attractive people possess a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

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67
Q

how are attractive people seen in independant vs interdependent cultures?

A

independent: dominant, assertive
interdependent: generous, sensitive, empathic

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68
Q

what is reproductive fitness?

A

capacity to pass one’s genes on to subsequent generations

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69
Q

what kind of faces are seen as more attractive?

A

symmetrical faces with average characteristics

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70
Q

social explanation to why women are more attracted to wealthy men?

A

women don;t have as much control over material resources and are more vulnerable economically

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71
Q

in what countries was the pattern of men seaking beautiful women and women seeking rich men more pronounced?

A

in cultures with greater gender inequalities

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72
Q

3 types of love in the textbook

A
  • companionate: friends and family (trust, share similarities with)
  • compassionate: parents and spouse (looking out for the other’s needs)
  • romantic: intense emotion and sexual desire
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73
Q

explain the investment model of commitment

A

determinants that make partners more committed to each other:
1. relationship satisfaction
2. few alternative partners
3. investments in the relationship

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74
Q

are the 3 constucts of investement model of commitment dependent on one another?

A

no they are independent

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75
Q

what is the percieved partner responsiveness and how does it relate to investement model of commistment?

A

level to which people see their partner as understanding and validating. it correlates positively with the 3 constructs (satisfaction, few alternatives, and investment)

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76
Q

3 things that correlate with dissatisfaction in relationships

A
  • neurotic
  • low self-esteem
  • sensitivity to rejection
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77
Q

why may low SES people have more trouble in relationships?

A

they prioritize self protection over connection

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78
Q

what are the 4 behaviors most harmful relationships?

A

criticism, stonewalling, defensiveness, contempt

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79
Q

how did they find the 4 behaviors most harmful relationships?

A

made couples talk about an issue for 15 minutes. coded their interaction, and then reached back 14 yrs later to see if they were divorced

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80
Q

techniques to create stronger romantic bonds

A
  • capitalizing on the good (being engaged in the other’s positives)
  • being playful
  • idealizing your partner
81
Q

hat is the key word for describing anxious attachment?

A

worry

82
Q

what is the 4th attachment model to appear?

A

avoidant divided in: disinterested and fearful

83
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles based on the avoidance / anxiety dimensions?

A
  • secure: none of each
  • preoccupied: high anxiety, low avoidance
  • dismissive: high avoidance, low anxiety
  • fearful: high avoidance, high anxiety
84
Q

what is the worst attachment style?

A

fearful

85
Q

what feature of a person goes with anxious attachment?

A

low self esteem

86
Q

what attachment style are you most likely to have depending on if you had an available attachment figure to rely on?

A
  • yes: secure
  • not sure: anxious
  • no: avoidant
87
Q

what can bring to mind thoughts of attachment figure?

A

prime of failure or separation

88
Q

what attachment style has the most chances to change?

A

anxious (because you aren’t sure of anything)

89
Q

are secure people likely to change their attachment style through life? what about post breakup?

A
  • no they are the least tlikely to change
  • post breakup: 50% change, 50% stay the same
90
Q

what can support stable attachment?

A

stable environments

91
Q

in the study about helping others do a nasty task, who helped the most?

A

participants primed with their attachment figure help the most

92
Q

in the study of priming supportive vs judgmental followed by “unplanned pregnacy”, priming influenced affect and coping responses independent of what?

A

chronic attachment models

93
Q

3 things that influence the Model for New Relationship

A
  • person variables
  • actual interaction
  • transference from other relationships
94
Q

by the end of forest gump, what are lieutenant dan, jenny attachment models?

A
  • jenny: fearful -> secure
  • lieutenant dan: dismissive avoidant -> secure
95
Q

2 reasons inntextbook why we have emotions

A
  1. help us interpret our surronding circumstances, know what events to prioritize
  2. guide our actions to meet our goal
96
Q

what is the evolutionary approach to why we have emotions?

A

emotions are dapative reactions to survival-related threats and opportunities

97
Q

is emotional expression universal?

A

yes, but it is also culturally variable

98
Q

what is one argument in the textbook why emotions are encoded by evolutionary processes?

A

blind people still show expressions similar to thoseof sighted people

99
Q

how / where did they test if facial expressions were universal?

A

in a isolate tribe in New Guinea who had never been exposed to western culture

100
Q

why do we express embarrassment?

A

functions like an apology, short circuit conflict and trigger affiliation

101
Q

how to cultures vary in emotions?

A

they vary in their focal emotions

102
Q

what is the affect valuation theory?

A

says that emotions that promote important cultural ideas are valued and will tend to play a more prominent role

103
Q

naem 3 emotional regulation strategies in the textbook?

A
  • reappraisal: reinterpreting the causes of an emotion and its meaning
  • acceptance: open to the emotion
  • suppression: resist the emotion
104
Q

social functional theory

A

emotions coordinate social interactions in whats that enable people to meet social opportunities and challenges

105
Q

Muybridge in the textbook damaged what part of his brian? what

A

orbitofrontal cortex: loose ability to rely on emotions

106
Q

how do emotions help solve the commitment problem (2 ways)?

A
  1. signal our commitment to other’s well being
  2. motivate us to act in ways that prioritize well being of others
107
Q

mimicking other’s emotions make us what?

A

more cooperative and effectively collaborative

108
Q

what did the research about touch and emotions show?

A

people can reliably communicate emotions by simple touch

109
Q

brief expressions of what emotions increase people’s sense of belonging?

A

awe

110
Q

what are the 2 types of envy and when are they felt?

A

malicious: when someone has an unjustified higher status
benign: when someone deserves their standing

111
Q

anger primes us to percieve what?

A

threat and aggression, even if there is not

112
Q

positive emotions prompt people to reason how?

A

in ways that are flexible and creative

113
Q

broaden and built hypothesis states that?

A

positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people build social resources

114
Q

what are the 2 disctinct components of happiness?

A

life satisfaction and emotional well being

115
Q

happiness level through life?

A

begins to fall in adolescence, reaches a down at 50yo and goes back up until about 75 yo

116
Q

what countries seem to be happier?

A

countries with strong safety nets (free day acre, good school, parental leves, etc)

117
Q

3 benefits of being happy

A
  • better work
  • better relationships
  • better health (live longer, stronger cardio and immune systems)
118
Q

what is affective forecasting?

A

predicting future emotions coming from an event

119
Q

we tend to under or overstimate the emotional impact of negative events?

A

overestimate

120
Q

what is immune neglect?

A

tendency to underestimate our capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult liffe events

121
Q

what is focalism?

A

tendency to focus too much on central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of peripheral considerations

122
Q

give an example of focalism

A

” i wll be happy once i get my degree” but you forget that the rest of your problems will follow you after your dergree

123
Q

what were the findings of the study on recollections of pleasure?

A
  • peak moment of pleasure predicts our recollection
  • how we feel at the end also predicts
  • the length of the pleasure does not matter
124
Q

what is duration neglect?

A

the unimportance of the length of an emotional experience in retrospection

125
Q

does money buy happiness?

A

only if your salary is under 75 000$

126
Q

how to increase happiness?

A
  • relationships
  • money
  • gratitude!!
  • give
  • focus on awe experiences over material
127
Q

is happiness about social desirability?

A

no

128
Q

name factors associated with lower subjective well being in poor countries

A
  • Property stolen
  • Assaulted
  • Health problems
  • Not enough money for food or shelter
129
Q

effects of happinness (from lectures)

A
  • notice threats more quickly
  • more likely to mate
  • deal with stress better
  • more motivated
130
Q

how did they study if happiness increases longevity?

A

looked at nuns (to have a stabkle environment)

131
Q

what was found in nuns who wrote happier-coded autobiographies?

A

happier nuns lived 7 yrs longer

132
Q

from the twins study, they came to the conclusion that what % of happiness is genetic?

A

genes account for 24% of happiness, 10 yrs appart

133
Q

how can wealth increaes happiness (in lecture)

A
  • Longer life
  • Healthier
  • Better mental health-less depression.
  • Fewer stressful life events
134
Q

Are people in wealthy countries happier than people in poor countries?

A

yes, there is greater SWB in wealthier countries

135
Q

Are wealthy individuals within a country happier than poor people?

A

no - only a weak correlation

136
Q

in canada and in others countries, there is a stronge correlation between wealth and what?

A

proportion of positive vs negative emotions

137
Q

why are poor students are not unhappy?

A

they know its temporary

138
Q

wealth has the most effect on happiness for who?

A

for poor people

139
Q

what happens to happines of people who win the lottery or football pool?

A

their happiness increases but comes back to normal levels not long after

140
Q

why does an income increase increases SWB?

A

you feel more satisfied, increase material possessions, and increase optimism a lot

141
Q

are rich or poor people happier in a rich country?

A

both! probably because better social safety net, better infrastructures, etc

142
Q

in what cases will an increase in a country’s income NOT increase SWB?

A

if the increase only affects the rich and not the average person

143
Q

does happiness increase income?

A

if you are already rich: yes
if you are poor to start with: no

144
Q

in what cases will personnal increase income not increase SWB?

A

if you strive for financial and material success

145
Q

are simple comunities like the amish happy?

A

yes! even with very low income

146
Q

what motives will make you increase SBW when your income increases?

A

positive motives:
* To have a feeling of security.
* To be able to support my family.
* To get just compensation for my efforts.

147
Q

basically, having the GOAL of becoming rich and then becoming rich does what to SWB?

A

does not increase (but also does not decrease SWB)

148
Q

when it comes to spending money, what increases SWB? (lecture)

A

spending money on others, or on organisms!

149
Q

what can happen if humans are deprived form touch?

A

nervous system in overdive

150
Q

definition of a group

A

collection of individuals who have relations that make them interdependent to some significant degree

151
Q

social facilitation

A

effect of the presence of others on performance

152
Q

in what domains is social facilitation negative?

A

arithemtic problems, memory tasks, maze learning

153
Q

what is zajonc’s theory of mere presence?

A

mere presence of others facilitate performanc eon simple or well-learned tasks, but hinders performance on difficult or novel tasks

154
Q

what is the explanation behind mere presence theory?

A

mere presence of others makes us more aroused, and arousal makes us more inclined to act automatically

155
Q

what is dominant response

A

the response that someone is more used to and more likely to make

156
Q

what did the cockroach study find?

A

the presence of another cockroach or observing cockroaches facilitates performance on simple maze task, but hindered performance on complex maze

157
Q

why are we arroused in the presence of others?

A

evaluation apprehension

158
Q

what did they find when asking people to perform alone, in front of evaluative audience, or in front of an audience that can not evaluate the subject’s performance?

A

only the evaluative audience affected the dominant response rate, therefore, its the evaluation apprehension that is responsible for social facilitation

159
Q

BUT what was wrong with the study of performing task alone, in front of evaluative audience, or in front of an audience that can not evaluate?

A

participants knew they were recorded even when alone, so they weren’t psychologically alone

160
Q

another experiment of taking off shoes andputting on new shoes showed what?

A

the mere presence of another person actually causes social facilitation, not just evaluation apprehension

161
Q

what is social loafing?

A

tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task

162
Q

are group decisionsbetter than individual?

A

no

163
Q

what is groupthink?

A

faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressurs to reach CONSENSUS

164
Q

techniques to avoid groupthink

A
  • leaders don’t say their opinion at the beginning
  • have outside input
  • have a devil’s advocate
165
Q

what is group polarization?

A

tendency of group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals

166
Q

why does group polarization happen?

A
  • increase pool of peruasive arguments
  • comparison: we want to be farter on the correct side than others
167
Q

why are social hierarchies so common?

A

they help solve problems of group living

168
Q

what are the 2 oaths to gaining power?

A

virtue or vice

169
Q

what are the 4 virtues that enable someone to gain power

A

courage, humanity, justice, temperance

170
Q

what are the 3 vices for power?

A

machiavelianism, narcissim, psychopathy

171
Q

how do people with vice of psychopathy gain power?

A

through charisma and charm… and then they engage in machiavelianism

172
Q

what oath to power is more effective in convincing others?

A

virtues, duh

173
Q

what is the approach/inhibition theory?

A

people with power are goal-driven and less concerned with others.
people with less power are more careful in making decisions.

174
Q

how do people’s self of self change when they have power?

A

become overconfident

175
Q

power increase likeliness to act how towards others?

A

stereotype others, and have less empathy

176
Q

how does power affect cognition?

A

having LESS power decreases performance on cognitive tasks due to being less flexible in their thinking

177
Q

what is deindividuation?

A

reduced sense of individual identity, accompanied by diminished self-regulation that can come over people in a large group

178
Q

why do crowds act crazier?

A

sense of anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, sensory overload. this all lowers the threshold for engaging in actions that are usually inhibited

179
Q

is deindividuation involved in wars?

A

yes, there is a strong correlation. ex desguised warriors fight more ferociously

180
Q

in the halloween candy study, what caused children to transgress the least?

A

individualizing the children (identifying them by name so they would no longer feel anonymous.

181
Q

what is individuation and what does it do?

A

enhanced sense of individual identity from focusing attention on the self. it makes people act carefully and deliberately

182
Q

why do we enjoy feeling deindivituated?

A

it’s a break from the usual self-conscious state

183
Q

what is the hedonic threadmill?

A

keep having positive experiences and successes to stay on top of the threadmill. We’re running to stay on top in term of positive experiences.

184
Q

reactions to events are relative to what?

A

prior experiences

185
Q

3 things that have weak or no correlation with happiness (surprinsingly)

A
  • Health
  • Attractiveness
  • Distant life events
186
Q

what suggests that we have a baseline level of happiness?

A

the genetic component, and the stability of SWB

187
Q

17 years study in Germany showed what trend in SWB?

A

24% of people significantly change! which is a lot (chance would be only 5%)

188
Q

what are the phases of the set point theory (SWB)

A
  • Baseline: before the reaction phase
  • Reaction phase: 2 years around the event (ex 1 year before and 1 year after getting married)
  • Adaptation phase: starts 2 years after the event
189
Q

who has the most variability in SWB?

A

people with lower SWB

190
Q

why is being married associated with SWB?

A
  1. selection hypothesis: being happy makes you get married
  2. social role: being married brings a state of well being
  3. crisis: marriage changes SWB but you eventually goes back to set point
191
Q

what is hedonic levelling?

A

an already happy person has less happiness to gain from marriage.
a happy married people have more to loose from divorce.

192
Q

what did they find about happiness of people getting married?

A

people with the MOST increase in happiness due to marriage stay the happiest! opposite of set point theory

193
Q

how to get off hedonic threadmill?

A

think: My self worth and happiness is not dependent on greater and greater successes. Reducing contingent self worth.

194
Q

with the others studies on marriage and widowhood, is set point theory true?

A

no

195
Q

what is affective contamination

A

How I feel right now while imagining future event used to gauge how I will feel about the future event.

196
Q

according to duration neglect, which is more desirable: 20 min of high pain or 20 min of high pain followed by 20 min of moderate pain?

A

20 min of high pain followed by 20 min of moderate pain

197
Q

Frequency of positive experiences matters _____ than intensity.

A

more

198
Q

what kind of job makes you happy?

A

satisfying and not
overwhelming.

199
Q

are there gender differences for SWB?

A

no

PSYC215 (4 decks)

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