Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is construal?
A
construal refers to the way individuals perceive, interpret, and make sense of the world around them
2
Q
perception is influenced by what?
A
our need, goals, desires
3
Q
what is wishful seeing?
A
you are more prone to see something that will bring you something positive than negative (ex number 13 instead of letter B is number is for the orange juice and letter for the nasty smoothy)
4
Q
more desired object are seen as closer or farther?
A
closer
5
Q
threats are seen as closer or farther? give an example
A
threats are seen as closer than they really are (ex Yankees fan see Boston as closer than it is; NYU sees Columbia as closer than it is)
6
Q
what is the weapons effect?
A
participants presented a pic of a black picture before a picture of a tool were more likely to mistake the tool for a weapon
7
Q
How is it that social situations are often unambiguous even though we have construals based on our motives, needs, goals?
A
because we are socially attuned to social norma
8
Q
what is naive realism?
A
when you think you know how the world really is, unbiasely, because you are aware of construals
9
Q
iin naive realism, what are the reason why we think others dont understand the world like we do?
A
because theyre are:
- lazy (don’t think enough)
- dumb (don’t understand)
- driven by something else than good judgement (ideology, values, temperament)
10
Q
what did pro-life AND pro-choice people assume about the other side?
A
- that the other’s position was ideological
- underestimated the ambivalence of the other side
11
Q
what is the hostility effect?
A
thinking that the group with oposite views as yours are extra biased in their thinking
12
Q
how does the hostility effect show in the media?
A
people always think that the media is against them and biased to the other side
13
Q
the more disagreement you have with a person, the more you think they are what? and that you are what?
A
they are biased and I am unbiased
14
Q
what is the partisant trade-off bias?
A
when looking at policies and their side effects, you see side effect of your policies as unintended and unavoidable and the opposit side’s as avoidable and intended
15
Q
what does introspection do and does not do?
A
it increases confidence of not being biased.
it does not decrease bias.
16
Q
what could reduce the partisan trade-off bias?
A
increasing trust
17
Q
what was the Milgram experiment?
A
participants were told to give high voltage electric shocks to other participants after being randomly assigned to either position
18
Q
what was the finding of the Milgram experiment?
A
participants kept administering the shocks to very high level under the order of the experimenter, showing that environment really affects our behaviour
19
Q
what is the fundamental attribution error?
A
failure to recognize the importance of situational influence on behavior + tendency to overestimate the role of internal factors in behavior
20
Q
what are channel facotrs?
A
small seamingly unimportant circustances that actually have big consequences on behavior
21
Q
what is Gestalt psychology?
A
approach that stresses the fact that people’s perception of objects involves active, nonconscious interpretation of what the object represents as a whole
22
Q
what is construal?
A
the way we interpret situations and behavior
23
Q
what are schemas?
A
the general knowledge used to help understanding events
24
Q
what kind of attitudes does automatic vs controlled processes give rise to?
A
automatic = implicit attitudes
controlled = explicit attitudes
25
what is the "theory of mind" that came with evolution?
the ability to recognize that other people hvae beliefs and desires and that understanding them allows us to understand and predict their behavior
26
what is the naturalistic fallacy?
the claim that the way things are is the way they should be
27
what brain region is involved in gut-feeling and fear?
amygdala
28
what brain area is involved in the reward circuit?
nucleus accumbens
29
westerners have what kind of culture about the self?
independent / individualistic culture
30
what characterizes interdependent culture?
more about community, people don;t have as much freedom or personal control over their lives and dont really want more control
31
what kind of relationship expectancy are more common in interdependent cultures?
hierarchical, not mutual or equal relationships
32
33
what are some characteristics of working class?
- more family interactions
- value uniqueness less than middle-class
- prefer gifts over chosen objects
34
what is a self-schemata?
cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual's social experiences
(these key aspects to ourselves that become the cornerstone of your identity.)
35
what does it mean to be schematic about a certain trait?
it means that the trait is strongly part of your core
36
what is the phenomenal self?
a summary statement of self relevant information currently accessible (what right now is apart of who you are at this moment)
37
what is the spontaneous self-concept?
Being in a situation brings out part of yourself who wouldn’t normally be there
38
what is the distinctiveness theory?
we are more likely to describe ourselves using distinctive traits and characteristics that make us unique compared to other
39
2 experiments on distinctiveness theory
1. students asked to describe themselves bring up their atypical characteristics compared to their class (ex ethnicity)
2. people placed in groups of 3: if they were the minority gender, they were more likely to mention their gender when describing themselves
40
what is stereotype distinstiveness?
when you are different than the stereotype usually applied to your group (ex: queen of gambits, a girl good at chess), you are more likely to define yourself with that different feature
41
explain the study 2 on stereotypes conducted on african americans and whites about intelligence and athleticism
- people with high GPA had a faster reaction time in describing themselves as intelligent
- african american had a faster reaction time than white because being intelligent is something that is not in the black stereotype
42
describe the study on contextual activation (activating traits that we are not schematic for)
- participants were prompted to describe themselves as introverted (what do you dislike about loud parties) vs extroverted (what do you do to liven up a party)
- they later reported themselves as introverted or extraverted depending on what questions they were asked
43
what is the barnum effect?
when you associated with a super broad personality statement and think 'omg this is so me" when the statement is true for pratically everyone
44
what is the dynamic self-concept?
your WORKING SELF is your core self + other self concepts that are triggered by environment
45
what part of yourelf has high vs low cognitive accessibility?
- core self has high cognitive accessibility
- other situational self concepts have low cognitive accessibility and are more triggered by the environment
46
how do we increase the accessibility to a self-concept?
by using it more FREQUENTLY and RECENTLY
47
what is necessary for a self-concept to be primed?
the self-concept must be available somewhre in you originally
48
priming increases that for a trait?
accessibility
49
describe the study on priming of pro-self or pro-social trait
- participants who were inconsistently pro-self or social
- primed with either competition words or cooperation words
- task: decide how many coins you give vs keep
- results: inconsistently pro-self ppl who were primed with competition were exhibing more competition behavior (keeping more coins), & inconsistently pro-social ppl primed with cooperation were exhibiting more cooperative behavior
50
what is the worlds collide theory
(in a movie) george's girlfriend can not hang out with his friend because george is not the same version of himself with his girlfriend vs with his friends
51
what is self clarity?
sense that you are consistent across contexts: Clear, consistent confident accessible coherent self.
52
what is self complexity?
the more distinct selves you have, the more complex you are
53
what is the Stress buffering hypothesis of self complexity?
if something bad happens to one of your selves, it will not spillover into the other part of your life (other selves)
54
what culture has more self clarity?
western (canadians and american) have more self clarity aka act the same with everyone.
Esterners (eat asians) have more malleable self.
55
where is the consistency in east asian's self complexity?
their self is consistent within context: they act the same way with their parents, act the same way with their friends. that stay consistent
56
explain the language study on individualistic vs community values?
- looked as the use of individual vs community words as countries because more industrialized
- individualistic pronouns increased (china), decision/choosing words increased (UK)
57
what were the conclusions of the study of people who moved cities a lot and their sense of self?
- people who moved more accorded more importance to their personal self and traits and had less of a sense of community.
- people who don't move a lot prefer interacting with people who accurately see my collective self
58
what about the study of frequent movers vs non movers and supporting teams in sports?
- people who moved more support team depending on performance
- people who dont move support team even when its loosing
59
what about the study of frequent mover vs non movers and their social circle?
- frequent movers compartmentalize friends and desire larger social networks
- their frienships are shorter
- feel a duty in their friendship
60
Me/not me reaction times are good to assess what?
chronically accessible self representations (can be influenced by context)
61
the self is not just about the content, it is also about what?
the structure of the selves: how they are all related to eachtoher, what importance they have
62
how does William James think of the self as?
that we have many selves influenced by our environment. but he also think we need to pick the important ones.
63
why do we draw inaccurate conclusions about ourselves?
we don't have access to certain nonconscious mental processes
64
how did schematic vs aschematic people react to the feedback of a personality test that contradicted their self-schemas?
schematic people denied it way more than aschematic people
65
what does it mean that self-knowledge is derived in part from reflected self-appraisals?
self-knowledge is derived from beliefs about what others think of us
66
how do westerners vs easterners recal events?
westerners reecall events from the inside out, with themselves as the center.
easterners recall events from the outside in. they are just one among many cast members.
67
westernization is associated with the development of what kind fo self-construals?
more independent
68
are men or women in the US more interdepedent?
women
69
what are the 2 distinct formed of interdependent self-construal?
1) relational one (connected to individuals)
2) collective one (place in social groups)
70
what is the social comparison theory
the idea that people compare themselves to others to obtain an accurate assesment of their own opinions, abilities, internal states
71
we tend to compare ourselves to who?
people who are similar to us but who we judge as slightly inferior to us
72
why do we compare ourselves to inferior people?
to feel better about ourselves, boost our self-esteem
73
in what context do we compare ourselves to superior people (upward social comparison)
when we focus on improving ourselves
74
what was found about the effect of passive facebook use?
made people feel less up-beat due to feelings of envy
75
what is our social identity? give example
the part of ourselv dervied from group memberships.
ex "I am gay" "I am latina"
76
what do we tend to do when we are part of a group that is particularly important for our self identity?
self-stereotype
77
what is a social effect of low self esteem?
less capable of dealing with life's challenges, more prone to anti-social
78
what is trait vs state self-esteem?
- trait = enduring level of self-esteem across time
- state = dynamic, changeable
79
what is the contingencies of self-worth?
idea that people's self-esteem rely on their win and failures in domains important to them
80
what is a good tactique to keep elevated self-esteem?
stake our self-worth in a wide range of areas
81
what is the sociometer hypothesis?
idea tjat self-esteem is a readout of our social stnading (how accepted we are)
82
what cultures have higher self esteem? why?
westerners because they care more about their self-esteem.
83
instead of improving self-esteem, japanese people focus more on improving ?
skills
84
when told that they performed badly on a task, how did canadians vs japanese respond in the 2nd task?
- canadians worked less hard on 2nd task (avoid their failure)
- japanese worked longer (want to improve)
85
what is self-enhancement?
the desire to maintain, increase, protect positive views of ourself
86
people are more likely to think that they are significantly above average on what kind of traits?
ambiguous traites that are easy to construe in multiple ways (ex sympathetic)
87
how do we tend to judge others vs ourselves?
we judge others by how they are on average, but we judge ourselves by how we are at our best
88
self-affirmation theory
"okay I did bad on the test, but at least I worked a lot of hours this week"
89
what is a positive side effect of self-affirmations?
they help minize a wide range of defensive and potentially harmful behaviors that people exhibit when faced with threat (ex take responsibility only for success)
90
how do people react to health new after self-affirming?
they are more receptive and engage in healthier behaviors
91
are illusions about the self good or bad?
good they enhance well-being and are associated with higher self-esteem
92
do japanese or americans self-enhance more?
americans
93
what happened to college students who enter university with self-enhancing beliefs?
downward trajectory for self-esteem and well-being
94
self verification
striving for others to see us as we view ourselves (opposite of self enhancement)
95
self enhancement vs verification are more relevant for what kind of responses?
enhancement = emotional response
verification = cognitive assesment
96
self-discrepancy theory
behavior is motivated by our ideal and our ought self
97
ought self
the self that is concerned with the duties and obligations
98
promotion focus
focus on attaining positive outcomes through behaviors
99
prevention focus
avoid negative outcomes
100
relation between inter/independent culture and focus
- independent = promotion focus
- interdependent = prevention
101
what good does it do to focus on higher level construals?
helps with self-control;
allows to see the bigger picture and long-term goals
102
implementation intention
goal-directed behavior (IF -> then)
If my brother is annoying, then i'll ignore him
103
self presentation
presenting the person we want others to see us as
104
self-handicapping
tendency to engage in self-defeating behavior to have an excuse ready if you fail
105
how do we tend to present ourselves online?
accurately
106
what are the 3 components of an attitude?
emotional, cognitive, behavioral
107
what are attitudes useful for?
cognitive heuristics: enable us to judge quickly whether stuffis good or bad to help us make decisions
108
what is the bogus pipeline?
A mechanical device that supposedly records our true feelings like a lie detector test. help us measure attitudes
109
indirect ways to measure attitudes
- observable beahvior: reaction time, heart rate, brain waves, MRI
110
pros and cons of indirect measures of attitudes
pros:
- not easily controllable
- information on accessibility
cons:
- interpretive a biguity
- not precise
111
do attitudes always predict behavior?
no
112
what affects the strength of an attitude?
- amount of information on that attitude
- how the information is acquired (ex personal experience = strong attitude)
- how accessible the information is
113
correspondence principle
Whether attitudes will better predict behavior depends on how well the measured attitude corresponds to behavior (how precise the attitude is)(ex liberal party vs voting for justin trudeau)
114
general attitudes are more likely to predict what?
general behavior
ex attitude toward religion didnt predict a specific action of going to church every week, but predicted better an aggregation of religious behaviors
115
theory of planned behavior: what components shape behavioral intentions?
attitude, subjective norms, percieved control
116
in the theory of planned behavior, what is the subjective norm and the percieved behavioral control?
subjective norm = how your environment thinks
percieved behavioural control = how much control you think you have over the situation
117
what do the 3 groups say about our control over our bheavior: freud, behaviorism, humanist
- Freud: says that biological impulses give rise to unconscious intrapsychic conflict
- Behaviorism: says that our environment governs our behavior
- Humanists: we have the power to regulate our environment – sense of agency
118
what is semantic priming?
Word presented influences processing and memory for associated words
119
explain the study on priming aggressive behaviors
participants primed with hostility synonyms gave higher electric shocks
120
semantic priming shows that priming triggers what?
associated cognition
121
what did the study about priming people to gamble show?
priming works with logic. if people had cards between 1 and 7 (low chance to win) they still would not bet after priming
122
what do you need for a subliminal persuasion to work?
- thought (prima)
- also a goal
123
in what context do people do mimicry more?
when they are primed with the goal of affiliation and when the goal has not been satisfied yet.
124
if you associate your mom with goals 1, 2, 3, 4, but your dad only with goal 1, priming with which of the 2 will motivate you to do better to reach goal 1?
priming with dad
125
how does our unconscious snap judgments about people with babyface affect them?
they are seen as trustworthy people and recieve more favprable treatment as defendants in court, but have a harder time getting adult jobsa
126
are snap judgment reliable?
there is often some truth to it. there is def usually a consensus, but consensus is not accuracy.
126
why is th desire to become rich considered an external cause for why someone wants to become famous?
because most people want to become rich its pretty general.
127
covariation principle
the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the observed behavior
128
distinctiveness
what an individual does in different situations (is a behavior unique to a situation or no)
129
when is a situational attribution relevant? give ex
when consensus is high and when distinctiveness if high (ex you like your math class because the prof is cool (consensus) but you usually hate math (distinctiveness)
130
when is dispositional attribution relevant? give ex
when consensus is low (you are the only one who likes the math class) and distinctiveness is low (you usually love math)
131
discounting principle
you attribute reduced weight to a possible cause of behavior because there are other plausible possible causes
132
counterfactual thinking
consideration of what might have, could have or sould have happened if only a few minor things were done differently.
133
emotional amplification
emotional reaction more intense if the event almost didn't happen
134
according to emotional amplification principle, the pain or joy we derive from an event tends to be proportional to what?
how easy it is to imagine it didn't happen
135
people often rationally infer the cause of behavior based on 2 principles:
covariation and discounting principles
136
what is the self-serving attributionnal bias
blaming successes on yourself, blaming failure on external circumstances
137
fundamental attribution error
assuming that someone acts a certain way because that's how they are, and not giving enough credit to the situation
138
why is the fundamental attribution error so common?
because we tend to attribute the cause of behavior to something that stands out, and humans stand out more than the environment
139
what is the actor-observer difference
difference in attributions: actor are more likely to make situational attributions, observers more likely to make dispositional attributions
140
in what culture is the fundamental attribution error more common
western (independent) culture because we pay less attention to situations
141
americans vs japanese: who is better at relativevs absolute judgment? why?
american better at absolute judgment, japanese better at relative judgment because they take the context into account more
142
what kind of attribution (situational of dispositional) are east asians more likely to do?
situational
143
primacy vs recency effect
primacy: first information presented has more effect
recency: last info presented has more effect
144
when does primacy effect occur?
when the information in ambiguous
145
when does recency effect occur?
last items come more readily to mind
146
framing effect
influence on judgment rsulting from how the information is presented
147
spin framing
varies the content not just the order of what is presented. big in marketing and polotics
148
information framed in a _____ terms tends to elicit stronger response
negative (ex 10 ppl dying on 100; instead of 90% chance survival)
149
construal level theory
TEMPORAL PERSPECTIVE: distant actions are abstract, close actions and concrete
150
example of construal level theory with moving
distant: in a month im helping my friend move
close: tomorrow i need to carry a couch up 3 floors
151
confirmation bias
tendency to prove a proposition by looking for evidence for it but not against it
152
how does social media make the confirmation bias worst
creating social bubbles
153
what is motivated confirmation bias
when you deliberitaly look away at evidence against your opinion and embrace evidence for your opinion
154
bottom-up processing vs top-down processing
- bottom-up: form conclusion from interpreting new info from environment (data driven)
- top-down: form conclusions from new information based pre-existing info - theory driven
155
schemas (pre-existing information patterns) influence 4 things that rule how we see the world
attention, memory, construals, behavior
156
how does schemas affect memory?
information that fits a preexisting schema is easier to remember
157
in what context do we rely more on top-down processed?
when the information presented is ambigous. top-down allows to compensate for the inadequacies of the information obtained from bottom-up
158
our response to stimuli are guided by what?
intuition and reason
159
heuristic
intuitive mental operations performed quickly and automatically that provide efficient answers to common problems of judgment
160
availability heuristic
judgments of frequency or probabylity of an event based on how readily pertinent instances come to mind
161
representativeness heuristic
try to categorize something by judging how similar it is to our conception of the typical member of the category
162
why is the availability heuristic not reliable?
certain events may simply be more memorable or retrievable than others but not actually more frequent
163
one area in which availability heuristic can lead to trouble
risk assesment of things (overestimate the frequency of dramatic events)
164
how does the availability heuristic affect our estimates of contributions to joint projects
we give ourselves more credit than we should. even in couple when it came to "who starts more arguments" people always say "me" because they remember more the arguments they start
165
what is fluency?
feeling of ease associated with processing information (easier stimuli to process)
166
disfluency leads people to have what kind of approach when processing new info?
slow down, be careful
167
representativeness is based on what?
stereotypes
168
when using the representativeness heuristic, what type of information needs to be taken into consideration
base-rate informatiob (relative frequency of events)
169
how does the representativeness impact our assesment of causality?
big effects are thought to have big causes
170
astrology takes advantage of what heuristic?
representativeness heuristic
171
the joint effect of representativeness and availability creates what
illusory correlation
172
regression fallacy
failure to recognize the influence of the regression effect and to instead offer a causal theory
173
influence of behavior on attitude is ____ than most expect
stronger
174
3 components of attitudes
emotional, cognitive, behavior
175
how to measure atittudes
- directly: by asking
- indirectly: response latency (accessibility of the attitude) or centrality of the attitude
- implicitely: associations with + or - stimuli, nonverbal measures, physiological indicators
176
give an example of something that competes with attitudes to determine beahvior
understanding of prevailing norms
177
why is introspection sometimes "bad"?
if you introspect and try to find the reasons behind your atitude it can lead you to find the easiest-to-identify reason and mislead you on your attitude and consequent behavior
178
in what cases does introspection have a bad effect for thinking of our attitudes?
only when the source of our attitude is hard to pin down
179
how come bahevior affect attitude?
due to our powerful tendency to justify or rationalize our behavior and to minimize any inconsistancies between attitudes and actions
180
cognitive dissonance theory
inconsistency between our thoughts, sentiments, and actions create an aversive emotional state
181
how do we try to reduce dissonance?
by rationalizing
182
cognitive dissonance makes us do what after we take a decision?
be more confident in our decision and come up with excuses for it
183
dissonance reduction takes place after what kind of decision? (selon Festinger)
irrevocable decision
184
effort justification
the tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, and money devoted to something that turned out disapointing
185
induced (forced) compliance
subtly compelling people to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values in order to elicit dissonance and therefore a change in their original attitudes and values
186
describe the first study about congitive dissonance and induced compliance (1$ vs 20$)
people were told to lie to a participant about a study being intersting for 1$ or 20$. participants given 1$ changed their opinion about the study so that what they were saying wasn't such a lie and to feel better about themselves.
participants given 20$ did not change their opinion because 20$ is enough to justify their lie.
187
to influence someone to do something, you should use the ____ (least or most) incentive to let them have to rationalize their behavior to get rid of their dissonance
least
188
what happens to the kids who could not play with the 2nd toy because fo a mild vs severe threat?
- the kids who had the mild threat thought of the 2nd toy as less (resolve the dissonance by devaluing the toy)
- the kids who had the severe threat ended up liking the toy more (no dissonance because the severe threat was a reasonable excuse not to play with the toy)
189
inconsistency will arouse dissonance in what cases?
if it implicates our core sense of self (rationality, morally upright)
190
BUT we only experience dissonance if it implicatse our core sense of self and if what else?
the decision was freely chosen, the behavior was not justified, the behavior had negative consequences, the negative consequences were foreseeable
191
if dissonance results from threats to people's sense of themselves as rational, competent, and moral beings, it follows that they can ward off dissonance both directly by dealing with the specific threat itself, and _____ ....
indirectly, by taking stock of their other good qualities and core values (SELF-AFFIRMATION THEORY)
192
in what cases was dissonance observed in japanese people?
if they were led to think that other people were observing their behavior or if their decision affected someone else
193
self-perception theory
people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occured and then inferring their attitude
194
when does self-perception theory come into play?
when our prior attitudes are weak, ambiguous and uninterpretable, when we end up in the same position as an outside observer
195
example of how self-perception theory fucks up cognitive dissonance theory (1$ vs 20$)
an observe of the study assumes that whoever lied after being offered only 1$ must have not found the study that boring. not because they wanted to reduce dissonance.
196
difference between cognitive dissonance and self-perception theory
cognitive dissonance is based on the fact that the mismatch between behavior and attitude create unpleasent feelings that push us to change our attitude to reduce inconsistency.
Self-perception theory says that the mismatch does not cause unpleasent feelings, we just infer our attitude must be in line with behavior.
197
what are proofs for cognittive dissonance theory?
- explicit self-report
- implicit measure: electromyographic activity of facial muscles associated with arousal, recordings of brain activity
198
conclusion: both dissonance and slef-perception occur. in what cases for each?
- cognitive dissonance reduction when behavior is inconsistent with previous attitude
- self-perception when behavior conflicts with attitudes that are vague or less important
199
if were induced to make specific bodily movements associated with certain attitudes we might ...
find it easier to have those very attitudes
200
system justification theory
people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system as desirable, fair, and legitimate
201
Terror management theory
people deal with the potentially crippling anxiety associated with the inevitability of death by striving for symbolic immortality through preserving valued cultural woldvies and by believing they have lived up to their culture's standards
202
selon TMT, making death salient does what?
make people want to be more in touch with the groups they associate with
203
hindsight bias
people's tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted it
204
how to obtain a representative sample?
give everyone in the population an equal chance of being chosen
205
what is self-selection
what makes correlational research unreliable (participants decided the level of a variable ex weather the participant grew up in povrety) but then you don't know the unknown variables
206
correlation values?
1 = perfect correlation
0.3 = mid relationship
0.1 = weak relationship
207
longitudinal study
study conducted at different point in times with the same participants
208
independent variable
- correlational study: the variable that is measured
- experimental study: the variable that is manipulated
209
dependent variable
measured variable in experimental study
210
external validity
how well a study generalizese to context outside the conditions of the lab
211
field experiment
study performed in the wild,usually participants are unaware
212
internal validity
confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the result
213
what is essential for internal validity?
random assignment to the different groups + realistic experimental setup
214
what makes an experiment lack internal validity
when there is a 3rd variable
215
reliability
how the varibale is measure provides consistent results
216
measurement validity
correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict
217
what is the measurement validiti of personality tests?
.3
218
measures to increase replicability
increase sample size, reporting ALL mesures, preregistration
219
deception research
research in which the participants are mislead about the purpose of the research
220
what is symbolic interactionism?
there is no sense of self until we take account of other's perspectives of us
221
is there a lot of overlap between how we see ourselves and how others see us?
no
222
spotlight effect
overestimate the attention we attract
223
MUM effect
people don't often tell us how they REALLY feel about us
224
do we self-enhance more to strangers or friends?
strangers
225
why do we self-verify?
because we need to predict others responses to have positive interactions
226
self verification was prooven because people with low self-esteem interact with what kind of people?
people who see them in unfavorable way
227
what is our automatic vs conscious response when it comes to self presentation?
automatic = self-enhancement
conscious = self-verification
228
3 motives to self verify
- firmly held self view
- enduring relationships
- interactional consequences
229
2 types of expectancy confirmation
- behavioral confirmation: prooved by behavior
- congitive confirmation: ambiguous behavior, but you assume it's consistent with the expectancy
230
self-fulfilling prophecy
you present by how you feel the other person would expect from this (belief influences people's behavior
231
women being assertive or tentive: more success at influencing men or women?
more success influencing men when they are tentative.
more success influencing women when they are assertive.
232
generally, women have more difficulty of influencing others when they rely on what?
competence and authority
233
a hit to the ego causes what behavior?
compensation (wanting to proove you are worthy enough)
234
when is the teacher expectancy effect the strongest? why?
in the first grades because the kids don't have a clear idea of themselves.
less strong in the last grades/
235
if you have negative expectancy about someone, how may you structure the interaction?
superficial interaction to avoid the negative expectancy
236
in what context do we remember the most info about someone
when we are forming an impression of them
237
"mentally healthy person"
close contact and accurate view of reality
238
how do women cope with breast cancer?
try to have more control over their life.
downward comparison with people worst off.
239
what kind of information about ourself is more quickly and easily processed and recalled
positive
240
how does having self-serving attributions make you more likely to help others?
because you have a better mood and happier
241
HIV study: what happened to HIV+ patients who had positive vs negative expectations?
negative expectations had symptoms sooner
242
what happened to HIV+ people who denied their faith
they died on average 9 months later than patient who accepted their faith
243
how was optimism different in patients who were HIV+ vs HIV-
HIV+ patients were more optimistic (unrealistic optimism)
244
what was the link between unrealistic optimism and risky behavior in the case of HIV?
no relation between both
245
planning fallacy
thinking you can get more done in a day; thinking you will finish your project before you do
246
the Taylor study on the effect of self-enhancement on stress demonstrated what?
self-enhancement seems to reduce stress
247
what was different when chinese canadian people wrote in english vs in chinese?
when writing in chinese they were more:
- collective self description
- lower self-esteem
- more balance in positive and negative traits
248
when writing in english, how did the chinese-canadian people write about undesirable traits?
they used undesirable traits to describe others more than themselves
249
what about siblings and self-enhancement?
peopl self-enhance even with their siblings
250
are illusions universal? how does it differ between cultures?
yes, but each culture enhances traits important to then (Ex westerners enhance individual traits, easterners enhance communicty traits like loyalty)
251
what did the daffodil study find about how we judge others?
we do not underestimate others (overestimate how many will buy daffodil)
252
below average effect
when thinking of something you are not good at, you underestimate how many other people are bad at it
253
how do illusions affect us when we face a stressor?
stress buffer
254
is the better or below average effect more frequent?
better then average is most frequent
255
what is a deliberative vs implemental mindset?
deliberative = still making a decision
implemental = post-decisison making. action plan to achieve goal.
256
in what mindset are illusions not useful?
deliberative mindset. we want to be the most impartial as possible
257
what mindset are illusions good for?
implemental mindset: when you are focus on reaching your goals, illusions might motivate you
258
when having to choose between 2 attractive females, are you most biased before or after choosing?
you are more biased AFTER choosing.
259
how do you process information when in an implemental mindset?
you recall the same info as before, but you ENCODE it differently. You filter out information more.
260
in the study about illusion of control on the light, what did the deliberative vs implemental mindset change?
people in deliberative mindset has LESS of an illusion of control.
LESS BIASED
261
downfall of deliberative mindset?
can paralyze us from making a decision
262
in what kind of deliberation do we tend to become defensive?
deliberating about a relationship goal
263
what can self-affirmation do in relation to the prejudices?
erase your prejudice!
264
how did people in deliberative vs implemental mindset answer the question "when answering the question “how long will your relationship last” ?
deliberative mindset were more realistic! had less illusions
265
what happened to the prejudice of people who go a threat to their self?
incrreased prejudice (more homophobic attitudes)
