Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 331 (intergroup relations) > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do social categories become harmful?

A

social categorization -> stereotype activation -> stereotype application
- may bring to mind a stereotype based on the features we are use to categorize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what three factors determine social categorization?

A
  1. prototypicality
  2. visibility of identity
  3. situation and context (may make certain aspects more salient)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two dimensions along which all stereotypes are formed? what is the proposed third dimension? what are the relationships between them?

A
  1. warmth
  2. competence
  3. ideology
    while competence is largely independent of ideology, groups more similar to your ideology are perceived to be warmer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the racial position model of stereotypes? why is it useful?

A

racial and ethnic minorities in the US are perceived along two dimensions:
1. inferiority
2. foreignness

important for understanding…
1. perceived discrimination
2. perception of group threats
3. strategic use of stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the four main reasons why stereotypes originate?

A
  1. outgroup homogeneity effect
  2. cross-race effect
  3. ultimate/fundamental attribution error
  4. illusory correlations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the mechanisms behind the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A
  1. higher quantity and quality of contact among ingroup members -> more individuating info
  2. motivation to be distinct from one’s ingroup -> seeking out biased info to maintain individuality
  3. motivation to dehumanize others to maintain a sense that ingroup is superior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what mechanisms are responsible for the cross-race effect?

A
  1. outgroup homogeneity effect
  2. one’s motivation to attend to outgroup faces
  3. one’s ability to attend to outgroup faces (often due to limited exposure in daily life)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

according to the illusory correlation effect, when do people assume that group membership and behaviour are associated?

A
  1. when a person’s group stands out (minority)
  2. when a person’s behaviour stands out (negative)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two types of blatant/explicit biases? how do they compare?

A
  1. SDO: belief that group hierarchies are natural; focus on economic conflicts; associated with conservatism
  2. RWA; emphasizes conformity and obedience to authority; focus on value conflicts; associated with nationalism and patriotism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three types of subtle/implicit biases? how do they compare?

A
  1. automatic: association between ingroup-good and outgroup-bad; tested with IAT
  2. ambiguous: tendency to favour one’s ingroup, incidentally disfavouring others through exclusion; associated with aversive racism, social identity theory, and self-categorization theory
  3. ambivalent: tendency to judge others based on intentions (warmth) and whether they are smart enough to act upon them (competence); associated with stereotype content model
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two ways of measuring implicit prejudice?

A
  • IAT
  • bogus pipeline procedure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what model is at the centre of Linda Zou’s research?

A

racial position model: people can be discriminated against based on perceived foreignness and inferiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two main components to Gordon Moskowitz’ work on stereotype activation/inhibition?

A
  1. categorization: why is stereotyping so easy to slip into?
  2. control: how do we prevent ourselves from engaging in it?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

according to Gordon Moskowitz, what situations can cue an egalitarian mindset?

A
  1. setting explicit goals
  2. perspective-taking
  3. implementation intentions (making specific plans linked to particular environmental cues)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

according to Nour Kteily, what real-world consequences stem from blatant dehumanization of Arab Muslims?

A
  1. immigrant opposition
  2. less helping/charitable behaviour
  3. greater support for militaristic aggression
  4. support for drone strikes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what intervention was implemented in Nigeria, in an effort to reduce conflict between religious groups? what were its results?

A
  • 15 minute radio program featured casual contact between a Christian character and a Muslim character, which involved them discovering they have a lot in common
  • those who listened to it reported less support for inter-religious violence, felt less threatened by the other group, and endorsed fewer negative traits about the other group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what simple intervention is shown to reduce dehumanization on Nour Kteily’s ascent of man scale?

A
  • providing evidence of admiration between ethnic/religious groups
  • causes people to think through their hypocrisy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

according to Nour Kteily, what are the two basic societal building blocks that lead to blatant dehumanization?

A
  1. groups with differences in status upheld by social structures
  2. conflict/exploitation between these groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is ambivalent sexism?

A

hostile sexism + benevolent sexism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are backlash effects?

A

the economic and social repercussions faced by women who express greater agency, ambition, and who act counter-stereotypically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

according to a study, in which female participants read a fake news article highlighting either (a) weight stigma, or (b) smoking stigma, how did the women in condition A respond?

A

participants higher in perceived weight later consumed more calories and had weaker beliefs in dietary control following exposure to weight stigma information

22
Q

why does the gendered “brilliance bias” exist?

A
  1. availability heuristic
  2. socialization
23
Q

what is structural fit? how does it apply in the context of intergroup relations studies?

A
  • the closer the match is between the specificity of the behaviour and the specificity of the question, the stronger its predictive power is going to be
  • helps determine which prejudices are relevant for/predictive of which behaviours
24
Q

what is the correlation between internal motivation and prejudice?

A

moderately negatively related to prejudice

25
Q

what is the correlation between external motivation and prejudice?

A

weakly positively related to prejudice

26
Q

what are four factors that impact one’s ability to control prejudiced behaviour?

A
  1. time of day/level of tiredness
  2. alcohol
  3. older age
  4. cognitive resources/load
27
Q

what two main messages were conveyed in Rwanda’s “New Dawn” radio program in an effort to reduce intergroup prejudice?

A
  1. the roots of prejudice and violence stem from frustration of basic psychological needs
  2. trauma is normal and can be healed
28
Q

what were the four study variations designed to test Milgram’s theory about the influence of proximity on obedience?

A
  1. remote
  2. voice-feedback
  3. proximity
  4. touch proximity
29
Q

what is stigma?

A
  • possessing (or being believed to possess) a characteristic that conveys a devalued social identity
  • constitutes a discrepancy between virtual and actual social identity
30
Q

according to Goffman, what are the three types of stigma?

A
  1. physical
  2. mental
  3. tribal
31
Q

what are five cases in which people are more likely to perceive discrimination?

A
  1. if it comes from an outgroup member
  2. in a context linked to negative stereotypes
  3. when you identify more strongly with your ingroup
  4. when you have stigma consciousness
  5. when it’s blatant
32
Q

what are the three cognitive mechanisms behind personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

A
  1. identification: easier to identify a general pattern across many cases
  2. accessibility: media coverage makes group-level examples more accessible
  3. comparison standard: more likely to compare your group to other groups than to yourself
33
Q

what are the three motivational mechanisms behind personal/group discrimination discrepancy?

A
  1. denial: minimizing our own unjust experiences protects our belief in a just world
  2. distancing: desire to separate ourselves from negative attributes associated with our ingroup (eg. playing the race card)
  3. affiliation: claiming discrimination may harm relationships with others
34
Q

what are the three ways in which we can respond to discrimination?

A
  1. concealment
  2. compensation
  3. confrontation
35
Q

what are the two main cognitive costs of concealing your stigmatized identity?

A
  1. preoccupation
  2. increased vigilance
36
Q

what are the four main emotional costs of concealing your stigmatized identity?

A
  1. anxiety about being caught
  2. shame
  3. ambivalence about identity
  4. lack of feeling of belongingness
37
Q

what are the behavioural implications of concealing your stigmatized identity?

A
  1. avoiding social interactions
  2. impression management to conceal stigma:
    a. counter-stereotypical behaviour
    b. modifying mechanisms
    c. lying or keeping quiet about certain topics
38
Q

what four factors shape one’s decision to conceal or disclose a stigmatized identity?

A
  1. threat of discovery
  2. self-verification motives
  3. context
  4. degree of disclosure
39
Q

what are the three ways in which a person could compensate for their stigmatized identity?

A
  1. acknowledgement
  2. increased positivity
  3. divulging individuating information
40
Q

what five boxes need to be checked in order for a person to directly confront discrimination?

A
  1. event is interpreted as discriminatory
  2. event is interpreted as an emergency
  3. observer takes responsibility
  4. observer identifies a response/knows how to help without escalating conflict
  5. observer takes action
41
Q

what two factors make for an especially effective confrontation of discriminatory behaviour?

A
  1. focusing the behaviour or others’ reactions, rather than the person’s character
  2. being a member of the non-stigmatized group
42
Q

what is social categorization as a discrimination reduction theory?

A
  • once we change how we categorize people, intergroup biases will follow
  • two components:
    1. individuation: perceiving a person as a unique individual rather than as a group member
    2. re-categorization: changing the basis by which we socially categorize someone, eg. by focusing on a common group identity
43
Q

what is the social categorization paradox?

A

for an individual to effectively change stereotypes about their group, they have to be atypical (stereotype defying), but also perceived as being typical of their group (generalizable)

44
Q

what are the four main approaches to changing implicit bias, according to interventions put forth by a research contest study? which are most effective? how long did they last?

A
  1. perspective taking (not very effective)
  2. values of multiculturalism (not very effective)
  3. controlling bias; implementation intentions (fairly effective)
  4. counter-stereotypes (by far most effective)
    *none had effects that lasted longer than 24 hours
45
Q

what three factors determine a successful intervention targeting implicit bias?

A
  1. emotional
  2. self-relevant
  3. targets group favouritism/outgroup hatred
46
Q

when treating discrimination as a design problem, what are two techniques that can be used to reduce it in hiring practices?

A
  1. pre-commitment to hiring criteria
  2. beware of cultural fit; remove irrelevant group-based info
47
Q

what are two possible interventions capable of reducing noise, so that hiring practices are more gender-equitable?

A
  1. reducing gender-based favouritism
  2. increasing evaluation accuracy
48
Q

how do different interventions impact bias and noise differently?

A
  • slowing down to think about a task can reduce noise, but not bias
  • warning participants to avoid evaluating someone based on a specific irrelevant characteristic can reduce bias, but not noise
49
Q

what interventions have been shown to be effective in increasing educational achievement among under-represented minorities and first-generation students? what do they all have in common?

A
  1. academic value
  2. growth mindset
  3. social belonging (involves reading testimonials from other students)
  4. personal values
  5. empathetic discipline
    *all show that psychological change can be achieved through recursive processes
50
Q

according to the opentext chapter, what are the various ways in which we can reduce discrimination?

A
  1. practicing responding in non-stereotypical ways
  2. exposure to group members who have particularly positive, non-stereotypical, or individuating characteristics
  3. confronting prejudice (changes perceptions of social norms)
  4. focus on connections with others (intergroup contact, extended contact, re-categorization)

PSYC 331 (intergroup relations) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions