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PSY 235 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be constructed in terms of more or less consistent self-ascribed traits and social roles

A

The social actor

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2
Q

Freud’s conception of the executive self in personality

A

Ego

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3
Q

The traits and social roles that others attribute to an actor. Actors also have their own conceptions of what others think of their roles.

A

Social reputation

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4
Q

A child’s understanding that other people have thoughts and feelings, and how they affect behavior.

A

Theory of mind

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5
Q

Cognitive and social changes that result in the child’s development a more purposeful, planful, and goal-directed approach to life

A

The Age 5-to-7 Shift

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6
Q

The extent to which a person feels that they are worthy and good

A

Self-esteem

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7
Q

One’s definition of the traits and social roles they inhabit as they grow older

A

Identity

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8
Q

The sense of self as an intentional force that strives to achieve goals, plans, values, projects, and the like

A

Self as a motivated agent

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9
Q

The self as knower or as the subject who encounters “me”

A

The “I”

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10
Q

The self as known, as the object or target of the “I”’s work

A

The “me”

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11
Q

The ability to derive conclusions about the self by reflection

A

Autobiographical Reasoning

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12
Q

Sense of self as a storyteller who reconstructs the past and imagines the future in order to articulate an integrative narrative that provides life with some reassured purpose

A

Self as an Autobiographical Author

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13
Q

Evolving story of the self. It reconstructs the past, anticipates the future, and provides unity, meaning, and purpose

A

Narrative Identity

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14
Q

Life stories that affirm the transformation from suffering to an enhanced status or self

A

Redemptive narrative

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15
Q

When Wendy describes herself based on her future aspirations she is describing her self as __.
A. A social Actor
B. The “I”
C. An autobiographical author
D. A motivated agent

A

D. A motivated agent

The sense of self as a motivated agent acts as an intentional force that strives to achieve goals, plans, values, projects, and the like

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16
Q

The study of how people think about their social worth

A

Social Cognition

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17
Q

Mental model or representation that organizes the important info about a thing, person, or event

A

schema

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18
Q

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions

A

Heuristics

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19
Q

The likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one’s mental representation of the category

A

Representativeness heuristic

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20
Q

The frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind

A

Availability heuristic

Ex. Plane crashes seem like they happen more frequently than they actually do because all plane crashes get reported on.

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21
Q

A cognition bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task

A

Planning Fallacy

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22
Q

Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision

A

Affective forcasting

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23
Q

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates the strength or intensity of the emotion one will experience after some event

A

Impact Bias

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24
Q

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion after some event

A

Durability bias

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25
Q

The mental process that are influenced by desires and feelings

A

Hot cognition

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26
Q

Motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgement

A

Directional Goals

27
Q

A form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of the evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe

A

Motivated Skepticism

28
Q

The desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue

A

Need for closure

29
Q

Tendency to recall memories similar in mood to our current mood

A

Mood-congruent memory

30
Q

A behavior or process that has one or more of the following features:
- Unintentional
- Uncontrollable
- Occurring outside of conscious awareness
- Cognitively efficient

A

Automatic behavior/process

(or just automatic)

31
Q

The tendency for an individual to nonconsciously mimic their interaction partners

A

Chameleon effect

32
Q

A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor

A

Attitude

33
Q

An attitude that is consciously held

A

Explicit Attitude

34
Q

An attitude that is unconsciously held

A

Implicit Attitude

Ex. Biases

35
Q

What are the several distinctions in the types of attitudes?
(3 pairs and 4 stand alones)

A

Pairs:
- Explicit vs Implicit
- Expressed vs Unexpressed
- Strong vs Weak

Stand-alones:
- Absolute/Universal
- Treated as fact
- Tied to emotion
- Resistant to change/undeterred of disagreement

36
Q

Attitude that people see as grounded in a fundamental distinction between right and wrong

A

Moral Conviction

37
Q

The process by which people understand their own ability or condition by mentally comparing themselves to others

A

Social Comparisons posited by the Social Comparisons Theory

38
Q

What are the two types of comparison?

A

Social norms/opinions of others and abilities/performance

39
Q

What is most important in social comparisons?

A

Relevance

40
Q

Making comparisons to people perceived to be superior to them

A

Upward comparisons

41
Q

Making comparisons to people perceived to be inferior to them

A

Downward Comparisons

42
Q

People can boost their own self-evaluations by comparing themselves to others who rank lower on a particular comparison standard

A

Self-enhancement effect

43
Q

Mentally comparing actual events with fantasies of what mightve been possible in an alternative scenario

A

Counterfactual thinking

44
Q

A model of social comparison that emphasizes one’s closeness to the comparison target, the relative performance of that target person and the relevantness of the comparison behavior to one’s self-concept

A

Self-evaluation maintenance

45
Q

Goals focused primarly on learning, competence, and self-development. Includes fixed and growth mindset

A

Mastery goals

46
Q

The higher number of competitors the lower motivation to compete

A

N-effect

47
Q

People are generally more influenced by social comparison when that comparison is personally relavent

A

Local dominance effect

48
Q

A person’s comparison group can affect their evaluations of themselves

A

Frog pond effect

49
Q

Unskilled people are overconfident in their ability and highly skilled people doubt their ability

A

Dunning-Kreuger effect

50
Q

The human capacity to understand minds, made up of a collection of concepts and processes

A

Theory of mind

51
Q

An agent’s mental state of committing to preform an action that the agent believes will bring about a desired outcome

A

Intention

52
Q

Copying other’s behavior, usually without awareness

A

Mimicry

53
Q

Two people displaying the same behaviors or having the same internal states

A

Synchrony (also referred as mutual mimicry)

54
Q

A social perceiver unwillingly taking on the internal state on another person, usually because of the mimicking of the person’s expressive behavior and therefore feeling the expressed emotion

A

Automatic empathy

55
Q

Two people attending to the same object and being aware that they both are attending it

A

Joint Attention

56
Q

Perceiving something from another persons perspective or trying to infer someone’s mental state

A

Visual perception taking

(Someone is to your left so therefore you are to their right)

57
Q

Representing the other person’s mental state

A

Simulation

58
Q

A social perceivers assumption that the other person wants, knows, or feels the same as the perceiver wants, knows, or feels

A

Projection

59
Q

An experimental procedure that assesses whether a perceiver recognizes that another person has a false-belief (a belief that contradicts reality)

A

False-belief test

60
Q

Skillful, directed actions consistent with goals

A

Intentional actions

61
Q

Accidental or lucky actions that may or may not be consistent with goals

A

Unintentional actions

62
Q

Amelia compares her midterm results with one of her friends. Her friend did much better on the test than she did. Amelia feels dissatisfaction and envy. What is the type of comparison?

A. Downward comparison with positive effects
B. Downward comparison with negative effects
C. Upward comparison with positive effects
D. Upward comparison with negative effects

A

D. Upward comparison with negative effects

This causes dissatisfaction and envy.

Here are the other emotions associated with the other comparisons:
A. Downward comparison with positive effects –> Gratitude
B. Downward comparison with negative effects –> Scorn
C. Upward comparison with positive effects –> Hope and inspration

63
Q

What is the highest point in the hierarchy of Theory of Mind processes?
A. Mental State Inference
B. Projection
C. Imitation
D. Joint attention

A

A. Mental State Inference

PSY 235 (3 decks)

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