Midterm 2 Flashcards
Lectures 14-16
Define “Mushroom”
The reproductive structure of mycelium
Define “Mycelium”
Interwoven filaments of hyphae that make up the fungal structure
What are the two main phylum of fungi?
Ascomycota - Sac fungi
Basidiomycota - Club fungi
What are the main roles of Fungi?
-Decomposers, as they can break down hard-to-decompose stuff like wood
-Symbionts (with plants)
-Plant pathogens
-Human use in food production, pest and pollution control, etc.
How do Ascomycetes reproduce?
Asexually, conidia (spores) are produced on the ends of hyphae
What are traits shared by all animalia?
-Eukaryotes
-Heterotrophs
-No cell walls (held together by proteins)
-Multicellular
-MANY (not all) have muscle and nerve cells
Define “Cleavage”
Miotic division of zygotic cells without cell growth
Define “blastula”
A hollow ball of cells that is produced by cleavage
Define “gastrula”
the germ layers that are produced when the blastula folds inward on itself
Define “larval stage”
a sexually immature stage of an organism that is morphologically distinct
Define “Hox gene”
Hox genes are genes that control the expression of many other genes, dictating the pattern of a body during development
Name the three types of symmetry an animal may have/be
Asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral
Define “Body plan”
morphological/developmental traits
Define “Dorsal” and “Ventral”
Dorsal: Top
Ventral: Bottom
Define “Anterior” and “Posterior”
Anterior: Front
Posterior: Back
Define “Cephalization”
A concentration of sense organs and nerves at the anterior end of an organism’s body (Typically also called the head, but is not always distinct)
Define “Tissue”
A collection of specialized cells that work together for a common purpose. These develop from the germ layers of the gastrula
Define “Ectoderm” and “Endoderm”
Ectoderm: Outer surface
Endoderm: Inner lining
Explain what traits a Diploblastic organism may have
A diploblastic organism only has an ectoderm and an endoderm
Explain what traits a Triploblastic organism may have
A triploblastic organism has three germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, as well as a mesoderm (middle layer)
Define “coelom”
A coelom is a fluid or air filled space between the digestive cavity and body covering
Define “Coelomate”
An organism or species with a true coelom, bounded by the mesoderm on the inner/outer surfaces (cushions and protects organs)
Define “Pseudocoelomates”
An organism or species without a mesoderm, also known as a Hemocoel
Define “Acoelomates”
An organism or species without a cavity, but with a mesoderm that fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm, Also known as Compact
Define “Protostome”
A category of organism or species with spiral cleavage and cells that are defined early
Blastophore (first hole) becomes mouth
Define “Deuterostome”
A category organism or species with radial cleavage and cells that remain undetermined until later on
Blastophore (first hole) becomes anus
What are the closest relatives of animals?
Choanoflagellates
What phyletic group is Animalia?
Monophyletic
Define “Exoskeleton” and explain its purpose
An external cuticle made of chitin and polysaccharide which protects, supports, and prevents dessication
Define “Hemolymph”
An alternative name for “blood” used in organisms that have open circulatory systems
Why might insects be so successful as a group?
-Flight (Wings are extension of cuticle, not true appendages)
-Compound eyes
-Antennae
-Complex mouthparts (usually 7 parts)
What organisms are in the phylum: Porifera
Sponges, basal animals with no tissues but several cell types
What organisms are in the phylum: Ctenophora
Comb Jellies, radially symmetric and diploblastic. Propelled by 8 combs of cilia
What organisms are in the phylum: Cnidaria
Sea anemone, Jellies, hydras, corals, etc. two forms, radially symmetric and diploblastic, central gastrovascular cavity (mouth/anus) tentacles often covered in Cnidocytes
What are the two forms of a Cnidarian
Polyp: Sessile
Medusa: Mobile
What is the function of a Cnidocyte in a Cnidarian
These cnidocytes are often nematocysts that release stinging thread with venom when exploded
What organisms are in the phylum: Annelida
Segmented worms. These live in marine, freshwater, and damp soil and are divided into two classifications:
Errantia: Crawling/swimming
Sedentaria: living in burrows or tubes
What organisms are in the phylum: Nematoda
Nematodes/roundworms. These worms are unsegmented and covered in a hard cuticle. No circulatory system, can live in marine, soil, or other organisms
What organisms are in the phylum: Arthropoda
The biggest phylum, have well developed sensory organs, are well cephalized, and can live in a wide range of habitats
Why are arthropods so successful?
- Segmented body with specialization
-hard exoskeleton - jointed appendages for mobility
- well-developed sensory organs
What organisms are in the phylum: Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins and relatives. They have bilateral larvae, and adults mimic radial symmetry. Have a water vascular system connected to tube feet for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange
Name the four distinct orders of insect
- Coleoptera (Beetles)
- Diptera (flies)
- Hymenoptera (Bees &wasps)
- Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths)
Name the three domains that all life is categorized into
Archaea
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Eukarya
What environment are Archaea found in?
Typically extreme environments, halophile, thermophile, methanogen
What environment are Bacteria/Prokaryotes found in?
Nearly all. Soil, water, other organisms, even the upper atmosphere
What environment are Eukarya found in?
A wide array, from water, land, and other organisms, so long as water is available
What is the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory?
A theory proposed by Lynn Margulis that said that Protists came about when a bacteria entered an ancestral prokaryote and began living symbiotically
List some of the shared characteristics between land plants and Green Algae (Chlorophyta)
- Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
- Cellulose in cell walls
- Contain chlorophyll & photosynthetic pigments
What are the adaptive changes in structure and reproduction that land plants underwent in their adaptation to land?
- Waxy cuticle (stomata)
- Walled spores (sporopollenin)
-Multicellular, dependent embryo (embryophytes) - Apical meristem
What group undergoes alternation of generations
Land plants
Define “Apical Meristem”
Localized clusters of live cells on the tips of roots and stems that allow for increase in length
Which phylum of plant has a dominant haploid gametophyte?
Seedless non-vascular plants (bryophytes)
Name the two adaptations that seeded, vascular plants evolved to prevent desiccation
- Needles (protect against water evaporation)
-Seeds (Embryo has its own food supply and protective coat)
What is the difference between homospory and heterospory?
Homospory: non-vascular seedless plants, sexless gametophytes
Heterospory: all seed plants, two types of gametophyte (micro and mega)
How many generations of plant tissue do seeds contain?
3:
seed coat from mature sporophyte (2n)
Food supply from female gametophyte (n)
Embryo is the new sporophyte generation (2n)
What are the two main groups of seed plant?
Gymnosperm (naked seed, no fruit)
Angiosperm (container seeds, fruit)
Which group of plant undergoes double fertilization?
Angiosperms
How do fungi get energy?
Through heterotrophy, absorbing small organic molecules
What is the advantage to mycelium covering a large area?
helps with food absorption
how do fungi reproduce?
Sexually or Asexually (spores)
