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PSYC 300 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

emotion

A

short physiological, cognitive, behavioural states

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2
Q

mood

A

prolonged emotion that effects how you perceive life

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3
Q

mood disorder

A

prolonged, abnormal mood,
must result in distress +impairment

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4
Q

2 mood disorders

A

depressive disorders
bipolar and related disorders

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5
Q

cultural differences of depressive disorders

A

the way other cultures describe depression is somantic (eg. soul loss)

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6
Q

depressive disorders symptoms with children

A

more physical complaints and irritability

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7
Q

depressive disorder symptoms with the elderly

A

often compounded with GAD
may come on from physical frailty and leading to stopping doing things

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8
Q

major depressive disorder symptoms

A

at least 2 weeks of symptoms

1.depressed everyday
2.diminished interest or please in activities
3.significant weight loss
4.insomnia
5.slow motor skills
6. feeling of worthlessness

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9
Q

psychotic features of depression

A

fixed false beliefs
1/2 people with MDD
like - guilt, disease, punishment

can have hallucinations too - auditory and visual

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10
Q

persistent depressive disorder symptoms

A

persistance for at least 2 years

need fewer symptoms and lower mood does not need to be everyday

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11
Q

double depression

A

have Persistant depressive disorder and then mdd occurs

already low, go lower

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12
Q

how often are recurrent episodes of depressive disorders

A

60-50%

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13
Q

prefrontal cortex and depression

A

decrease in cortical thickness

associated with behaviour correlated with curiosity and going out into the world

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14
Q

hippocampus and depression

A

smaller size is correlated with higher levels of MDD

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15
Q

Antieror cingulate cortex

A

apart of a circuit that regulates emotion

decreased activity in those with depression

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16
Q

amygdala and depression

A

associated with stress increase and dendrite activity

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17
Q

brodmann area 25 and depression

A

when overactive mdd is more treatment resistant

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18
Q

monoamine theory

A

related to causes of depression

the balance between MAO chemicals are more important than their absolute levels

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19
Q

how does EST work

A

not fully known

alter monoamines- may be jolt to neurocircuts

may stimulate neurogensis in hippocampus

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20
Q

Transmagnetic stimulation

A

for depression
run magnet over CNS

pulse specific brain areas of PFC

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21
Q

AT beck

A

cognitive processes

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22
Q

cognitive content

A

should - I should be better

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23
Q

cognitive process

A

arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
selective abstraction

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24
Q

arbitrary inference

A

to arrive at a conclusion where there is no evidence

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25
Q

overgeneralization

A

magnifying negative things - one criticism means a destrcution of everything

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26
Q

selective abstraction

A

taking one detail out of contextr

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27
Q

dysfunctional attitudes

A

im only worth something if everyone loves me

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28
Q

cognitive therapy

A

for depression
automatic thought records
behavioural experiments

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29
Q

behavioural treatments

A

behavioural activation
pleasent event scheduling

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30
Q

behavioural activation

A

getting a person to re-engadge with environment

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31
Q

pleasent event scheduling

A

positive events will precede a depressed persons good mood

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32
Q

bipolar disorder characterizations

A

elevated-mania
lowered-deppresion

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33
Q

chacteristics of a manic episode

A

3 symptoms for at least 1 week

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34
Q

3 types of bipolar

A

bipolar 1
bipolar 2
cyclothymic disorder

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35
Q

bipolar 1

A

classic bipolar
clear manic episodes

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36
Q

bipolar 2

A

hypomanic episodes

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37
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

duration of 2 years
less severe cycling of mood

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38
Q

rapid cycling specifier

A

at least 4 episodes per year

20-50% people

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39
Q

psychotic features specifier

A

delusions
hallucinations

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40
Q

psychosocial contributors to bipolar

A

stressful life events
sleep disruption

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41
Q

bio treatment for bipolar

A

lithium

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42
Q

lithum

A

for bipolar
50% respond well
many patients stop taking on purpose

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43
Q

valproate

A

anticonvulsant drug

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44
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of ability to experience any pleasure in life

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45
Q

hypomania

A

less severe mania
only has to last 4 days

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46
Q

unipolar disorder

A

experience of either Mania or depression

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47
Q

defining recurrent MDD

A

2 or more MDD episodes
separated by at least 2 months

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48
Q

specifier of PDD: pure dysthymic syndrome

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode have not been met in at least the preceding 2 years.

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49
Q

Specifier of PDD: With persistent major depressive episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode have been met throughout the preceding 2-year period.

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50
Q

Specifer of PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, with current episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode are currently met, but there have been periods of at least 8 weeks in at least the preceding 2 years with symptoms below the threshold for a full major depressive episode.

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51
Q

Specifier for PDD: intermittent major depressive episodes, without current episode

A

Full criteria for a major depressive episode are not currently met, but there has been one or more major depressive episodes in at least the preceding 2 years.

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52
Q

dexamethasone

A

part in body that surprises cortisol secretion in healthy individuals

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53
Q

tricyclic antidepressant

A

block reuptakes of certain neurotransmitters
lethal in large dose
downreg - norepinephrine, serotonin

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54
Q

MAO inhibiter

A

antidepressant
blocks enzyme MAO–> which breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin
interaction w/ reg things can be fatal - cheese,redwine

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55
Q

SSRI

A

blocks presynaptic reuptake of serotonin
increases serotonin at receptor sites

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56
Q

mindfulness based therapy

A

good for preventing future relapse
do activities alone

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57
Q

psychosocial treatment

A

30 sessions needed
family focused therapy
regulating sleep, eating cycles

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58
Q

2 other parts of suicidal behaviour

A

suicide attempts
suicidal ideation

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59
Q

altruistic/formal suicide

A

suicides that are approved of
in cases of bringing shame to family

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60
Q

egoistic suicide

A

loss of social support

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61
Q

anomic suicide

A

result of marked disruption eg. job loss

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62
Q

fatalistic suicide

A

loss of control of your own destiny eg.cult

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63
Q

Edward shneidman

A

created the psychological autopsy

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64
Q

psychological autopsy

A

reconstructing the psych profile of someone who committed suicide through interview with friends and family

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65
Q

definition of substance

A

any synthesized or natural product that has psychoactive effects

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66
Q

2 substance induced disorders

A

substance intoxication
substance withdrawal

67
Q

the substance must directly or indirectly effect the brain _____ ______ to be considered a substance use disorder

A

reward system

68
Q

phramalogical criteria for substance abuse disorders

A

tolerence
withdrawl

69
Q

alcohol abuse moral defect model

A

people who abuse alc are seen as people with bad character

70
Q

alcohol abuse psychodynamic model

A

judgment carried on from moral defect model
idea of weak mind

71
Q

alcohol abuse disease model

A

idea that alcohol abuse is a disease

72
Q

alcohol abuse behavioural model

A

due to complex internal conflicts
you learn to abuse through pos/neg reienforcement

73
Q

what does alcohol do to GABA + relevance

A

alc is a GABA agonist down regulates it

Makes brain more sensitive to its other neurotransmitters (like dopamine ie. pleasure pathway)

74
Q

what does alcohol do to glutamate + relevance

A

down regulates
glutamate assists with memory –> can contribute to blackouts

75
Q

what does alcohol do to dopamine + relevance

A

increases bc of the down reg of other transmitters
has to do with please pathway and reward systems

76
Q

respiratory suppression with alc

A

alcohol suppresses areas in brain which surpress breathing
too much just stops it

77
Q

hemorrhagic pancreatitis

A

has to filter through so much alcohol that it just stops and bleeds

78
Q

what happens with your neurotransmitters in alc withdrawal

A

GABA becomes less sensitive
leads to an over active glutamate
leads to cell death

79
Q

why would benzodiazepines be a treatment for alc withdrawal

A

alc surprises GABA and bentos mimic it

80
Q

pleasure pathway CNS circuit and alc

A

can affect thus pathway which heavily involves dopamine which controls rewards

81
Q

the DRD2 gene

A

an allel that makes you more sensitive to dopamine
66% of all alcoholics have iy

82
Q

what classifies a hallucinogen

A

chemicals that alter sensory info

83
Q

cannabis and endocannobidoid system

A

body produces endocannaboids
this system controls a lot
external cannabis highjacks

84
Q

THC

A

a high inducing

85
Q

CBD

A

anti inflam
more medicinal

86
Q

cannabis and dopemine

A

decreases activity in dopamine

87
Q

what could decrease of dopamine contribute to in context of cannabis

A

anti motivational syndrome

88
Q

cannabis and schizophrenia

A

use can trigger episodes

89
Q

naloxone

A

agonist
fast acting for overdoses
causes opioid withdrawl

90
Q

naltrexone

A

for opioid +alc abuse
blocks recptors of pleasure
antagonist

91
Q

what is the differences between an agonist drug and an antagonist drug

A

agonist - mimics by combining with receptor to bring about action

antagonist - binds with receptor and blocks

92
Q

Buprenorphine

A

mostly agonist
partial antagonist

93
Q

Acamprosate

A

agonist
up regulates GABA
protects against withdraw symptoms

94
Q

disulfiram

A

aversion treatment for alcoholism
prevents breakdown of acetaldehyde

95
Q

use

A

ingestion of a substance
not always problematic

96
Q

substance use disorder severity range

A

4-5 symptoms = moderate
6+ = severe

97
Q

5 categories of substance

A

depressants
stimulants
opioids
hallucinogen
other drugs

98
Q

depressants

A

decrease activity in central nervous system
reduce psychological arousal

99
Q

which drug is most likely to produce tolerance + withdrawal

A

depressants

100
Q

route of alcohol through body

A

passes through esophagus

stomach - small amount absorbed

small intestine - easily absorbed into blood

some to lungs vaporized into your breath

liver - broken down and metabolized carbon dioxide and water enzyme

101
Q

how is alcohol differnt in the way it interacts with receptors

A

most substances interact with specific receptors
alc interacts with many

102
Q

which near transmitter is especially sensitive to alc

103
Q

Chloride ion

A

enters cell bc of GABA
makes cells less sentsitive to other Nerotrasmitters

104
Q

2 organic brain syndromes that can come from drinking

A

dementia
wernicke - koskoff syndrome

105
Q

what do we believe os the reason these 2 organic brain syndromes come from drinking

A

theyre from a deficiency of thiamine which is metabolized in heavy drinkers

106
Q

stimulants

A

induces feelings of elevation
the intense crash
high risk for dependency

107
Q

how do stimulants work

A

they stimulate norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system

108
Q

cocaine

A

causes alertness and euphoria
because its a quick hit you’re inclined to do more

enters blood stream quickly nd goes straight to. brain

109
Q

tabaco

A

inhaled into lungs then bloodstream
stimulant in central nervous system and Midtbrain

110
Q

opioid death

A

slows down your respiratory until you just stop

111
Q

hallucinogens

A

affects mant recptors at once in multiple ways
for most no withdrawal symptoms
tolerance developed quick
affects sensory

112
Q

cannabis

A

hallucinogen
can also fall into depressant or stimulant

113
Q

tolerence + cannabis

A

can be contradictory - more use less tolerance

114
Q

family contributors to substance use disorders in men v women

A

evidence in women is contradictory and more conclusive in men

115
Q

ability to metabolize alcohol

A

liver produces - alcohol dehydrogenase

that breaks down acetaldehyde

If not broken down=sick

116
Q

opponent process theory

A

an increase in postive feelings will be followed by negative - cycle

117
Q

alcohol myopia

A

a short sightedness of what yo want

118
Q

agonist substitution vs treatment

A

sub= replacement with safe drug
treatment= block postive effects

119
Q

what was the first behavioural addiction to be recognized

120
Q

why did they include the behavioural addiction gambling as an addiction disorder

A

May activate same brain reward system as pharmaceuticals

121
Q

what is psychosis

A

extreme distortion of reality
delusions
hallucinations

122
Q

symptom requirement for a schizophrenia diagnosis

A

2+ postive or negative symptoms of psychosis
symptoms for more than 6 months

123
Q

what are positive symptoms

A

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized thinking
disorganized behaviour

124
Q

5 negative symptoms

A

affect flattening
avolition
alogia
Anhedonia
asociality

125
Q

Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome

A

emerges usually during prodromal stage
developing schizophrenic symptoms but you have greater insight that you’re wrong

126
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

pervasive social and interpersonal deficits

127
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

presence of one or more types of delusions

128
Q

types of delusions

A
  • Erotomanic
  • Grandiose
    – Jealous
    – Persecutory
    – Somatic
129
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

shows positive symptoms
duration less than one month

130
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

positive AND negative symptoms
1-6 months

131
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A

Mood Disorder plus Schizophrenia

132
Q

what do family studies of schizophrenia show

A

the closer genetic relation you are to the schizophrenic family member the more likely you are to get it

133
Q

the 2 factor theory on schizophrenia

A

a dopamine deficiency at D1 receptor site (frontal)
a dopamine excess at D2 receptor sites (striatal)

134
Q

according to the 2 factor theory of schizophrenia how would you treat schizophrenia

A

a dopamine antagonist

135
Q

contrary evidence to dopamines role in schizophrenia

A
  1. Dopamine antagonists not universally effective
  2. Clozapine, a weak dopamine antagonist, is effective
  3. Discontinuity between dopamine blockage & symptom change
  4. Less helpful in reducing negative symptoms
136
Q

glutamate dysfunction theory in relation to schizophrenia

A

not enough glutamate because too much dopamine

137
Q

neurodevelopment ideas connected to schizophrenia - signs at birth

A

Smaller head circumference at birth

Slower to reach developmental milestones

Higher rates of left-handedness

Congenital minor physical & craniofacial anomalies

138
Q

neurodevelopment theory of schizophrenia microglia theory

A

microglia prunes neurons
complication in that
controlled by - glutamate and GABA

139
Q

First-generation antipsychotic medications

A

Target positive symptoms

140
Q

Second generation antipsychotics

A

reduces more negative symptoms than primary
lower rates of side effects

141
Q

what does mental health law balence

A

Individual rights and fairness
and protection for society

142
Q

what does criminal committment refer to

A

the patients ability to stand trial and that NCR his an option

143
Q

what does civil commitment refer to

A

the ability to protect society and deprive the person of their liberty in a psychiatric facility

144
Q

who is in control of criminal commitment

A

its up to each province

145
Q

2 legal decisions in the context of criminal commitment

A

competency to stand trial
NCR

146
Q

trial in abstentia

A

related to competency to stand trial
physically present but mentally absent

147
Q

3 criteria to determine competency to stand trial
(Fitness Interview Test-R)

A
  1. Does the person understand nature and purpose of legal proceedings?
  2. Does the person understand the possible or likely consequences of proceedings?
  3. Is the person capable of communicating with his/her lawyer?
148
Q

3 outcomes if not competent to stand trial

A

Conditional discharge
Detain in hospital
Order treatment

149
Q

difference between mental disorder and psychological disorder

A

MD is a legal term
PD is a medical term

150
Q

2 concepts civil commitment is based on

A

“parens patriae”, when citizens not able to act in their best interest.

Police power, when there is a need to protect the public

151
Q

criteria to be involuntarily committed

A
  1. Mental illness – Disease of the mind
  2. Need for psychiatric treatment
  3. Care, supervision, or control is necessary to protect the person or others
  4. Or to prevent substantial mental or physical deterioration
152
Q

Kraepelin

A

categorized schizphrenia by combining symptoms that used to be separate

153
Q

catoania

A

kraepelin outlined as a symptom of dementia praecox
alternating immobility and excited agitatia

154
Q

hebephrenia

A

kraepelin outlined as symptom of dementia prearox
acting silly or immature

155
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

thinking you’re important and famous

156
Q

delusion of persecution

A

thinking people are out to get them

157
Q

avolition

A

little interest in daily functions

158
Q

alogia

A

absence of speech
short one word answers

159
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of pleasure

160
Q

asociality

A

lack of interest in social events

161
Q

affective flattening

A

no emotion when they speak

162
Q

cognitive triad

A

thinking negatively about self, immediate world, future

PSYC 300 (3 decks)

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