Midterm 1 Flashcards
3 models of psychological disorders
Spiritual, biological, psychological
psychological dysfunction
distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected
phobia
psychological disorder characterized by persistent fear of an object or situation
presenting problem
why patient comes in
incidence
number of new cases
Time limiting source
disorder will improve without treatment in a short time
acute onset
began suddenly
insidious onset
gradually developing
prognosis
the diagnosis
etiology
the study of the origin of disease
spiritual model - what did psych disorders come from
devil
punishment from god
witches
moon and stars
overall- out of harmony from a higher being
spiritual model - treatments
excorcism
prayer
persecution/death
biological model - psych disorder causes
can be traced back to a biological cause
Hippocrates
humoral theory
biological model
unbalanced humorous caused psych disorders
John P grey
biological model
thought pschyological disorders were phyiscal disorders
made hospitals more humane
Psychological model
focuses on psychology factors but also social, cultural and moral
what happens if you don’t correctly go through all stages of psychosexual development
you get stuck and hyperfixated on the one you did not go through smoothly
ego psychologically (later ideas of psychoanalytic thought)
attributes disorders to failure of ego to manage impulse and internal conflict
carl rogers
psych model
humanistic theory
client directed therapy
if client directs discussion = more honest
mental illness occurs when you are out of touch with guidance system
Arab philosophers - reason for psychology disorders
psychopathy arose when there was an imbalance between mind and body
Canadian Indigenous culture - reason for psych disorders
if you don’t respect animals, environment, cosmos you will get mental illness
spirituality model today
still very important to people
67% are religiously affiliated
25% strongly affiliated
humoral theory
4 humorals
blood - active + social
yellow bile - anger, impatient
black bile - melancholy
phlegm - passive
out of balance = mental illness
rauvolfia
an old south asian medicine for psychosis
2 schools of thought + differences
German school - focused on psychosis (bio model)
French school - focused on mental processes (psychological model)
Emile Kraepeline
2 types of psychosis
Exogenous (external factors) - eg. achlohlism + syphilis
endogenous (internal factors)
dementia preacox
Emil Kraepelin name from now schizophrenia
general Paresis
brain disease as a result of syphilis
involuntional melencholia
Emil Kraepelin name for now depression
2 types of neurosis
neurasthenia - weakness of nerves (anxiety)
Psychaesthenia - weakness of psyche (OCD)
Early intervention for neurosis
elixers - gin
period of quiet
early 20th century bio perspectives
custodial care - asylums
radical semantic procedures
Egaz Moniz
lobotomy
surgical opotation with incision to frontal lobe
early 20th century
Freeman + Watts
performed labotomies until the 60’s
early 20th century
Von medusa
used insulin to induce seizures
thought you couldn’t have epilepsy and schizophrenia
early 20th century
Cerletti + Bini
electric induced seizures
for people with depression
early 20th century
1954-1959 medications
phenothiazines
lithium carbonate
psychological model explanation
psych disorders arise from life experiences
Philippe Pinel
created moral treatment
made asylums more pleasant
insanity was psychological
moral treatment
Phillipe Pinel
goal was to arouse positivity
treat patients kindly and w/ respect
formal instruction top redirect mind
200 people
moral treatment outcomes
50% released without relapse
6% one relapse then released
20% never discharged
decline of moral treatment
paradox
advocated to much for mental heath that more people went to these hospitals
got too overcrowded -not enough staff and funding
doraethea dix
championed moral treatment
mental hygiene movement
Mesmer
animal magnetism
hypnotized people
a fluid was found in the body which made mental illness - this got it out
early 20th century
Charcot
hypnotized people to remove their hysteria
early 20th century
janet
we unconsciously repress all bad things
early 20th century
Bruer
“Talking cure” if you let them talk about their problems their symptoms went down
Early 20th century
Tripartite mind
unconscious, subconscious ,conscious
freud
Tripartite Psyche
Frued
Id- animal drives, libido, pleasure principle
Ego- logic and reason
superego- conscious and morality (mediates the 2)
Freud - our primary motivations
Libido - sexual
Thanatos - agression
5 stages of psychosexual development
oral, anal, phallic, latency, adult
what does freud say Defence mechanisms are for
done by ego to control the impulse of the ID. Automatic and unconscious
Defence mechanisms
denial, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, intellectualization
Freuds goal
make the unconscious conscious
Freuds techniques
Free association - talk w/o structure and therapist interprets
Dream analysis
interpretations of transference - therapist interpretation of projection
harry stack sullivan
Interpersonal Dynamic - what you are is how people treat you
Otto Kenberg
object relations
we talk in and “introject” significant others around us as ourselves
Maslow
Humanistic model
focus on human potential
seek fufillment through personal growth
neofruedians
harry stack Sullivan
Otto kenberg
bf skinner
operant conditioning
operant conditioning
behaviour and how often it happens depends on its consequences and punishments
reward - most affective
punishment
extinction
Derek hopko
through operate conditioning taught behaviour modification
adaptive responses
Classical Conditioning
you can make a neutral stimulus elicit a condition response
Pavlov
classical conditioning
Joesph Wolpe
counter conditioning
counter conditioning
a treatment for phobias making an cr (Phobias, ptsd) a neutral response
maladaptive conditioned emotional response
gradual expose, desenstization, response reversion
OCD
Albert Bundra
we learn by observing others
some psychopathy is learned by watching other (phobias, interpersonal skills)
AT Beck
thought depressed people think about negative things and not rational or logically
developed Cognitive therapy
Thalamus
info hub
transmits sensor/motor info tp amygdala
fast transmission- amygdala for fear response
hypothalamus
links nervous system to endocrine system
promotes defensive behaviour
limbic system
amygdala
hippocampus
basil ganglis
amygdala
emotional processing
detects novelty
more active in people with anxiety
hippocampus
long term memory
associated with PTSD
basil ganglia
controls motor activity
connected to OCD
prefrontal cortex
control center
makes decisions and long term plans
left hem - cognitive
right hem- creative
percent of CNS neurons in PFC
80%
Glutamate
actives brain
memory, learning, communication
overstim- excitoxicity
understim- thinning dendrites +memory
Benzodiazepine GABA
reducea arousal
tempers emotional reposnes
serotonine
creates stability in emotion and thought
high levels-withdrawal,inhibitian
low- instability, impulsive suicide
Norepinephrine
makes you alert
affects adrenaline
Dopamine
Pleasure center
reward sensitivity
Monamin Oxidase
breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine
Katemine
used for pain relief and anaethsia
possibly for depression
genes
sequence of DNA molecules
base pairs
a combination of 4 nucleotides
the 4 nucleotides
adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine
Coding DNA
Genes that contribute to production of protein synthsis
number of genes in human body
20,000
number of base pairs in human body
9 million
chromosomes
series of genes
allels
alternative forms of the same genes
mutation
Most common polymorphism
single nucleotide polymorphism
one nucleotide of base pair is different
what did the human genome project find
coding sequence DNA accounts for 2% of genome
where does DNA bind to which affects transcription
promotor region
ways promotor regions can affect transcription
silencers - methylation
enhancer - hypermethylation
epigenetic
internal + external factors that affect gene expression without altering DNA
what do ACE’s do to genes
affect gene expression of HPA axis - a major neurological pathway which affects all organs
HPA Axis feedback loop process
activated in the hypothalamus
which activates adrenal glands
adrenal glands secrete: adrenaline and cortisol
Glucocorticoid and ACE
can turn off cortisol and stop stress
aces can affect that
ACE’s ans Serotonin
excessive serotonin which can
neurotoxicity- break down brain
depressive symptoms
substance dependence
MAO gene and ACE’s
disrupts proper synaptic transition
disrupts emotional regulation
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Operates in synaptic Clift to keep neurone in balance
Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and ACE’s
affect cortex thickness in regions related to decisions emotions and memories
percentage of genetic contributions to personality and cognitive abilities
30%-50%
percentage of genetic contribution to psychological disorders
50%
diathesis stress model
individuals inherit multiple gene tendencies to express certainn behaviours, which can be triggered under certain conditions
gene environment correlation model
some genes indicate an increased probability of experiencing an adverse life
telomeres
structure that caps end of chromosome
can predict life span
somatic nervous system
controls muscles
automatic nervous system
cardio, endocrine systems
sympathy nervous system
mobilizing body in time of stress
parasympatic nervous system
to balence sympathic
learned helplessness
believing you have no control in life
prepared learning
prepared to learn through evolution (eg. afraid of spiders)
implicit memories
acts based off things that happened but you can’t remember
emotion
temporary state
mood
persistant state
dialectical behaviour therapy
teach distress tolerance
emotional regualtion
interpersonal effectiveness training
dynamic interpersonal therapy
emphasis on origin of problems
understand those patterns
cognitive bahvioral mindfulness therapy
change relationship with emotions
difference between CBT and dynamic
CBT focus on maintaining factors, modify cognition, most work is done outside
dynamic- focus on origin, work done in theapy
3 ways to determine assessment value
reliability
validity
standardizationj
5 methods of assesment
clinical
observation technique
tests
psychological
life records
4 types of clinical interview
openeded
semi structured
mental status exam
behavioural interview
5 things to look for in mental status exam
appearance/behavior
thought process
intellectual
sensorium
mood+affect
