Midterm 2 Flashcards
Organic pain
Linked to tissue pressure/damage
Pain
Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Highly subjective.
Psychogenic pain
Discomfort involved in psychological processes
Acute pain
Temporary pain lasting for up to three months
Episodic pain
Happens from time to time, may be irregular. Menstrual pain.
Chronic pain
Lasts longer than expected course
Chronic-recurrent pain
Benign causes and involves repeated and intense episodes of pain separated by periods without pain.
Chronic-intractable-benign
Benign causes and involves repeated and intense episodes of pain separated by periods without pain.
Chronic progressive pain
Continuous discomfort, is associated with a malignant condition, and becomes increasingly intense as the underlying condition worsens.
A-delta fibres
Coated with myelin, which means they transmit signals very quickly. Sharp pain. Terminate in motor/sensory areas.
C fibres
Transmit impulses slowly. Seem to be involved in transmission of dull, burning, or aching pain. Terminate in brainstem and forebrain.
Referred pain
Pain originating from internal organs often comes off as pain from other areas, usually near the skin’s surface.
Neuropathic pain
Result from current or past damage to tissue in peripheral areas. Experienced without noxious stimulus present.
Neuralgia
Recurrent episodes of intense shooting or stabbing pain along the course of a nerve. Sometimes onsets after an infection.
Causalgia
Also called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Typically involves recurrent episodes of severe burning pain that often can be triggered by minor stimuli, such as clothing resting on the area or a puff of air.
Phantom limb pain
Feeling of pain in a limb which is no longer attached.
Results of Beecher (1956) on meaning of pain
Meaning of pain was that the soldiers were going home, which resulted in them feeling less pain and asking for less painkillers
Pattern theory of pain
No separate system for perceiving pain, and the receptors for pain are shared with other senses, such as of touch. According to this view, people feel pain when certain patterns of neural activity occur, such as when appropriate types of activity reach excessively high levels in the brain. These patterns occur only with intense stimulation.
Gate-control theory of pain (Melzack & Wall, 1965)
Challenged traditional models that pain signals were transmitted from site of injury to the brain and that amount of pain experienced was directly proportional to the amount of tissue damage. Proposed that psychological factors play a significant role in the experience of pain. A neural “pain gate” located in the spinal column by the dorsal horn, can open and close to modulate pain signals to the brain. A-delta and C-fibres tend to open the gate; A-beta fibres close the gate.
Nociceptive pain
Caused by inflammation of tissue damage
Neuropathic pain
Caused by nerve damage due to injury or disease
Nociplastic pain
Caused by changes in how the nervous system processes pain
Endogenous opioids
Opioid peptides primarily produced in the brain, regulating pain relief, euphoria, stress resilience, cardiovascular function, etc
Neuromatrix theory of pain
Body-self neuromatrix generates nerve impulses that are synthesized into a characteristic pattern called the neurosignature. Each pain experience results in a unique neurosignature that reflects the multitude of sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors for a particular experience of pain.
Neurotic triad (MMPI profile)
Depression, hysteria, hyperchondriasis
CHA Principles
Universality, portability, comprehensiveness, accessibility, public administration
Patient-practitioner match
Patients are less likely to follow the physician’s advice; as a result, their medical condition does not improve and may worsen. Dissatisfaction and interpersonal discomfort with the
physician can become a barrier to your health
Physician communication style
Medical jargon, burnout, physician vs patient-centred
Symptom recognition
Some more likely to notice than others, people may only share what is diagnostically important/non-embarassing. May downplay reporting of symptoms that they
believe may reflect serious illness
Symptom delay
Seeking treatment is delayed if symptoms are easily
accommodated and do not provoke alarm
Adherence and compliance
The degree to which patients do as their physicians direct, i.e., following a treatment plan to adopt a new health
behaviour and/or start a medication regimen.
Irving Janis (1958) found that:
Level of fear affects post-operative outcome.
BPS factors that contribute to health-compromising behaviours
Genetics, temperament, ACEs, peer culture, stress coping
TWEAK screening tool
Tolerance, Withdrawal, Eye-openers, Amnesia, Kut-down
