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BIO 110 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four derived traits of Chordates

A
  • Notochord
    -Dorsal, Hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Postnatal tail
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2
Q

Define “vertebrate”

A

A class or organism with a “head” and vertebrae

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3
Q

What are the advantages of Jaws?

A

breathing and catching food

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4
Q

Define “ecology”

A

Scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their abiotic and biotic environments

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5
Q

Define “Biotic”

A

Living organisms (predators, prey, symbiosis, pollination)

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6
Q

Define “Abiotic”

A

Non-living organisms (temperature, precipitation, weather)

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7
Q

Define “Population”

A

A group of individuals of the same species that live in a particular area and can interbreed

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8
Q

What are Life History Characteristics?

A

a link between individuals and populations. Examples include growth, change of form, dispersal, and timing of reproduction

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9
Q

List the three main life history strategies

A

1) Survivorship (lifespan)
2) Maturity (age at first reproduction)
3) Reproductive output

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10
Q

list the two types of reproductive output

A

Parity- reproduce once
Iteroparity- repeated reproduction

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11
Q

Define “fecundity”

A

the number of offspring per reproductive episode (more offspring linked to low survival rate)

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12
Q

Define “parental investment”

A

energetic effort put into offspring, more effort = less offspring with higher survival rate

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13
Q

What is the rule that governs Life history strategies?

A

Energetic tradeoff, compromises in the allocation of energy

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14
Q

Define “Philopatric”

A

returning to breeding site year after year

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15
Q

What types of diversity factor into biodiversity

A

Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

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16
Q

what are the assumptions made with the mark/recapture technique

A

closed population (no immigration/emigration)
no births/deaths within sampling period
marked/unmarked are equally likely to be caught in 2nd sampling

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17
Q

Define “Community”

A

Any assemblage of populations of plants and animals in a given area or habitat

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18
Q

Why is high community biodiversity important?

A

These communities are more productive, stable/able to withstand and recover from environmental strass, and more resistant to invasive species

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19
Q

what is the biophilia hypothesis

A

Humans possess an innate tendency to seek connection with nature and other forms of life

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20
Q

How do you quantify biodiversity?

A

through species richness, evenness, and diversity

21
Q

Explain bottom up control (food chains)

A

Bottom up: In an ecosystem/food chain each level regulated by the level below

22
Q

Explain the green world theory (trophic cascade)

A

Top Down control, in an ecosystem/food chain, each level is regulated by the level above

23
Q

What are the patterns of trophic cascades?

A

if there are an off number of trophic levels, vegetation increases. with an even number, vegetation decreases

24
Q

Define “Keystone species”

A

A species that maintains the biodiversity of a community or a species with a small population that has a disproportionately large impact on the other species in the community

25
Q

Define “Dominant competitor”

A

the most aggressive/successful competitor for a resource

26
Q

Define “Foundation species”

A

species that act as producers or ecosystem builders for many other organisms

27
Q

What are the four kinds of species interactions?

A

Competition (-,-)
Predation, Parasitism (+,-)
Mutualism (+,+)
Commensalism (+,0)

28
Q

What are the three types of interspecific competition

A

exploitative (no fighting)
interference (physical prevention)
competitive (Fight!)

29
Q

Define “Fundamental Niche”

A

The niche that a species could fill in the absence of competitors

30
Q

Define “realized niche”

A

the niche a species is restricted to in the presence of competitors

31
Q

Define “Competitive release”

A

expansion of a species ecological niche when a competitor is removed

32
Q

How do similar species coexist when their niches overlap?

A

Resource partitioning: Species will specialize by either reducing niche breadth, or increasing distance between peaks

33
Q

List three types of morphological defenses

A

physiological
crypsis
aposematism

34
Q

Define “Ecological niche”

A

All the environmental factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species

35
Q

What are the two types of seeding done by plants?

A

Mast seeding: lots of seeds produced by many trees all at once
Choose dispersal: Seeds contain toxins or bad tastes for some, agents are chosen

36
Q

Define “Ecosystem”

A

the organisms in a particular area and the physical environment with which they interact

37
Q

Explain the energy flow through ecosystems

A

organisms capture and store energy, then transfer some (about 50%) of it to organisms that eat them

38
Q

Define “Biomass”

A

what is available to be eaten by the next trophic level

39
Q

Define “evapotransportation”

A

moisture lost via evaporation

40
Q

Define “multiplicative loss of energy”

A

The rule that states that at least 90% of the available energy is lost moving from one trophic level to the next

41
Q

Define “ecological efficiency”

A

the percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next

42
Q

What is consumption efficiency

A

The percentage of total productivity (biomass) at one trophic level that is consumed by the next highest

remainder= not eaten

43
Q

What is assimilation efficiency

A

The percentage of ingested food energy that is assimilated (digested) and thus is potentially available for growth and reproduction

remainder=excreted

44
Q

What is production efficiency

A

The percentage of assimilated energy that is incorporated into new biomass (growth, reproduction)

remainder=lost as heat

45
Q

What makes a species vulnerable to extinction?

A
  • Vulnerability to introduced exotics
  • over-exploitation
  • rarity
46
Q

Define “endemic”

A

a species that is only found in one small geographic range

47
Q

what are some of the problems due to habitat fragmentation?

A

Edge effects (edges more vulnerable)
Smaller area (fragments)
Isolation (smaller populations)

48
Q

what is a potential solution to habitat fragmentation?

A

habitat (movement) corridors that connect these “islands” and allow movement between them

49
Q

Define “Biodiversity Hot-Spot”

A

a relatively small ecosystem with a high concentration of species, many of which are endemic. usually close to equator and associated with high primary productivity

BIO 110 (3 decks)

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