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BIO 110 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

Lectures 14-16

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define “Mushroom”

A

The reproductive structure of mycelium

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2
Q

Define “Mycelium”

A

Interwoven filaments of hyphae that make up the fungal structure

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3
Q

What are the two main phylum of fungi?

A

Ascomycota - Sac fungi
Basidiomycota - Club fungi

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4
Q

What are the main roles of Fungi?

A

-Decomposers, as they can break down hard-to-decompose stuff like wood
-Symbionts (with plants)
-Plant pathogens
-Human use in food production, pest and pollution control, etc.

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5
Q

How do Ascomycetes reproduce?

A

Asexually, conidia (spores) are produced on the ends of hyphae

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6
Q

What are traits shared by all animalia?

A

-Eukaryotes
-Heterotrophs
-No cell walls (held together by proteins)
-Multicellular
-MANY (not all) have muscle and nerve cells

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7
Q

Define “Cleavage”

A

Miotic division of zygotic cells without cell growth

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8
Q

Define “blastula”

A

A hollow ball of cells that is produced by cleavage

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9
Q

Define “gastrula”

A

the germ layers that are produced when the blastula folds inward on itself

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10
Q

Define “larval stage”

A

a sexually immature stage of an organism that is morphologically distinct

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11
Q

Define “Hox gene”

A

Hox genes are genes that control the expression of many other genes, dictating the pattern of a body during development

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11
Q

Name the three types of symmetry an animal may have/be

A

Asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral

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11
Q

Define “Body plan”

A

morphological/developmental traits

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12
Q

Define “Dorsal” and “Ventral”

A

Dorsal: Top
Ventral: Bottom

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13
Q

Define “Anterior” and “Posterior”

A

Anterior: Front
Posterior: Back

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14
Q

Define “Cephalization”

A

A concentration of sense organs and nerves at the anterior end of an organism’s body (Typically also called the head, but is not always distinct)

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15
Q

Define “Tissue”

A

A collection of specialized cells that work together for a common purpose. These develop from the germ layers of the gastrula

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16
Q

Define “Ectoderm” and “Endoderm”

A

Ectoderm: Outer surface
Endoderm: Inner lining

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17
Q

Explain what traits a Diploblastic organism may have

A

A diploblastic organism only has an ectoderm and an endoderm

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18
Q

Explain what traits a Triploblastic organism may have

A

A triploblastic organism has three germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, as well as a mesoderm (middle layer)

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19
Q

Define “coelom”

A

A coelom is a fluid or air filled space between the digestive cavity and body covering

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20
Q

Define “Coelomate”

A

An organism or species with a true coelom, bounded by the mesoderm on the inner/outer surfaces (cushions and protects organs)

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21
Q

Define “Pseudocoelomates”

A

An organism or species without a mesoderm, also known as a Hemocoel

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22
Q

Define “Acoelomates”

A

An organism or species without a cavity, but with a mesoderm that fills the space between the ectoderm and endoderm, Also known as Compact

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23
Q

Define “Protostome”

A

A category of organism or species with spiral cleavage and cells that are defined early
Blastophore (first hole) becomes mouth

24
Q

Define “Deuterostome”

A

A category organism or species with radial cleavage and cells that remain undetermined until later on
Blastophore (first hole) becomes anus

25
Q

What are the closest relatives of animals?

A

Choanoflagellates

26
Q

What phyletic group is Animalia?

A

Monophyletic

27
Q

Define “Exoskeleton” and explain its purpose

A

An external cuticle made of chitin and polysaccharide which protects, supports, and prevents dessication

28
Q

Define “Hemolymph”

A

An alternative name for “blood” used in organisms that have open circulatory systems

29
Q

Why might insects be so successful as a group?

A

-Flight (Wings are extension of cuticle, not true appendages)
-Compound eyes
-Antennae
-Complex mouthparts (usually 7 parts)

30
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Porifera

A

Sponges, basal animals with no tissues but several cell types

31
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Ctenophora

A

Comb Jellies, radially symmetric and diploblastic. Propelled by 8 combs of cilia

32
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Cnidaria

A

Sea anemone, Jellies, hydras, corals, etc. two forms, radially symmetric and diploblastic, central gastrovascular cavity (mouth/anus) tentacles often covered in Cnidocytes

33
Q

What are the two forms of a Cnidarian

A

Polyp: Sessile
Medusa: Mobile

34
Q

What is the function of a Cnidocyte in a Cnidarian

A

These cnidocytes are often nematocysts that release stinging thread with venom when exploded

35
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Annelida

A

Segmented worms. These live in marine, freshwater, and damp soil and are divided into two classifications:
Errantia: Crawling/swimming
Sedentaria: living in burrows or tubes

36
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Nematoda

A

Nematodes/roundworms. These worms are unsegmented and covered in a hard cuticle. No circulatory system, can live in marine, soil, or other organisms

37
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Arthropoda

A

The biggest phylum, have well developed sensory organs, are well cephalized, and can live in a wide range of habitats

38
Q

Why are arthropods so successful?

A
  • Segmented body with specialization
    -hard exoskeleton
  • jointed appendages for mobility
  • well-developed sensory organs
39
Q

What organisms are in the phylum: Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, sea urchins and relatives. They have bilateral larvae, and adults mimic radial symmetry. Have a water vascular system connected to tube feet for feeding, locomotion, gas exchange

40
Q

Name the four distinct orders of insect

A
  • Coleoptera (Beetles)
  • Diptera (flies)
  • Hymenoptera (Bees &wasps)
  • Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths)
41
Q

Name the three domains that all life is categorized into

A

Archaea
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Eukarya

42
Q

What environment are Archaea found in?

A

Typically extreme environments, halophile, thermophile, methanogen

43
Q

What environment are Bacteria/Prokaryotes found in?

A

Nearly all. Soil, water, other organisms, even the upper atmosphere

44
Q

What environment are Eukarya found in?

A

A wide array, from water, land, and other organisms, so long as water is available

45
Q

What is the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory?

A

A theory proposed by Lynn Margulis that said that Protists came about when a bacteria entered an ancestral prokaryote and began living symbiotically

46
Q

List some of the shared characteristics between land plants and Green Algae (Chlorophyta)

A
  • Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
  • Cellulose in cell walls
  • Contain chlorophyll & photosynthetic pigments
47
Q

What are the adaptive changes in structure and reproduction that land plants underwent in their adaptation to land?

A
  • Waxy cuticle (stomata)
  • Walled spores (sporopollenin)
    -Multicellular, dependent embryo (embryophytes)
  • Apical meristem
48
Q

What group undergoes alternation of generations

A

Land plants

49
Q

Define “Apical Meristem”

A

Localized clusters of live cells on the tips of roots and stems that allow for increase in length

50
Q

Which phylum of plant has a dominant haploid gametophyte?

A

Seedless non-vascular plants (bryophytes)

51
Q

Name the two adaptations that seeded, vascular plants evolved to prevent desiccation

A
  • Needles (protect against water evaporation)
    -Seeds (Embryo has its own food supply and protective coat)
52
Q

What is the difference between homospory and heterospory?

A

Homospory: non-vascular seedless plants, sexless gametophytes

Heterospory: all seed plants, two types of gametophyte (micro and mega)

53
Q

How many generations of plant tissue do seeds contain?

A

3:
seed coat from mature sporophyte (2n)
Food supply from female gametophyte (n)
Embryo is the new sporophyte generation (2n)

54
Q

What are the two main groups of seed plant?

A

Gymnosperm (naked seed, no fruit)
Angiosperm (container seeds, fruit)

55
Q

Which group of plant undergoes double fertilization?

A

Angiosperms

56
Q

How do fungi get energy?

A

Through heterotrophy, absorbing small organic molecules

57
Q

What is the advantage to mycelium covering a large area?

A

helps with food absorption

58
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexually or Asexually (spores)

BIO 110 (3 decks)

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