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PSYC215 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is construal?

A

construal refers to the way individuals perceive, interpret, and make sense of the world around them

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2
Q

perception is influenced by what?

A

our need, goals, desires

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3
Q

what is wishful seeing?

A

you are more prone to see something that will bring you something positive than negative (ex number 13 instead of letter B is number is for the orange juice and letter for the nasty smoothy)

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4
Q

more desired object are seen as closer or farther?

A

closer

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5
Q

threats are seen as closer or farther? give an example

A

threats are seen as closer than they really are (ex Yankees fan see Boston as closer than it is; NYU sees Columbia as closer than it is)

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6
Q

what is the weapons effect?

A

participants presented a pic of a black picture before a picture of a tool were more likely to mistake the tool for a weapon

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7
Q

How is it that social situations are often unambiguous even though we have construals based on our motives, needs, goals?

A

because we are socially attuned to social norma

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8
Q

what is naive realism?

A

when you think you know how the world really is, unbiasely, because you are aware of construals

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9
Q

iin naive realism, what are the reason why we think others dont understand the world like we do?

A

because theyre are:
- lazy (don’t think enough)
- dumb (don’t understand)
- driven by something else than good judgement (ideology, values, temperament)

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10
Q

what did pro-life AND pro-choice people assume about the other side?

A
  • that the other’s position was ideological
  • underestimated the ambivalence of the other side
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11
Q

what is the hostility effect?

A

thinking that the group with oposite views as yours are extra biased in their thinking

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12
Q

how does the hostility effect show in the media?

A

people always think that the media is against them and biased to the other side

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13
Q

the more disagreement you have with a person, the more you think they are what? and that you are what?

A

they are biased and I am unbiased

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14
Q

what is the partisant trade-off bias?

A

when looking at policies and their side effects, you see side effect of your policies as unintended and unavoidable and the opposit side’s as avoidable and intended

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15
Q

what does introspection do and does not do?

A

it increases confidence of not being biased.
it does not decrease bias.

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16
Q

what could reduce the partisan trade-off bias?

A

increasing trust

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17
Q

what was the Milgram experiment?

A

participants were told to give high voltage electric shocks to other participants after being randomly assigned to either position

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18
Q

what was the finding of the Milgram experiment?

A

participants kept administering the shocks to very high level under the order of the experimenter, showing that environment really affects our behaviour

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19
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

failure to recognize the importance of situational influence on behavior + tendency to overestimate the role of internal factors in behavior

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20
Q

what are channel facotrs?

A

small seamingly unimportant circustances that actually have big consequences on behavior

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21
Q

what is Gestalt psychology?

A

approach that stresses the fact that people’s perception of objects involves active, nonconscious interpretation of what the object represents as a whole

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22
Q

what is construal?

A

the way we interpret situations and behavior

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23
Q

what are schemas?

A

the general knowledge used to help understanding events

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24
Q

what kind of attitudes does automatic vs controlled processes give rise to?

A

automatic = implicit attitudes
controlled = explicit attitudes

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25
Q

what is the “theory of mind” that came with evolution?

A

the ability to recognize that other people hvae beliefs and desires and that understanding them allows us to understand and predict their behavior

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26
Q

what is the naturalistic fallacy?

A

the claim that the way things are is the way they should be

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27
Q

what brain region is involved in gut-feeling and fear?

A

amygdala

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28
Q

what brain area is involved in the reward circuit?

A

nucleus accumbens

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29
Q

westerners have what kind of culture about the self?

A

independent / individualistic culture

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30
Q

what characterizes interdependent culture?

A

more about community, people don;t have as much freedom or personal control over their lives and dont really want more control

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31
Q

what kind of relationship expectancy are more common in interdependent cultures?

A

hierarchical, not mutual or equal relationships

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

what are some characteristics of working class?

A
  • more family interactions
  • value uniqueness less than middle-class
  • prefer gifts over chosen objects
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34
Q

what is a self-schemata?

A

cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual’s social experiences
(these key aspects to ourselves that become the cornerstone of your identity.)

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35
Q

what does it mean to be schematic about a certain trait?

A

it means that the trait is strongly part of your core

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36
Q

what is the phenomenal self?

A

a summary statement of self relevant information currently accessible (what right now is apart of who you are at this moment)

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37
Q

what is the spontaneous self-concept?

A

Being in a situation brings out part of yourself who wouldn’t normally be there

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38
Q

what is the distinctiveness theory?

A

we are more likely to describe ourselves using distinctive traits and characteristics that make us unique compared to other

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39
Q

2 experiments on distinctiveness theory

A
  1. students asked to describe themselves bring up their atypical characteristics compared to their class (ex ethnicity)
  2. people placed in groups of 3: if they were the minority gender, they were more likely to mention their gender when describing themselves
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40
Q

what is stereotype distinstiveness?

A

when you are different than the stereotype usually applied to your group (ex: queen of gambits, a girl good at chess), you are more likely to define yourself with that different feature

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41
Q

explain the study 2 on stereotypes conducted on african americans and whites about intelligence and athleticism

A
  • people with high GPA had a faster reaction time in describing themselves as intelligent
  • african american had a faster reaction time than white because being intelligent is something that is not in the black stereotype
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42
Q

describe the study on contextual activation (activating traits that we are not schematic for)

A
  • participants were prompted to describe themselves as introverted (what do you dislike about loud parties) vs extroverted (what do you do to liven up a party)
  • they later reported themselves as introverted or extraverted depending on what questions they were asked
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43
Q

what is the barnum effect?

A

when you associated with a super broad personality statement and think ‘omg this is so me” when the statement is true for pratically everyone

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44
Q

what is the dynamic self-concept?

A

your WORKING SELF is your core self + other self concepts that are triggered by environment

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45
Q

what part of yourelf has high vs low cognitive accessibility?

A
  • core self has high cognitive accessibility
  • other situational self concepts have low cognitive accessibility and are more triggered by the environment
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46
Q

how do we increase the accessibility to a self-concept?

A

by using it more FREQUENTLY and RECENTLY

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47
Q

what is necessary for a self-concept to be primed?

A

the self-concept must be available somewhre in you originally

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48
Q

priming increases that for a trait?

A

accessibility

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49
Q

describe the study on priming of pro-self or pro-social trait

A
  • participants who were inconsistently pro-self or social
  • primed with either competition words or cooperation words
  • task: decide how many coins you give vs keep
  • results: inconsistently pro-self ppl who were primed with competition were exhibing more competition behavior (keeping more coins), & inconsistently pro-social ppl primed with cooperation were exhibiting more cooperative behavior
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50
Q

what is the worlds collide theory

A

(in a movie) george’s girlfriend can not hang out with his friend because george is not the same version of himself with his girlfriend vs with his friends

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51
Q

what is self clarity?

A

sense that you are consistent across contexts: Clear, consistent confident accessible coherent self.

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52
Q

what is self complexity?

A

the more distinct selves you have, the more complex you are

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53
Q

what is the Stress buffering hypothesis of self complexity?

A

if something bad happens to one of your selves, it will not spillover into the other part of your life (other selves)

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54
Q

what culture has more self clarity?

A

western (canadians and american) have more self clarity aka act the same with everyone.
Esterners (eat asians) have more malleable self.

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55
Q

where is the consistency in east asian’s self complexity?

A

their self is consistent within context: they act the same way with their parents, act the same way with their friends. that stay consistent

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56
Q

explain the language study on individualistic vs community values?

A
  • looked as the use of individual vs community words as countries because more industrialized
  • individualistic pronouns increased (china), decision/choosing words increased (UK)
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57
Q

what were the conclusions of the study of people who moved cities a lot and their sense of self?

A
  • people who moved more accorded more importance to their personal self and traits and had less of a sense of community.
  • people who don’t move a lot prefer interacting with people who accurately see my collective self
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58
Q

what about the study of frequent movers vs non movers and supporting teams in sports?

A
  • people who moved more support team depending on performance
  • people who dont move support team even when its loosing
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59
Q

what about the study of frequent mover svs non movers and their social circle?

A
  • frequent movers compartmentalize friends and desire larger social networks
  • their frienships are shorter
  • feel a duty in their friendship
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60
Q

Me/not me reaction times are good to assess what?

A

chronically accessible self representations (can be influenced by context)

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61
Q

the self is not just about the content, it is also about what?

A

the structure of the selves: how they are all related to eachtoher, what importance they have

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62
Q

how does William James think of the self as?

A

that we have many selves influenced by our environment. but he also think we need to pick the important ones.

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63
Q

why do we draw inaccurate conclusions about ourselves?

A

we don;t have access to certain nonconscious mental processes

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64
Q

how did schematic vs aschematic people react to the feedback of a personality test that contradicted their self-schemas?

A

schematic people denied it way more than aschematic people

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65
Q

what does it mean that self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected self-appraisals?

A

self-knowledge is derived from beliefs about what others think of us

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66
Q

how do westerners vs easterners recal events?

A

westerners reecall events from the inside out, with themselves as the center.
easterners recall events from the outside in. they are just one among many cast members.

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67
Q

westernization is associated with the development of what kind fo self-construals?

A

more independent

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68
Q

are men or women in the US more interdepedent?

A

women

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69
Q

what are the 2 distinct formed of interdependent self-construal?

A

1) relational one (connected to individuals)
2) collective one (place in social groups)

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70
Q

what is the social comparison theory

A

the idea that people compare themselves to others to obtain an accurate assesment of their own opinions, abilities, internal states

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71
Q

we tend to compare ourselves to who?

A

people who are similar to us but who we judge as slightly inferior to us

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72
Q

why do we compare ourselves to inferior people?

A

to feel better about ourselves, boost our self-esteem

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73
Q

in what context do we compare ourselves to superior people (upward social comparison)

A

when we focus on improving ourselves

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74
Q

what was found about the effect of passive facebook use?

A

made people feel less up-beat due to feelings of envy

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75
Q

what is our social identity? give example

A

the part of ourselv dervied from group memberships.
ex “I am gay” “I am latina”

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76
Q

what do we tend to do when we are part of a group that is particularly important for our self identity?

A

self-stereotype

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77
Q

what is a social effect of low self esteem?

A

less capable of dealing with life’s challenges, more prone to anti-social

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78
Q

what is trait vs state self-esteem?

A
  • trait = enduring level of self-esteem across time
  • state = dynamic, changeable
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79
Q

what is the contingencies of self-worth?

A

idea that people’s self-esteem rely on their win and failures in domains important to them

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80
Q

what is a good tactique to keep elevated self-esteem?

A

stake our self-worth in a wide range of areas

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81
Q

what is the sociometer hypothesis?

A

idea tjat self-esteem is a readout of our social stnading (how accepted we are)

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82
Q

what cultures have higher self esteem? why?

A

westerners because they care more about their self-esteem.

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83
Q

instead of improving self-esteem, japanese people focus more on improving ?

A

skills

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84
Q

when told that they performed badly on a task, how did canadians vs japanese respond in the 2nd task?

A
  • canadians worked less hard on 2nd task (avoid their failure)
  • japanese worked longer (want to improve)
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85
Q

what is self-enhancement?

A

the desire to maintain, increase, protect positive views of ourself

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86
Q

people are more likely to think that they are significantly above average on what kind of traits?

A

ambiguous traites that are easy to construe in multiple ways (ex sympathetic)

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87
Q

how do we tend to judge others vs ourselves?

A

we judge others by how they are on average, but we judge ourselves by how we are at our best

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88
Q

self-affirmation theory

A

“okay I did bad on the test, but at least I worked a lot of hours this week”

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89
Q

what is a positive side effect of self-affirmations?

A

they help minize a wide range of defensive and potentially harmful behaviors that people exhibit when faced with threat (ex take responsibility only for success)

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90
Q

how do people react to health new after self-affirming?

A

they are more receptive and engage in healthier behaviors

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91
Q

are illusions about the self good or bad?

A

good they enhance well-being and are associated with higher self-esteem

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92
Q

do japanese or americans self-enhance more?

A

americans

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93
Q

what happened to college students who enter university with self-enhancing beliefs?

A

downward trajectory for self-esteem and well-being

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94
Q

self verification

A

striving for others to see us as we view ourselves (opposite of self enhancement)

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95
Q

self enhancement vs verification are more relevant for what kind of responses?

A

enhancement = emotional response
verification = cognitive assesment

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96
Q

self-discrepancy theory

A

behavior is motivated by our ideal and our ought self

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97
Q

ought self

A

the self that is concerned with the duties and obligations

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98
Q

promotion focus

A

focus on attaining positive outcomes through behaviors

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99
Q

prevention focus

A

avoid negative outcomes

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100
Q

relation between inter/independent culture and focus

A
  • independent = promotion focus
  • interdependent = prevention
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101
Q

what good does it do to focus on higher level construals?

A

helps with self-control;
allows to see the bigger picture and long-term goals

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102
Q

implementation intention

A

goal-directed behavior (IF -> then)
If my brother is annoying, then i’ll ignore him

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103
Q

self presentation

A

presenting the person we want others to see us as

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104
Q

self-handicapping

A

tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior to have an excuse ready if you fail

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105
Q

how do we tend to present ourselve sonline?

A

accurately

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106
Q

what are the 3 components of an attitude?

A

emotional, cognitive, behavioral

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107
Q

what are attitudes useful for?

A

cognitive heuristics: enable us to judge quickly whether stuffis good or bad to help us make decisions

108
Q

what is the bogus pipeline?

A

A mechanical device that supposedly records our true feelings like a lie detector test. help us measure attitudes

109
Q

indirect ways to measure attitudes

A
  • observable beahvior: reaction time, heart rate, brain waves, MRI
110
Q

pros and cons of indirect measures of attitudes

A

pros:
- not easily controllable
- information on accessibility
cons:
- interpretive a biguity
- not precise

111
Q

do attitudes always predict behavior?

A

no

112
Q

what affects the strength of an attitude?

A
  • amount of information on that attitude
  • how the information is acquired (ex personal experience = strong attitude)
  • how accessible the information is
113
Q

correspondence principle

A

Whether attitudes will better predict behavior depends on how well the measured attitude corresponds to behavior (how precise the attitude is)(ex liberal party vs voting for justin trudeau)

114
Q

general attitudes are more likely to predict what?

A

general behavior
ex attitude toward religion didnt predict a specific action of going to church every week, but predicted better an aggregation of religious behaviors

115
Q

theory of planned behavior: what components shape behavioral intentions?

A

attitude, subjective norms, percieved control

116
Q

in the theory of planned behavior, what is the subjective norm and the percieved behavioral control?

A

subjective norm = how your environment thinks
percieved behavioural control = how much control you think you have over the situation

117
Q

what do the 3 groups say about our control over our bheavior: freud, behaviorism, humanist

A
  • Freud: says that biological impulses give rise to unconscious intrapsychic conflict
  • Behaviorism: says that our environment governs our behavior
  • Humanists: we have the power to regulate our environment – sense of agency
118
Q

what is semantic priming?

A

Word presented influences processing and memory for associated words

119
Q

explain the study on priming aggressive behaviors

A

participants primed with hostility synonyms gave higher electric shocks

120
Q

semantic priming shows that priming triggers what?

A

associated cognition

121
Q

what did the study about priming people to gamble show?

A

priming works with logic. if people had cards between 1 and 7 (low chance to win) they still would not bet after priming

122
Q

what do you need for a subliminal persuasion to work?

A
  • thought (prima)
  • also a goal
123
Q

in what context do people do mimicry more?

A

when they are primed with the goal of affiliation and when the goal has not been satisfied yet.

124
Q

if you associate your mom with goals 1, 2, 3, 4, but your dad only with goal 1, priming with which of the 2 will motivate you to do better to reach goal 1?

A

priming with dad

125
Q

how does our unconscious snap judgments about people with babyface affect them?

A

they are seen as trustworthy people and recieve more favprable treatment as defendants in court, but have a harder time getting adult jobsa

126
Q

are snap judgment reliable?

A

there is often some truth to it. there is def usually a consensus, but consensus is not accuracy.

126
Q

why is th desire to become rich considered an external cause for why someone wants to become famous?

A

because most people want to become rich its pretty general.

127
Q

covariation principle

A

the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behavior

128
Q

distinctiveness

A

what an individual does in different situations (is a behavior unique to a situation or no)

129
Q

when is a situational attribution relevant? give ex

A

when consensus is high and when distinctiveness if high (ex you like your math class because the prof is cool (consensus) but you usually hate math (distinctiveness)

130
Q

when is dispositional attribution relevant? give ex

A

when consensus is low (you are the only one who likes the math class) and distinctiveness is low (you usually love math)

131
Q

discounting principle

A

you attribute reduced weight to a possible cause of behavior because there are other plausible possible causes

132
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

consideration of what might have, could have or sould have happened if only a few minor things were done differently.

133
Q

emotional amplification

A

emotional reaction more intense if the event almost didn’t happen

134
Q

according to emotional amplification principle, the pain or joy we derive from an event tends to be proportional to what?

A

how easy it is to imagine it didn’t happen

135
Q

people often rationally infer the cause of behavior based on 2 principles:

A

covariation and discounting principles

136
Q

what is the self-serving attributionnal bias

A

blaming successes on yourself, blaming failure on external circumstances

137
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

assuming that someone acts a certain way because that’s how they are, and not giving enough credit to the situation

138
Q

why is the fundamental attribution error so common?

A

because we tend to attribute the cause of behavior to something that stands out, and humans stand out more than the environment

139
Q

what is the actor-observer difference

A

difference in attributions: actor are more likely to make situational attributions, observers more likely to make dispositional attributions

140
Q

in what culture is the fundamental attribution error more common

A

western (independent) culture because we pay less attention to situations

141
Q

americans vs japanese: who is better at relativevs absolute judgment? why?

A

american better at absolute judgment, japanese better at relative judgment because they take the context into account more

142
Q

what kind of attribution (situational of dispositional) are east asians more likely to do?

A

situational

143
Q

primacy vs recency effect

A

primacy: first information presented has more effect
recency: last info presented has more effect

144
Q

when does primacy effect occur?

A

when the information in ambiguous

145
Q

when does recency effect occur?

A

last items come more readily to mind

146
Q

framing effect

A

influence on judgment rsulting from how the information is presented

147
Q

spin framing

A

varies the content not just the order of what is presented. big in marketing and polotics

148
Q

information framed in a _____ terms tends to elicit stronger response

A

negative (ex 10 ppl dying on 100; instead of 90% chance survival)

149
Q

construal level theory

A

TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE: distant actions are abstract, close actions and concrete

150
Q

example of construal level theory with moving

A

distant: in a month im helping my friend move
close: tomorrow i need to carry a couch up 3 floors

151
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to prove a proposition by looking for evidence for it but not against it

152
Q

how does social media make the confirmation bias worst

A

creating social bubbles

153
Q

what is motivated confirmation bias

A

when you deliberitaly look away at evidence against your opinion and embrace evidence for your opinion

154
Q

bottom-up processing vs top-down processing

A
  • bottom-up: form conclusion from interpreting new info from environment (data driven)
  • top-down: form conclusions from new information based pre-existing info - theory driven
155
Q

schemas (pre-existing information patterns) influence 4 things that rule how we see the world

A

attention, memory, construals, behavior

156
Q

how does schemas affect memory?

A

information that fits a preexisting schema is easier to remember

157
Q

in what context do we rely more on top-down processed?

A

when the information presented is ambigous. top-down allows to compensate for the inadequacies of the information obtained from bottom-up

158
Q

our response to stimuli are guided by what?

A

intuition and reason

159
Q

heuristic

A

intuitive mental operations performed quickly and automatically that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgment

160
Q

availability heuristic

A

judgments of frequency or probabylity of an event based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind

161
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category

162
Q

why is the availability heuristic not reliable?

A

certain events may simply be more memorable or retrievable than others but not actually more frequent

163
Q

one area in which availability heuristic can lead to trouble

A

risk assesment of things (overestimate the frequency of dramatic events)

164
Q

how does the availability heuristic affect our estimates of contributions to joint projects

A

we give ourselves more credit than we should. even in couple when it came to “who starts more arguments” people always say “me” because they remember more the arguments they start

165
Q

what is fluency?

A

feeling of ease associated with processing information (easier stimuli to process)

166
Q

disfluency leads people to have what kind of approach when processing new info?

A

slow down, be careful

167
Q

representativeness is based on what?

A

stereotypes

168
Q

when using the representativeness heuristic, what type of information needs to be taken into consideration

A

base-rate informatiob (relative frequency of events)

169
Q

how does the representativeness impact our assesment of causality?

A

big effects are thought to have big causes

170
Q

astrology takes advantage of what heuristic?

A

representativeness heuristic

171
Q

the joint effect of representativeness and availability creates what

A

illusory correlation

172
Q

regression fallacy

A

failure to recognize the influence of the regression effect and to instead offer a causal theory

173
Q

influence of behavior on attitude is ____ than most expect

A

stronger

174
Q

3 components of attitudes

A

emotional, cognitive, behavior

175
Q

how to measure atittudes

A
  • directly: by asking
  • indirectly: response latency (accessibility of the attitude) or centrality of the attitude
  • implicitely: associations with + or - stimuli, nonverbal measures, physiological indicators
176
Q

give an example of something that competes with attitudes to determine beahvior

A

understanding of prevailing norms

177
Q

why is introspection sometimes “bad”?

A

if you introspect and try to find the reasons behind your atitude it can lead you to find the easiest-to-identify reason and mislead you on your attitude and consequent behavior

178
Q

in what cases does introspection have a bad effect for thinking of our attitudes?

A

only when the source of our attitude is hard to pin down

179
Q

how come bahevior affect attitude?

A

due to our powerful tendency to justify or rationalize our behavior and to minimize any inconsistancies between attitudes and actions

180
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

inconsistency between our thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state

181
Q

how do we try to reduce dissonance?

A

by rationalizing

182
Q

cognitive dissonance makes us do what after we take a decision?

A

be more confident in our decision and come up with excuses for it

183
Q

dissonance reduction takes place after what kind of decision? (selon Festinger)

A

irrevocable decision

184
Q

effort justification

A

the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, and money devoted to something that turned out disapointing

185
Q

induced (forced) compliance

A

subtly compelling people to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values in order to elicit dissonance and therefore a change in their original attitudes and values

186
Q

describe the first study about congitive dissonance and induced compliance (1$ vs 20$)

A

people were told to lie to a participant about a study being intersting for 1$ or 20$. participants given 1$ changed their opinion about the study so that what they were saying wasn’t such a lie and to feel better about themselves.
participants given 20$ did not change their opinion because 20$ is enough to justify their lie.

187
Q

to influence someone to do something, you should use the ____ (least or most) incentive to let them have to rationalize their behavior to get rid of their dissonance

A

least

188
Q

what happens to the kids who could not play with the 2nd toy because fo a mild vs severe threat?

A
  • the kids who had the mild threat thought of the 2nd toy as less (resolve the dissonance by devaluing the toy)
  • the kids who had the severe threat ended up liking the toy more (no dissonance because the severe threat was a reasonable excuse not to play with the toy)
189
Q

inconsistency will arouse dissonance in what cases?

A

if it implicates our core sense of self (rationality, morally upright)

190
Q

BUT we only experience dissonance if it implicatse our core sense of self and if what else?

A

the decision was freely chosen, the behavior was not justified, the behavior had negative consequences, the negative consequences were foreseeable

191
Q

if dissonance results from threats to people’s sense of themselves as rational, competent, and moral beings, it follows that they can ward off dissonance both directly by dealing with the specific threat itself, and _____ ….

A

indirectly, by taking stock of their other good qualities and core values (SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY)

192
Q

in what cases was dissonance observed in japanese people?

A

if they were led to think that other people were observing their behavior or if their decision affected someone else

193
Q

self-perception theory

A

people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occured and then inferring their attitude

194
Q

when does self-perception theory come into play?

A

when our prior attitudes are weak, ambiguous and uninterpretable, when we end up in the same position as an outside observer

195
Q

example of how self-perception theory fucks up cognitive dissonance theory (1$ vs 20$)

A

an observe of the study assumes that whoever lied after being offered only 1$ must have not found the study that boring. not because they wanted to reduce dissonance.

196
Q

difference between cognitive dissonance and self-perception theory

A

cognitive dissonance is based on the fact that the mismatch between behavior and attitude create unpleasent feelings that push us to change our attitude to reduce inconsistency.
Self-perception theory says that the mismatch does not cause unpleasent feelings, we just infer our attitude must be in line with behavior.

197
Q

what are proofs for cognittive dissonance theory?

A
  • eplicit self-report
  • implicit measure: electromyographic activity of facial muscles associated with arousal, recordings of brain activity
198
Q

conclusion: both dissonance and slef-perception occur. in what cases for each?

A
  • cognitive dissonance rduction when behavior is inconsistent with previous attitude
  • self-perception when behavior conflicts with attitudes that are vague or less important
199
Q

if were induced to make specific bodily movements associated with certain attitudes we might …

A

find it easier to have those very attitudes

200
Q

system justification theory

A

people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system as desirable, fair, and legitimate

201
Q

Terror management theory

A

people deal with the potentially crippling anxiety associated with the inevitability of death by striving for symbolic immortality through preserving valued cultural woldvies and by believing they have lived up to their culture’s standards

202
Q

selon TMT, making death salient does what?

A

make people want to be more in touch with the groups they associate with

203
Q

hindsight bias

A

people’s tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted it

204
Q

how to obtain a representative sample?

A

give everyone in the population an equal chance of being chosen

205
Q

what is self-selection

A

what makes correlational research unreliable (participants decided the level of a variable ex weather the participant grew up in povrety) but then you don’t know the unknown variables

206
Q

correlation values?

A

1 = perfect correlation
0.3 = mid relationship
0.1 = weak relationship

207
Q

longitudinal study

A

study conducted at different point in times with the same participants

208
Q

independent variable

A
  • correlational study: the variable that is measured
  • experimental study: the variable that is manipulated
209
Q

dependent variable

A

measured variable in experimental study

210
Q

external validity

A

how well a study generalizese to context outside the conditions of the lab

211
Q

field experiment

A

study performed in the wild,usually participants are unaware

212
Q

internal validity

A

confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the result

213
Q

what is essantial for internal validity?

A

random assignment to the different groups + realistic experimental setup

214
Q

what makes an experiment lack internal validity

A

when there is a 3rd variable

215
Q

reliability

A

how the varibale is measure provides consistent results

216
Q

measurement validity

A

correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict

217
Q

what is the measurement validiti of personality tests?

A

.3

218
Q

measures to increase replicability

A

increase sample size, reporting ALL mesures, preregistration

219
Q

deception research

A

research in which the participants are mislead about the purpose of the research

220
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

there is no sense of self until we take account of other’s perspectives of us

221
Q

is there a lot of overlap between how we see ourselves and how others see us?

A

no

222
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimate the attention we attract

223
Q

MUM effect

A

people don’t often tell us how they REALLY feel about us

224
Q

do we self-enhance more to strangers or friends?

A

strangers

225
Q

why do we self-verify?

A

because we need to predict outhers responses to have positive interactions

226
Q

self verification was prooven because people with low self-esteem interact with what kind of people?

A

people who see them in unfavorable way

227
Q

what is our automatic vs conscious response when it comes to self presentation?

A

automatic = self-enhancement
conscious = self-verification

228
Q
A
229
Q

3 motives to self verify

A
  • firmly held self view
  • enduring relationships
  • interactional consequences
230
Q

2 types of expectancy confirmation

A
  • behavioral confirmation: prooved by behavior
  • congitive confirmation: ambiguous behavior, but you assume it’s consistent with the expectancy
231
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

you present by how you feel the other person would expect from this (belief influences people’s behavior

232
Q

women being assertive or tentive: more success at influencing men or women?

A

more success influencing men when they are tentative.
more success influencing women when they are assertive.

233
Q

generally, women have more difficulty of influencing others when they rely on what?

A

competence and authority

234
Q

a hit to the ego causes what behavior?

A

compensation (wanting to proove you are worthy enough)

235
Q

when is the teacher expectancy effect the strongest? why?

A

in the first grades because the kids don’t have a clear idea of themselves.
less strong in the last grades/

236
Q

if you have negative expectancy about someone, how may you structure the interaction?

A

superficial interaction to avoid the negative expectancy

237
Q

in what context do we remember the most info about someone

A

when we are forming an impression of them

238
Q

“mentally healthy person”

A

close contact and accurate view of reality

239
Q

how do women cope with breast cancer?

A

try to have more control over their life.
downward comparison with people worst off.

240
Q

what kind of information about ourself is more quickly and easily processed and recalled

A

positive

241
Q

how does having self-serving attributions make you more likely to help others?

A

because you have a better mood and happier

242
Q

HIV study: what happened to HIV+ patients who had positive vs negative expectations?

A

negative expectations had symptoms sooner

243
Q

what happened to HIV+ people who denied their faith

A

they died on average 9 months later than patient who accepted their faith

244
Q

how was optimisim difference in patients who were HIV+ vs HIV-

A

HIV+ patients were more optimistic (unrealistic optimism)

245
Q

what was the link between unrealistic optimism and risky behavior in the case of HIV?

A

no relation between both

246
Q

planning fallacy

A

thinking you can get more done in a day; thinking you will finish your project before you do

247
Q

the Taylor study on the effect of self-enhancement on stress demonstrated what?

A

self-enhancement seems to reduce stress

248
Q

what was different when chinese canadian people wrote in english vs in chinese?

A

when writing in chinese they were more:
- collective self description
- lower self-esteem
- more balance in positive and negative traits

249
Q

when writing in english, how did the chinese-canadian people write about undesirable traits?

A

they used undesirable traits to describe others more than themselves

250
Q

what about siblings and self-enhancement?

A

peopl self-enhance even with their siblings

251
Q

are illusions universal? how does it differ between cultures?

A

yes, but each culture enhances traits important to then (Ex westerners enhance individual traits, easterners enhance communicty traits like loyalty)

252
Q

what did the daffodil study find about how we judge others?

A

we do not underestimate others (overestimate how many will buy daffodil)

253
Q

below average effect

A

when thinking of something you are not good at, you underestimate how many other people are bad at it

254
Q

how do illusions affect us when we face a stressor?

A

stress buffer

255
Q

is the better or below average effect more frequent?

A

better then average is most frequent

256
Q

what is a deliberative vs implemental mindset?

A

deliberative = still making a decision
implemental = post-decisison making. action plan to achieve goal.

257
Q

in what mindset are illusions not useful?

A

deliberative mindset. we want to be the most impartial as possible

258
Q

what mindset are illusions good for?

A

implemental mindset: when you are focus on reaching your goals, illusions might motivate you

259
Q

when having to choose between 2 attractive females, are you most biased before or after choosing?

A

you are more biased AFTER choosing.

260
Q

how do you process information when in an implemental mindset?

A

you recall the same info as before, but you ENCODE it differently. You filter out information more.

261
Q

in the study about illusion of control on the light, what did the deliberative vs implemental mindset change?

A

people in deliberative mindset has LESS of an illusion of control.
LESS BIASED

262
Q

downfall of deliberative mindset?

A

can paralyze us from making a decision

263
Q

in what kind of deliberation do we tend to become defensive?

A

deliberating about a relationship goal

264
Q

what can self-affirmation do in relation to the prejudices?

A

erase your prejudice!

PSYC215 (3 decks)

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