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PSYC 300 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

short physiological, cognitive, behavioural states

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2
Q

mood

A

prolonged emotion that effects how you perceive life

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3
Q

mood disorder

A

prolonged, abnormal mood,
must result in distress +impairment

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4
Q

2 mood disorders

A

depressive disorders
bipolar and related disorders

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5
Q

cultural differences of depressive disorders

A

the way other cultures describe depression is somantic (eg. soul loss)

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6
Q

depressive disorders symptoms with children

A

more physical complaints and irritability

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7
Q

depressive disorder symptoms with the elderly

A

often compounded with GAD
may come on from physical frailty and leading to stopping doing things

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8
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

A

at least 2 weeks of symptoms

1.depressed everyday
2.diminished interest or please in activities
3.significant weight loss
4.insomnia
5.slow motor skills
6. feeling of worthlessness

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9
Q

psychotic features of depression

A

fixed false beliefs
1/2 people with MDD
like - guilt, disease, punishment

can have hallucinations too - auditory and visual

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10
Q

persistent depressive disorder symptoms

A

persistance for at least 2 years

need fewer symptoms and lower mood does not need to be everyday

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11
Q

double depression

A

have Persistant depressive disorder and then mdd occurs

already low, go lower

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12
Q

how often are recurrent episodes of depressive disorders

A

60-50%

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13
Q

prefrontal cortex and depression

A

decrease in cortical thickness

associated with behaviour correlated with curiosity and going out into the world

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14
Q

hippocampus and depression

A

smaller size is correlated with higher levels of MDD

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15
Q

Antieror cingulate cortex

A

apart of a circuit that regulates emotion

decreased activity in those with depression

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16
Q

amygdala and depression

A

associated with stress increase and dendrite activity

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17
Q

brodmann area 25 and depression

A

when overactive mdd is more treatment resistant

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18
Q

monoamine theory

A

related to causes of depression

the balance between MAO chemicals are more important than their absolute levels

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19
Q

how does EST work

A

not fully known

alter monoamines- may be jolt to neurocircuts

may stimulate neurogensis in hippocampus

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20
Q

Transmagnetic stimulation

A

for depression
run magnet over CNS

pulse specific brain areas of PFC

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21
Q

AT beck

A

cognitive processes

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22
Q

cognitive content

A

should - I should be better

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23
Q

cognitive process

A

arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
selective abstraction

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24
Q

arbitrary inference

A

to arrive at a conclusion where there is no evidence

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25
Q

overgeneralization

A

magnifying negative things - one criticism means a destrcution of everything

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26
Q

selective abstraction

A

taking one detail out of contextr

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27
Q

dysfunctional attitudes

A

im only worth something if everyone loves me

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28
Q

cognitive therapy

A

for depression
automatic thought records
behavioural experiments

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29
Q

behavioural treatments

A

behavioural activation
pleasent event scheduling

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30
Q

behavioural activation

A

getting a person to re-engadge with environment

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31
Q

pleasent event scheduling

A

positive events will precede a depressed persons good mood

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32
Q

bipolar disorder characterizations

A

elevated-mania
lowered-deppresion

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33
Q

chacteristics of a manic episode

A

3 symptoms for at least 1 week

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34
Q

3 types of bipolar

A

bipolar 1
bipolar 2
cyclothymic disorder

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35
Q

bipolar 1

A

classic bipolar
clear manic episodes

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36
Q

bipolar 2

A

hypomanic episodes

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37
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

duration of 2 years
less severe cycling of mood

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38
Q

rapid cycling specifier

A

at least 4 episodes per year

20-50% people

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39
Q

psychotic features specifier

A

delusions
hallucinations

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40
Q

psychosocial contributors to bipolar

A

stressful life events
sleep disruption

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41
Q

bio treatment for bipolar

A

lithium

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42
Q

lithum

A

for bipolar
50% respond well
many patients stop taking on purpose

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43
Q

valproate

A

anticonvulsant drug

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44
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of ability to experience any pleasure in life

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45
Q

hypomania

A

less severe mania
only has to last 4 days

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46
Q

unipolar disorder

A

experience of either Mania or depression

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47
Q

defining recurrent MDD

A

2 or more MDD episodes
separated by at least 2 months

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48
Q

specifier of PDD: pure dysthymic syndrome

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode have not been met in at least the preceding 2 years.

49
Q

Specifier of PDD: With persistent major depressive episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met throughout the preceding 2-year period.

50
Q

Specifer of PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, with current episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode are currently met, but there have been periods of at least 8 weeks in at least the preceding 2 years with symptoms below the threshold for a full major depressive episode.

51
Q

Specifier for PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode are not currently met, but there has been one or more major depressive episodes in at least the preceding 2 years.

52
Q

dexamethasone

A

part in body that surprises cortisol secretion in healthy individuals

53
Q

tricyclic antidepressant

A

block reuptakes of certain neurotransmitters
lethal in large dose
downreg - norepinephrine, serotonin

54
Q

MAO inhibiter

A

antidepressant
blocks enzyme MAO–> which breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin
interaction w/ reg things can be fatal - cheese,redwine

55
Q

SSRI

A

blocks presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
increases serotonin at receptor sites

56
Q

mindfulness based therapy

A

good for preventing future relapse
do activities alone

57
Q

psychosocial treatment

A

30 sessions needed
family focused therapy
regulating sleep, eating cycles

58
Q

2 other parts of suicidal behaviour

A

suicide attempts
suicidal ideation

59
Q

altruistic/formal suicide

A

suicides that are approved of
in cases of bringing shame to family

60
Q

egoistic suicide

A

loss of social support

61
Q

anomic suicide

A

result of marked disruption eg. job loss

62
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

loss of control of your own destiny eg.cult

63
Q

Edward shneidman

A

created the psychological autopsy

64
Q

psychological autopsy

A

reconstructing the psych profile of someone who committed suicide through interview with friends and family

65
Q

definition of substance

A

any synthesized or natural product that has psychoactive effects

66
Q

2 substance induced disorders

A

substance intoxication
substance withdrawal

67
Q

the substance must directly or indirectly effect the brain _____ ______ to be considered a substance use disorder

A

reward system

68
Q

phramalogical criteria for substance abuse disorders

A

tolerence
withdrawl

69
Q

alcohol abuse moral defect model

A

people who abuse alc are seen as people with bad character

70
Q

alcohol abuse psychodynamic model

A

judgment carried on from moral defect model
idea of weak mind

71
Q

alcohol abuse disease model

A

idea that alcohol abuse is a disease

72
Q

alcohol abuse behavioural model

A

due to complex internal conflicts
you learn to abuse through pos/neg reienforcement

73
Q

what does alcohol do to GABA + relevance

A

alc is a GABA agonist down regulates it

Makes brain more sensitive to its other neurotransmitters (like dopamine ie. pleasure pathway)

74
Q

what does alcohol do to glutamate + relevance

A

down regulates
glutamate assists with memory –> can contribute to blackouts

75
Q

what does alcohol do to dopamine + relevance

A

increases bc of the down reg of other transmitters
has to do with please pathway and reward systems

76
Q

respiratory suppression with alc

A

alcohol suppresses areas in brain which surpress breathing
too much just stops it

77
Q

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A

has to filter through so much alcohol that it just stops and bleeds

78
Q

what happens with your neurotransmitters in alc withdrawal

A

GABA becomes less sensitive
leads to an over active glutamate
leads to cell death

79
Q

why would benzodiazepines be a treatment for alc withdrawal

A

alc surprises GABA and bentos mimic it

80
Q

pleasure pathway CNS circuit and alc

A

can affect thus pathway which heavily involves dopamine which controls rewards

81
Q

the DRD2 gene

A

an allel that makes you more sensitive to dopamine
66% of all alcoholics have iy

82
Q

what classifies a hallucinogen

A

chemicals that alter sensory info

83
Q

cannabis and endocannobidoid system

A

body produces endocannaboids
this system controls a lot
external cannabis highjacks

84
Q

THC

A

a high inducing

85
Q

CBD

A

anti inflam
more medicinal

86
Q

cannabis and dopemine

A

decreases activity in dopamine

87
Q

what could decrease of dopamine contribute to in context of cannabis

A

anti motivational syndrome

88
Q

cannabis and schizophrenia

A

use can trigger episodes

89
Q

naloxone

A

agonist
fast acting for overdoses
causes opioid withdrawl

90
Q

naltrexone

A

for opioid +alc abuse
blocks recptors of pleasure
antagonist

91
Q

what is the differences between an agonist drug and an antagonist drug

A

agonist - mimics by combining with receptor to bring about action

antagonist - binds with receptor and blocks

92
Q

Buprenorphine

A

mostly agonist
partial antagonist

93
Q

Acamprosate

A

agonist
up regulates GABA
protects against withdraw symptoms

94
Q

disulfiram

A

aversion treatment for alcoholism
prevents breakdown of acetaldehyde

95
Q

use

A

ingestion of a substance
not always problematic

96
Q

substance use disorder severity range

A

4-5 symptoms = moderate
6+ = severe

97
Q

5 categories of substance

A

depressants
stimulants
opioids
hallucinogen
other drugs

98
Q

depressants

A

decrease activity in central nervous system
reduce psychological arousal

99
Q

which drug is most likely to produce tolerance + withdrawal

A

depressants

100
Q

route of alcohol through body

A

passes through esophagus

stomach - small amount absorbed

small intestine - easily absorbed into blood

some to lungs vaporized into your breath

liver - broken down and metabolized carbon dioxide and water enzyme

101
Q

how is alcohol differnt in the way it interacts with receptors

A

most substances interact with specific receptors
alc interacts with many

102
Q

which near transmitter is especially sensitive to alc

A

GABA

103
Q

Chloride ion

A

enters cell bc of GABA
makes cells less sentsitive to other Nerotrasmitters

104
Q

2 organic brain syndromes that can come from drinking

A

dementia
wernicke - koskoff syndrome

105
Q

what do we believe os the reason these 2 organic brain syndromes come from drinking

A

theyre from a deficiency of thiamine which is metabolized in heavy drinkers

106
Q

stimulants

A

induces feelings of elevation
the intense crash
high risk for dependency

107
Q

how do stimulants work

A

they stimulate norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system

108
Q

cocaine

A

causes alertness and euphoria
because its a quick hit you’re inclined to do more

enters blood stream quickly nd goes straight to. brain

109
Q

tabaco

A

inhaled into lungs then bloodstream
stimulant in central nervous system and Midtbrain

110
Q

opioid death

A

slows down your respiratory until you just stop

111
Q

hallucinogens

A

affects mant recptors at once in multiple ways
for most no withdrawal symptoms
tolerance developed quick
affects sensory

112
Q

cannabis

A

hallucinogen
can also fall into depressant or stimulant

113
Q

tolerence + cannabis

A

can be contradictory - more use less tolerance

114
Q

family contributors to substance use disorders in men v women

A

evidence in women is contradictory and more conclusive in men

115
Q

ability to metabolize alcohol

A

liver produces - alcohol dehydrogenase

that breaks down acetaldehyde

If not broken down=sick

116
Q

opponent process theory

A

an increase in postive feelings will be followed by negative - cycle

117
Q

alcohol myopia

A

a short sightedness of what yo want

118
Q

agonist substitution vs treatment

A

sub= replacement with safe drug
treatment= block postive effects

119
Q
A

PSYC 300 (3 decks)

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