Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 235 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When a performance on a simple or well-rehearsed task is enhanced when we are in the presence of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Operationalize

A

To figure out how to define and measure abstract concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complex experimental designs

A

An experiment with 2 or more variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Participant variable

A

The individual characteristics of subjects (ie age, health, personality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Confederate

A

An actor working with the researcher and playing a role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Experience sampling methods

A

A systemic way to have participants self report samples of their ongoing behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Representation

A

Ensuring that all population is represented in the study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What effects does income have on your life satisfaction?

A

An increase in income has a higher satisfaction if you are in a poorer country. If you are more cynical, it can be linked to lower income.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Implicit Associations Test (IAT)

A

Measures the strength of associations between concepts over several trials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Priming

A

Exposing people to a stimulus to make behaviors, thoughts, or feelings more salient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Manipulation check

A

A measure to the if the manipulation of the independent variable (through priming) has effected the participants as expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Social/behavioral priming

A

the use of priming to unwillingly influence behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ecological validity

A

If the study result is obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WEIRD cultures

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic. An acronym for those cultures often over-representated in research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define and name the pros and cons:
Laboratory Experiments

A

Research conducted in a lab.
Pros: Good internal validity, perfect enviornment, no confounding variables
Cons: Generalization/Ecological validity isn’t good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define and name the pros and cons:
Field Experiments

A

Research done in the world to imitate real-world situations
Pros: External validity is decent, and you can observe real-world things
Cons: Can’t control certain variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define and name the pros and cons:
Surveys

A

A series of questions given to individuals either online, by phone, or in person
Pros: You can ask a variety of questions
Cons: Responder bias, and good representation especially in online surveys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define and name the pros and cons:
Archival Research

A

Going through archival data to see patterns
Pros: Has the best ecological validity
Cons: Might struggle with accurate representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Internal Validity

A

The degree to which a cause-effect relationship between 2 variables has been unambiguously established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

External Validity

A

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to a larger population and broader settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which answer most accurately describes the relationship between internal validity, external validity, and psychology?
A. Internal validity and external validity are correlated, and psychology values internal validity the most.
B. Internal validity and external validity are correlated, and psychology values external validity the most.
C. Internal validity and external validity are incompatible, and psychology values internal validity the most.
D. Internal validity and external validity are incompatible, and psychology values external validity the most.

A

C. Internal validity and external validity are incompatible, and psychology values internal validity the most.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name three challenges with research

A

It is difficult to accurately measure things, keeping with ethics in a study, and WEIRD samples. (among other ideas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Natural Selection

A

Differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritable attributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Survival adaptations

A

Mechanisms that helped our ancestors survive the harsh forces of nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sexual Selection Theory can be defined as…

A

the evolution of characteristics for a mating advantage over a survival advantage

26
Q

When members of one sex compete against each other and the winner gets to mate

A

Intrasexual Competition

27
Q

Traits that get passed down because the opposite sex likes those traits and are more likely to mate with individuals with those traits, passing them down

A

Intersexual Competition

28
Q

Gene Selection Theory can be defined as…

A

Genes that are better at getting the organism to reproduce will be passed down.

29
Q

Through the gene selection process, how do genes boost their replicative success? (2 answers)

A
  1. Influence the odds for survival and reproduction for the organism
  2. Influence the organism to help other organisms with the same genes to survive and reproduce
30
Q

Mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction. Culture has a major effect on these.

A

Psychological Adaptations

31
Q

Sexual Strategies Theory can be defined as…

A

Humans have evolved a list of different mating strategies for both short term and long term that varies based on culture, social context, parental influence, and more.

32
Q

Error Management Theory can be defined as…

A

Whenever uncertain situations presents us with a safer vs more dangerous decision we will psychologically adapt to prefer choices that minimize the cost of errors. This includes Visual Decent Illusions, Auditory Looming Bias, and Sexual Overperception Bias

33
Q

Observing a culture and conducting interviews to understand and appreciate culture from the point of view of the people within it.

A

Ethnographic studies –> the research
Cultural psychology –> the field as a whole

34
Q

Studies the similarities and differences across cultures and groups, often emphasizing the use of standard scales as a means of making meaningful comparisons.

A

Cross-cultural psychology

35
Q

Understanding culture through looking at the similarities with another culture

A

Cultural similarities

36
Q

Understanding culture through looking at the differences with another culture

A

Cultural diferences

37
Q

Being unduly guided by the beliefs in the culture you’ve grown up in, especially when it results in a misunderstanding of unfamiliar cultures

A

Ethnocentricism

38
Q

A pattern of shared meaning and behavior among a group of people that is generationally passed down

A

Culture

39
Q

The ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses

A

Cultural Intelligence

40
Q

What are the three ways to think about culture?

A
  1. Progressive Cultivation: The idea of “being refined”
  2. Ways of Life: Distinct patterns of beliefs and behaviors widely shared among members of a culture.
  3. Shared learning and Enculturation: The process of learning a culture whether it be a child learning the traditions of the culture they were born in, or an immigrant learning how to “fit in” with a new culture.
41
Q

The extent that the self defines how they “fit” with others

A

Self-construal

42
Q

Tendency to define self in therms of stable traits that define behavior (I am kind)

A

Independent self, reflective of an individualistic culture

43
Q

Tendency to define the self in therms of social contexts to guide behavior. (I am a mother)

A

Interdependent Self, reflective of a collectivist culture

44
Q

A child learns from observing adults

A

Observational learning

45
Q

The principle of regarding the practices of the culture from the point of view of the culture

A

Culture Relativism

46
Q

When asked by an interviewer to define herself, Sally defined herself as a sister. She also noted that she is from a high status family. Sally is likely from a(n)…
A. Individualistic and Vertical culture
B. Individualistic and Horizontal culture
C. Collectivist and Vertical culture
D. Collectivist and Horizontal culture

A

C. Collectivist and Vertical culture

Collectivist –> Defining herself within social contexts

Vertical –> Some people enjoy higher statuses than others.

47
Q

What is the issue with the Big Five Personality Traits?

A

These traits are much harder to find in small-scale, lower-income areas

48
Q

What is the trend found between the size of the community and the number of personality traits found in the population?

A

Because smaller communities have less niches, they have less personality traits. However this has only been theorized and not actually studied

49
Q

Someone who functions as the primary safe haven base for an individual

A

Attachment figure

50
Q

A motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and their primary attachment system

A

Attachment behavioral system

51
Q

Behaviors or signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure

A

Attachment Behaviors

52
Q

What is the laboratory test that involves separating and reuniting infants and their primary caregivers to study attachment patterns in children?

A

Strange Situation

53
Q

Describe the three attachment styles:

A
  1. Secure: Anxious when parent leaves, happy when they return. A sign of a caregiver responsive to the child’s needs
  2. Anxious-resistant: When the parent returns they are conflicted about whether to seek their comfort or “punish” them for leaving. A sign of a caregiver inconsistent with being responsive to the child’s needs
  3. Avoidant: When the parent returns, they seem to not care, continuing to focus their attention elsewhere. A sign of a caregiver unresponsive to the child’s needs.
54
Q

An infants confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver

A

Security of attachment

55
Q

Alex’s parents have very different parenting styles. Alex’s mother has very high expectations for her son, and treats him with care. His father has low expectations for his son and is generally distant. Alex’s mother has a _ style of parenting, while his father has a _ style of parenting.
A. Permissive, Authoritarian
B. Authoritative, Uninvolved
C. Authoritative, Permissive
D. Authoritarian, Permissive

A

B. Authoritative, Uninvolved

56
Q

Family Stress Model describes…

A

How factors such as economic hardship can lead to poor parenting

57
Q

When a child may look to the parent’s expressions to respond to uncertain circumstances

A

Social Refrencing

58
Q

Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior

A

Theory of mind

59
Q

Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development

A

Temperament

60
Q

Describes if temperament and parental care match

A

goodness of fit

61
Q

The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct

A

Conscience

62
Q

A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation

A

Effortful control

PSY 235 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions