Midterm 2 Flashcards
Stress
response to perceived demands that are a little bit beyond you
fear
present oriented response to actual danger
panic
a sudden rush of intense fear with no real objective danger
Anxiety
future oriented
possibility that something bad could happen
4 reasons why anxiety would become a disorder
intensity
frequency
excessive amounts
causes impairment
anxiety disorder course
often chronic
what’s the largest mental health problem in North America
anxiety disorders
which cultures do anxiety disorders not exist in
none
what % of people with anxiety also have depression
50
genetic cause for anxiety
a genetic predisposition to experience negative emotions
biochemical (Nurotransmitter) causes for anxiety
depleted GABA
something wrong with serotonin circuits
biochemical (brain region) causes for anxiety
hyperactive amygdala
less active prefrontal cortex
something wrong with hippocampus
amygdala implication with anxiety
when hyper active it has an abnormal threat assessment and will trigger the HPA easier
PFC implication with anxiety
an inability to recall extinction of HPA
Hippocampus implication with anxiety
the disfunction causes
reduced capacity to distinguish safe/dangerous
insensitivity to cortisol (shuts doen HPA)
3 parts of Barlow triple vulnerability model
genetic predisposition
general psychological vulnerability
specific psychological vulnerability
5 types of anxiety disorders
panic disorder
specific phobia
agoraphobia
social phobia
generalized anxiety
characteristics of a panic attack
unexpected terror
physiological symptoms
worrying about getting them before and after
sudden rush of symptoms
4 subtypes of panic attacks
cued- set off my certain trigger
situationally predisposed - some situations and not others
unexpected - can’t identify trigger
limited symptom - not all symptoms
biological contributors to panic attacks
neurochemical disturbance
30-40% genetically transmitted
cognitive contributions to panic attacks
misconceptions about the severity of their symptoms
treatment of panic disorders
CBT - education, exposure to triggers,
medication - can sometimes cause bodily sensations which trigger panic attacks
Specific Phobia characteristics
persistant fear that is excessive and unreasonable
cued by presence/anticipation of certain object/situation
5 types of phobia
animal
natural environment
blood injury injection
situational
other
phobia learning contributions
2-factor learning theory
rochman: 3 pathways
2-factor learning theory
1- classical conditioning –> emotional response becomes attached to thing
2- operant conditioning –> when you react to remove negative stimuli = negative reinforcement
rochman 3 pathways
direct conditioning- eg. attacked by dog
vicarious conditioning - eg. watched others be afraid
informational transmission - eg. you heard you should be afraid
specific phobia treatment
in vivo treatment
cognitive modification (education)
Agoraphobia characteristics
anxiety about being in situations where escape is hard
avoided completely
entered w/ safe person only
treatment of agoraphobia
CBT - education, in vivo, relaxation, breathing
social anxiety disorder characteristics
persistant fear of one or more social situations
fear of doing something embarrassing
social anxiety comorbidity
substance abuse
depression
social anxiety biological contributors
non specific genetic - heightened reaction to others reactions
social anxiety treatment
CBT - more effective
SSRI- works faster
Generalized anxiety disorder characteristics
excessive worrying
difficulties controlling worry
physical tension
genetic contributors to GAD
under active GABA
Small inheritability
GAD cognitive models
cognitive avoidance - focus on future to distract from present
intolerance of uncertainty
treatment of GAD
CBT - worry discrimination
SSRI
5 somantic symptom disorders
somantic disorder
illness anxiety disorder
conversion disorder
factitious disorder
malingering
what do Somantic symptom disorder comorbid with
PTSD
Depression
somantic symptom disorder characteristics
suffering is authentic
excessive time and worry devoted to health
reporting of vague symptoms
somantic symptom disorder treatment
explanatory therapy - eduction on anxieties involvement
illness anxiety disorder characteristics
preoccupation with having an undiscovered serious illness
minimal symptoms if any
conversion disorder characteristics
symptom of altered voluntary Motor function
unable to recognize neurological control
genuine belief
etiology of conversion disorder
lower ses
less education
major life stress
psychodynamic perspective of conversion disorder
idea that this is a defence mechanism
can’t accept a conflict so you turn it into a physical manifestation
cognitive behavioural perspective of conversion disorder
learned through experience
stressful event
dysfunctional beliefs on pain
fictitious disorder characteristics
faking symptoms for no obvious reward besides attention
sub type - fictitious by proxy
5 types of obsessive compulsive disorders
OCD
body dysmorphic disorder
hoarding disorder
trichotillomania
excoriation
how are OCD disorders different from anxiety disorders
different underlying near circuitry
distinct symptom patterns
comorbity among OCD
OCD Characteristics
obsessions which turn into cumplsions
taking up at least one hour a day
3 insights of OCD
Good insight - know they’re wrong
poor insight - know they’re probably wrong but still kinda believe it
absent sight - fully believe
Biological contributors of OCD
genetics - nonspecific heritable
dysregulation of brain circuit
Biological treatments of OCD
Pharmopschotherapy
Surgical
pharmacotherapy treatments for OCD
SSRI
35% Reduction
partial improvement
drugs aren’t great
Surgical treatments for OCD
ablation technique - lazer to destroy overactive area
deep brain stim- add electrode in problematic area
area of brain most associated with anxiety
limbic system
behvioral inhibition system
activated by signals from brain stem
when activated makes us anxious
fight or flight system
originates in brain stem
imidiate alarm/ escape signal
smoking and anxiety
smoking is positively correlated with panic and anxiety disorders
GAD and gender
most are female
why could drug treat from GAD in seniors be problematic
they’re not specifically for GAD, but for cognitive functioning. this can impair their cognitive function and result in mis stepping and physically hurting themselves
GAD and twin studies
more common for both in MZ than DZ
GAD Genetic trait
anxiety sensitivity
when do most initial panic attacks begin
after puberty
agoraphobia and gender
75% women
nocturnal panic
physiological symptoms wake people and induce panic attack
commonly experienced
happen during delta waves - think they’re dying
interpreting regular body responses as beginning of panic attack
learned alarms
panic control treatment
inducing mini panic attacks in a clinic to teach coping skills
negative implications of benzodiapines
may interfere with psychological treatments
can impair cognition over time
difference w/ situational phobia and agoraphobia
situational phobia doesn’t induce stress until in said situation
when does social anxiety onset peak and decline
teenage years – senior years
selective multism
lack of speech in one or more setting where socially expected
what type of OCD tic related
symmetry
thought action fusion
thoughts of responsibility and guilt developed in childhood eg. thinking about killing someone= same as killing someone
PTSD
An emotional disorder following a traumatic event
cannot be diagnosed till 1 month after
characteristics of PTSD
Seeing, experiencing, learning of traumatic event
recurrent memories of event
intense phsyological distress
accuse stress disorder
symptoms of PTSD occurring within a month of trauma
50% of these people go on to get PTSD
etiology of PTSD
a truamatic event
genetic vulnerability
psychological vulnerability - anxiety sensitivity
constructive narrative approch
PTSD treatment strategy
recontructing the story with therapist
eye movement desensetization and reprocessing
PTSD treatment strategy
follow therapist finger with eye while thinking about trauma
prolong greif disorder
debilitating greif symptoms for more than 6 months
adjustment disorders
anxious/depressive reactions less extreme than acute or PTSD
Attachment disorder
developmentally innaproptiate behaviour child is unwilling to form proper attachment with caregiver
reactive attachment disorder
child very rarly seeks out help from caregiver
depersonalization
dissociative disorder which makes you lose sense of self
derealization
dissociate disorder which makes you lose sense of the world`
dissociative amnesia
unable to recall personal info because of a traumatic event
generalized amnesia
condition of losing if all personal info
DID
a fragmented identity made up of a few distinct personalities
result of childhood trauma
did onset
almost always young
mostly women
3 cognitive models in people with OCD
over importance of thoughts
inflated responsibility of thoughts
thought action fusion
2 kinds of thought action fusion
likelihood TAF- thinking will increase
Moral TAF - makes u a bad person
CBT treatment in OCD
Normalize intrusive thoughts
treatment for BDD
SSRI
CBT
EPR
Hoarding disorder
persistan difficulty discarding possessions
perceived need
etiology of Hoarding disorder
starts in younger years
significant impairment by 20’s
what does anxiety trigger to turn on flight/fight response
autonomic nervous system
which system is essential to the expression of anxiety and depression
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system
what does the CFR activate
HPA axis
behaviour inhibition system
Brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety.
another word forBIS
fight or flight system
interceptive avoidance
avoidance of internal physical sensations
psychological factors affecting medical condition
first the presence of a diagnosed illness (asthma, diabetes) and then your psychological state makes it worse
la belle indifférence
the attitude of indifference displayed by people with conversion disorder which demonstrates a true belief and distinguishes from other diseases like malingering
