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PSYC 300 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 models of psychological disorders

A

Spiritual, biological, psychological

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2
Q

psychological dysfunction

A

distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

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3
Q

phobia

A

psychological disorder characterized by persistent fear of an object or situation

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4
Q

presenting problem

A

why patient comes in

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5
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases

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6
Q

Time limiting source

A

disorder will improve without treatment in a short time

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7
Q

acute onset

A

began suddenly

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8
Q

insidious onset

A

gradually developing

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9
Q

prognosis

A

the diagnosis

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10
Q

etiology

A

the study of the origin of disease

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11
Q

spiritual model - what did psych disorders come from

A

devil
punishment from god
witches
moon and stars
overall- out of harmony from a higher being

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12
Q

spiritual model - treatments

A

excorcism
prayer
persecution/death

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13
Q

biological model - psych disorder causes

A

can be traced back to a biological cause

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14
Q

Hippocrates

A

humoral theory
biological model
unbalanced humorous caused psych disorders

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15
Q

John P grey

A

biological model
thought pschyological disorders were phyiscal disorders
made hospitals more humane

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16
Q

Psychological model

A

focuses on psychology factors but also social, cultural and moral

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17
Q

what happens if you don’t correctly go through all stages of psychosexual development

A

you get stuck and hyperfixated on the one you did not go through smoothly

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18
Q

ego psychologically (later ideas of psychoanalytic thought)

A

attributes disorders to failure of ego to manage impulse and internal conflict

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19
Q

carl rogers

A

psych model
humanistic theory
client directed therapy
if client directs discussion = more honest
mental illness occurs when you are out of touch with guidance system

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20
Q

Arab philosophers - reason for psychology disorders

A

psychopathy arose when there was an imbalance between mind and body

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21
Q

Canadian Indigenous culture - reason for psych disorders

A

if you don’t respect animals, environment, cosmos you will get mental illness

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22
Q

spirituality model today

A

still very important to people
67% are religiously affiliated
25% strongly affiliated

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23
Q

humoral theory

A

4 humorals
blood - active + social
yellow bile - anger, impatient
black bile - melancholy
phlegm - passive
out of balance = mental illness

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24
Q

rauvolfia

A

an old south asian medicine for psychosis

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25
Q

2 schools of thought + differences

A

German school - focused on psychosis (bio model)
French school - focused on mental processes (psychological model)

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26
Q

Emile Kraepeline

A

2 types of psychosis
Exogenous (external factors) - eg. achlohlism + syphilis

endogenous (internal factors)

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27
Q

dementia preacox

A

Emil Kraepelin name from now schizophrenia

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28
Q

general Paresis

A

brain disease as a result of syphilis

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29
Q

involuntional melencholia

A

Emil Kraepelin name for now depression

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30
Q

2 types of neurosis

A

neurasthenia - weakness of nerves (anxiety)
Psychaesthenia - weakness of psyche (OCD)

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31
Q

Early intervention for neurosis

A

elixers - gin
period of quiet

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32
Q

early 20th century bio perspectives

A

custodial care - asylums
radical semantic procedures

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33
Q

Egaz Moniz

A

lobotomy
surgical opotation with incision to frontal lobe
early 20th century

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34
Q

Freeman + Watts

A

performed labotomies until the 60’s
early 20th century

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35
Q

Von medusa

A

used insulin to induce seizures
thought you couldn’t have epilepsy and schizophrenia
early 20th century

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36
Q

Cerletti + Bini

A

electric induced seizures
for people with depression
early 20th century

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37
Q

1954-1959 medications

A

phenothiazines
lithium carbonate

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38
Q

psychological model explanation

A

psych disorders arise from life experiences

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39
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

created moral treatment
made asylums more pleasant
insanity was psychological

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40
Q

moral treatment

A

Phillipe Pinel
goal was to arouse positivity
treat patients kindly and w/ respect
formal instruction top redirect mind
200 people

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41
Q

moral treatment outcomes

A

50% released without relapse
6% one relapse then released
20% never discharged

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42
Q

decline of moral treatment

A

paradox
advocated to much for mental heath that more people went to these hospitals

got too overcrowded -not enough staff and funding

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43
Q

doraethea dix

A

championed moral treatment
mental hygiene movement

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44
Q

Mesmer

A

animal magnetism
hypnotized people
a fluid was found in the body which made mental illness - this got it out
early 20th century

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45
Q

Charcot

A

hypnotized people to remove their hysteria
early 20th century

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46
Q

janet

A

we unconsciously repress all bad things
early 20th century

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47
Q

Bruer

A

“Talking cure” if you let them talk about their problems their symptoms went down
Early 20th century

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48
Q

Tripartite mind

A

unconscious, subconscious ,conscious
freud

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49
Q

Tripartite Psyche

A

Frued
Id- animal drives, libido, pleasure principle

Ego- logic and reason

superego- conscious and morality (mediates the 2)

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50
Q

Freud - our primary motivations

A

Libido - sexual
Thanatos - agression

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51
Q

5 stages of psychosexual development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, adult

52
Q

what does freud say Defence mechanisms are for

A

done by ego to control the impulse of the ID. Automatic and unconscious

53
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

denial, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, sublimation, intellectualization

54
Q

Freuds goal

A

make the unconscious conscious

55
Q

Freuds techniques

A

Free association - talk w/o structure and therapist interprets
Dream analysis
interpretations of transference - therapist interpretation of projection

56
Q

harry stack sullivan

A

Interpersonal Dynamic - what you are is how people treat you

57
Q

Otto Kenberg

A

object relations
we talk in and “introject” significant others around us as ourselves

58
Q

Maslow

A

Humanistic model
focus on human potential
seek fufillment through personal growth

59
Q

neofruedians

A

harry stack Sullivan
Otto kenberg

60
Q

bf skinner

A

operant conditioning

61
Q

operant conditioning

A

behaviour and how often it happens depends on its consequences and punishments

reward - most affective
punishment
extinction

62
Q

Derek hopko

A

through operate conditioning taught behaviour modification

adaptive responses

63
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

you can make a neutral stimulus elicit a condition response

64
Q

Pavlov

A

classical conditioning

65
Q

Joesph Wolpe

A

counter conditioning

66
Q

counter conditioning

A

a treatment for phobias making an cr (Phobias, ptsd) a neutral response

67
Q

maladaptive conditioned emotional response

A

gradual expose, desenstization, response reversion
OCD

68
Q

Albert Bundra

A

we learn by observing others
some psychopathy is learned by watching other (phobias, interpersonal skills)

69
Q

AT Beck

A

thought depressed people think about negative things and not rational or logically

developed Cognitive therapy

70
Q

Thalamus

A

info hub
transmits sensor/motor info tp amygdala
fast transmission- amygdala for fear response

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

links nervous system to endocrine system

promotes defensive behaviour

72
Q

limbic system

A

amygdala
hippocampus
basil ganglis

73
Q

amygdala

A

emotional processing
detects novelty
more active in people with anxiety

74
Q

hippocampus

A

long term memory
associated with PTSD

75
Q

basil ganglia

A

controls motor activity
connected to OCD

76
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

control center
makes decisions and long term plans
left hem - cognitive
right hem- creative

77
Q

percent of CNS neurons in PFC

A

80%

78
Q

Glutamate

A

actives brain
memory, learning, communication
overstim- excitoxicity
understim- thinning dendrites +memory

79
Q

Benzodiazepine GABA

A

reducea arousal
tempers emotional reposnes

80
Q

serotonine

A

creates stability in emotion and thought
high levels-withdrawal,inhibitian
low- instability, impulsive suicide

81
Q

Norepinephrine

A

makes you alert
affects adrenaline

82
Q

Dopamine

A

Pleasure center
reward sensitivity

83
Q

Monamin Oxidase

A

breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine

84
Q

Katemine

A

used for pain relief and anaethsia
possibly for depression

85
Q

genes

A

sequence of DNA molecules

86
Q

base pairs

A

a combination of 4 nucleotides

87
Q

the 4 nucleotides

A

adenine
thymine
guanine
cytosine

88
Q

Coding DNA

A

Genes that contribute to production of protein synthsis

89
Q

number of genes in human body

A

20,000

90
Q

number of base pairs in human body

A

9 million

91
Q

chromosomes

A

series of genes

92
Q

allels

A

alternative forms of the same genes
mutation

93
Q

Most common polymorphism

A

single nucleotide polymorphism
one nucleotide of base pair is different

94
Q

what did the human genome project find

A

coding sequence DNA accounts for 2% of genome

95
Q

where does DNA bind to which affects transcription

A

promotor region

96
Q

ways promotor regions can affect transcription

A

silencers - methylation
enhancer - hypermethylation

97
Q

epigenetic

A

internal + external factors that affect gene expression without altering DNA

98
Q

what do ACE’s do to genes

A

affect gene expression of HPA axis - a major neurological pathway which affects all organs

99
Q

HPA Axis feedback loop process

A

activated in the hypothalamus
which activates adrenal glands
adrenal glands secrete: adrenaline and cortisol

100
Q

Glucocorticoid and ACE

A

can turn off cortisol and stop stress
aces can affect that

101
Q

ACE’s ans Serotonin

A

excessive serotonin which can
neurotoxicity- break down brain
depressive symptoms
substance dependence

102
Q

MAO gene and ACE’s

A

disrupts proper synaptic transition
disrupts emotional regulation

103
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

Operates in synaptic Clift to keep neurone in balance

104
Q

Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and ACE’s

A

affect cortex thickness in regions related to decisions emotions and memories

105
Q

percentage of genetic contributions to personality and cognitive abilities

A

30%-50%

106
Q

percentage of genetic contribution to psychological disorders

A

50%

107
Q

diathesis stress model

A

individuals inherit multiple gene tendencies to express certainn behaviours, which can be triggered under certain conditions

108
Q

gene environment correlation model

A

some genes indicate an increased probability of experiencing an adverse life

109
Q

telomeres

A

structure that caps end of chromosome
can predict life span

110
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls muscles

111
Q

automatic nervous system

A

cardio, endocrine systems

112
Q

sympathy nervous system

A

mobilizing body in time of stress

113
Q

parasympatic nervous system

A

to balence sympathic

114
Q

learned helplessness

A

believing you have no control in life

115
Q

prepared learning

A

prepared to learn through evolution (eg. afraid of spiders)

116
Q

implicit memories

A

acts based off things that happened but you can’t remember

117
Q

emotion

A

temporary state

118
Q

mood

A

persistant state

119
Q

dialectical behaviour therapy

A

teach distress tolerance
emotional regualtion
interpersonal effectiveness training

120
Q

dynamic interpersonal therapy

A

emphasis on origin of problems
understand those patterns

121
Q

cognitive bahvioral mindfulness therapy

A

change relationship with emotions

122
Q

difference between CBT and dynamic

A

CBT focus on maintaining factors, modify cognition, most work is done outside

dynamic- focus on origin, work done in theapy

123
Q

3 ways to determine assessment value

A

reliability
validity
standardizationj

124
Q

5 methods of assesment

A

clinical
observation technique
tests
psychological
life records

125
Q

4 types of clinical interview

A

openeded
semi structured
mental status exam
behavioural interview

126
Q

5 things to look for in mental status exam

A

appearance/behavior
thought process
intellectual
sensorium
mood+affect

PSYC 300 (3 decks)

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