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KIN 121 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

BMI

A

weight relative to height

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2
Q

BMI formula

A

Weight (kg) / Height Squared (m^2)

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3
Q

Designated Obese BMI

A

> 30

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4
Q

Increased risk of disease BMI

A

> 25

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5
Q

Crural Index

A

lower leg relative to upper leg

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6
Q

Brachial index

A

lower arm relative to upper arm

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7
Q

Androgyny index

A

shoulders relative to hips

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8
Q

why are children more cold sensitive

A

they have larger surface area relative to volume

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9
Q

most common model in body composition analyses is the 2 component model of the body which groups all tissues into

A

Lean Body Mass
Fat Body Mass

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10
Q

Lean Body Mass

A

includes skeletal muscle, bone, water

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11
Q

Fat body mass

A

storage fat vs essential fat

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12
Q

storage fat

A

accumulates as adipose, is an energy reserve, and protects organs

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13
Q

essential fat

A

bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestines, muscle

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14
Q

female hip shape

A

gynoid (pear)

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15
Q

male hip shape

A

android (apple)

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16
Q

gold standard for all methods of body composition calculations

A

Hydrostatic

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17
Q

archimedes principle

A

amount of water spilled equals volume in space that body occupies

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18
Q

density =

A

mass / volume

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19
Q

air displacement has to correct for

A

air in the lungs (residual volume)
air in the gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

bioelectric impedence

A

influenced by hydration level; based on differences between fat free mass and fat mass

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21
Q

Skinfold thickness

A

% body fat calculations
sum of skinfolds

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22
Q

three types of somatotyping

A

endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy

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23
Q

sex difference for somatotypes

A

males - mesomorphic
females - endomorphic

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24
Q

endomorphic

A

roundness

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25
Q

mesomorphic

A

muscularity

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26
Q

ectomorphic

A

linearity

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27
Q

functional unit of a muscle

A

sarcomere

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28
Q

muscle contraction (2 points)

A

sarcomeres shortening
actin sliding over myosin

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29
Q

crossbridge formation

A

signal comes from motor nerve activating fibre, heads of myosin attach themselves to actin filaments

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30
Q

crossbridge movement

A

shortening of the sarcomeres, shortening of each sarcomere is additive

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31
Q

outer membrane of a muscle fibre

A

sarcolemma

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32
Q

if fewer cross bridges form

A

less muscular tension

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33
Q

net like labyrinth of tubules inside muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

connective tissue (3 points)

A
  • composed of collagen
  • surrounds all myofibrils, muscle fibres
  • continous with tendon that joins muscle to bone
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35
Q

attached to bones to create movement

A

muscles

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36
Q

strong fibrous tissues that attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

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37
Q

for muscle to contract, needs a drive mechanism called:

A

a motor unit / motor endplate

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38
Q

synapses

A

gaps between adjoining nerves

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39
Q

impulses cross gap (______) to innervate muscle

A

motor end plate

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40
Q

gaps crossed using neurotransmitter _______

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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41
Q

impulse travels

A

over the sarcolemma
through t-tubules
causing calcium to be released

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42
Q

slow twitch

A

contract slowly, fatigue resistant, lower power

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43
Q

fast twitch

A

contract quickly, fatigue quickly, generates greater force

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44
Q

colours of fibres

A

fast - white
slow - red

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45
Q

muscle biopsy shows that FT fibres have more:

A

dense packed myofibrils (Glycogenic)
large diameter

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46
Q

muscle biopsy shows that ST fibres have more:

A

capillaries (blood vessels, oxidative)
small diameter

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47
Q

Fill in:

_____________ connects to __________ via t-tubules

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcolemma

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48
Q

contractions are driven by neural impulses called

A

action potentials

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49
Q

when a sarcomere shortens during contraction

A

concentric

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50
Q

when a sarcomere lengthens contraction

A

eccentric

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51
Q

5 Steps in muscle contraction

A
  1. Acetylcholine released
  2. Action potential reaches t-tubule
  3. SR releases Calcium from storage
  4. Active site exposure, cross-bridging
  5. Contraction begins
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52
Q

Central NS

A

brain + spinal cord

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53
Q

Peripheral NS

A

all neural tissue outside CNS that connects the CNS w/ the rest of the body

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54
Q

cerebral cortex

A

plans and initiates VOLUNTARY motor activity

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55
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates complex motor patterns

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56
Q

medulla

A

brain stem and spinal cord, simple cranial and spinal reflexes, regulates cardiovascular/respiratory systems

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57
Q

sensory cortex

A

collects info from various sensors throughout body AND TRANSMITS TO THE BRAIN

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58
Q

motor cortex

A

conducts signals to activate MUSCLE CONTRACTION (brain to muscle)

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59
Q

efferent impulse

A

carry signals from motor cortex to muscles

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60
Q

muscle fibre contains _________ made up of _________

A

myofibrils
contractile proteins

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61
Q

greatest muscle soreness

A

eccentric

62
Q

greatest hypertrophy

A

eccentric

63
Q

which type of contraction generates the greatest force? In Order

A

Eccentric
Isometric
Concentric

64
Q

define flexibility

A

range of motion about a joint or series of joints

65
Q

afferent impulse

A

starts at receptor and carries a signal to the sensory cortex in the brain

66
Q

receptors for the proprioceptive system

A

muscle spindles
golgi tendon organ
joint capsule receptors

67
Q

muscle spindles role

A

sense stretch

68
Q

golgi tendon organ role

A

sense tension (to relax muscle)

69
Q

joint capsule receptors role

A

sense compression

70
Q

essential fat average in males

A

3% of body weight

71
Q

essential fat average in females

A

12% of body weight

72
Q

% of storage fat that accumulates as adipose in males and females

A

male 12%
female 15%

73
Q

universal energy donor / currency

A

ATP

74
Q

physical fitness

A

the ability of the body to adjust to the demands & stresses of physical effort

measure of one’s physical health

75
Q

physical activity

A

any movement carried out by the SKELETAL muscles that results in energy expenditure

76
Q

exercise

A

planned or structured physical activity that usually involves repetitive bodily movements with the goal of improving physical fitnesss

77
Q

four components of fitness

A

strength
power
flexibility
muscular endurance

78
Q

strength

A

the max. force a muslce can generate in 1 contraction in no time limit

79
Q

strength can be increased via

A

myogenesis

80
Q

myogenesis

A

development of muscular tissue

81
Q

hypertrophy

A

growth of muscle by increasing # of contractile proteins

82
Q

is hypertrophy an increase in the # of muscle fibres, and why

A

NO, only increases the # of contractile proteins

83
Q

by increasing contractile protein

A

of fibres doesnt change, but the density of contractile protein in myofibrils increases

84
Q

neurogenesis

A

increasing the neural signals to the muscle by concentrating on high speed or high force contractions

85
Q

resistance training

A

training using an opposing force

86
Q

disadvantage of calisthenics

A

no external resistance + lack of programming

87
Q

when muscle force equals the load

A

isometric

88
Q

when muscle force exceeds the load

A

concentric

89
Q

when muscle is shortened

A

concentric

90
Q

when muscle force is less than the load

A

eccentric

91
Q

when muscle is lengthened

A

eccentric

92
Q

diminished strength and balance is associated with

A

muscle loss

93
Q

maximal force changes as

A

joint angle changes

94
Q

if we want maximum force at all angles…

A

must use variable resistance (different resistance @ different angles)

95
Q

why do females generally have less relative strength

A

they have greater adiposity, and males have better hypertrophy

96
Q

power

A

maximum force a muscle generates in minimum time

97
Q

integration of myogenic and neurogenic

A

power training

98
Q

greater internal force =

A

greater ability to overcome external resistance + faster acceleration

99
Q

how do muscle fibres respond to high resistance training

A

fibres increase in DIAMETER

100
Q

before training power:

A

train muscular endurance, contraction speed and strength

101
Q

muscular endurance

A

ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of long duration (high repetitions)

102
Q

repetitive contractions result in metabolic adaptations to supply a continuous supply of energy, thus:

A

increase mitochondria
increased stores of glycogen + fats
increased aerobic enzymes
increased capillaries

103
Q

passive ROM

A

ROM attained w/ external force

104
Q

active ROM

A

ROM attained w/ internal force

105
Q

passive shows that

A

tissues are elongated

106
Q

what limits range of motion

A

bony articulations, tissues (muscle + connective tissue), myotatic reflex

107
Q

collagen

A

structure and support, increases as we age

108
Q

elastin

A

stretch ability protein, rubberband like

109
Q

increased collagen means

A

reduced elastability

110
Q

fast stretching elicits

A

stretch reflex

111
Q

motor units

A

group of fibres activated by the same nerve (all fibres must be the same type)

112
Q

steps in afferent impulse

A

receptor –> spinal tract –> medulla –> sensory cortex –> cerebellum –> spinal reflex

113
Q

vestibular system

A

tells us where body is in space

114
Q

proprioceptive system

A

tells us where body parts are relative to our body

115
Q

semi circular canals are apart of ____

A

vestibular system

116
Q

steps in efferent impulse

A

cerebrum (motor cortex) –> cerebellum –> medulla –> spinal tract and specific nerve –> motor endplate

117
Q

muscles are driven by neural impulses which can be:

A

volitional or reflexive

118
Q

reflexive impulse

A

protects from pain/stretch/injury

119
Q

volitional impulse

A

sensory neurons send info

120
Q

hydrolysis of ATP

A

breakdown of atp to adp by use of water

121
Q

what happens to atp during hydrolysis

A

phosphate (P) released from ATP

122
Q

3 energy systems

A

stored phosphocreatine
anaerobic glycolytic system
aerobic oxidative system

123
Q

biochemical processes that need energy (ATP)

A

muscular work
thermoregulation
digestion

124
Q

what can be broken down to create energy

A

carbohydrates and fats; as well as stored proteins ONLY when under starvation

125
Q

duration of stored phosphocreatine

A

7-12 seconds

126
Q

stored phosphocreatine

A

produce very large amount of energy in short time

127
Q

anaerobic glycolysis starts when

A

the reserves of high energy phosphate compounds fall to a low level

128
Q

where does anaerobic glycolysis occur

A

sarcoplasm (free fluid of muscle)

129
Q

anaerobic glycolysis duration

A

20 seconds to 3 minutes

130
Q

byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis

A

2 molecules of lactic acid

131
Q

products of anaerobic glycolysis per molecule glucose

A

2 molecules of ATP

132
Q

lactic acid is used to store…

A

pyruvate and hydrogen ions until they can be processed by aerobic system

133
Q

method of lactate elimination

A

increasing muscle blood flow
train ability to metabloize lactate and rate of diffusion

134
Q

where does aerobic production occur

A

mitochondria

135
Q

how can you increase aerobic ATP production with training

A

increase number of mitochondria

136
Q

how much more ATP does aerobic process produces relative to anaerobic

A

18 times more ATP (36 per glucose molecule)

137
Q

krebs cycle takes place in

A

mitochondria

138
Q

cori cycle takes place in

A

liver

139
Q

how much energy yield from 1 molecule of fat

A

460 ATP molecules

140
Q

downside of fat breakdown relative to glucose

A

harder to breakdown

141
Q

krebs cycle

A

production of atp in mitochondria of cells (muscle cells in this case) using cho and fats

142
Q

cori cycle

A

lactic acid is taken to the liver to be metabolized back into pyruvic acid and then glucoses

143
Q

substrates for aerobic system

A

glycogen and glucose
triglycerides and fatty acids

144
Q

each gram of fat contains

A

9 calories

145
Q

aerobic system duration

A

MORE than 3 minutes

146
Q

myoglobin

A

stores O2 in muscles

147
Q

measure of maximal volume of oxygen that can be consumed in a given time per kilogram of body mass

A

VO2 Max (ml/min/kg)

148
Q

factors which contribute to high aerobic power

A

cardiac output (HR x Stroke volume)
Arterial oxygen content
ability to extract oxygen from blood

149
Q

calculate anaerobic alactate power output

A

bike ergometer - 10 second all-out test

150
Q

calculate anaerobic energy power output

A

wingate test - all out 30 seconds

KIN 121 (2 decks)

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