Midterm 2

Question 1

Organic pain

Answer 1

Linked to tissue pressure/damage

Question 1

Pain

Answer 1

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Highly subjective.

Question 2

Psychogenic pain

Answer 2

Discomfort involved in psychological processes

Question 3

Acute pain

Answer 3

Temporary pain lasting for up to three months

Question 4

Episodic pain

Answer 4

Happens from time to time, may be irregular. Menstrual pain.

Question 5

Chronic pain

Answer 5

Lasts longer than expected course

Question 6

Chronic-recurrent pain

Answer 6

Benign causes and involves repeated and intense episodes of pain separated by periods without pain.

Question 7

Chronic-intractable-benign

Answer 7

Benign causes and involves repeated and intense episodes of pain separated by periods without pain.

Question 8

Chronic progressive pain

Answer 8

Continuous discomfort, is associated with a malignant condition, and becomes increasingly intense as the underlying condition worsens.

Question 9

A-delta fibres

Answer 9

Coated with myelin, which means they transmit signals very quickly. Sharp pain. Terminate in motor/sensory areas.

Question 10

C fibres

Answer 10

Transmit impulses slowly. Seem to be involved in transmission of dull, burning, or aching pain. Terminate in brainstem and forebrain.

Question 11

Referred pain

Answer 11

Pain originating from internal organs often comes off as pain from other areas, usually near the skin’s surface.

Question 12

Neuropathic pain

Answer 12

Result from current or past damage to tissue in peripheral areas. Experienced without noxious stimulus present.

Question 13

Neuralgia

Answer 13

Recurrent episodes of intense shooting or stabbing pain along the course of a nerve. Sometimes onsets after an infection.

Question 14

Causalgia

Answer 14

Also called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Typically involves recurrent episodes of severe burning pain that often can be triggered by minor stimuli, such as clothing resting on the area or a puff of air.

Question 15

Phantom limb pain

Answer 15

Feeling of pain in a limb which is no longer attached.

Question 16

Results of Beecher (1956) on meaning of pain

Answer 16

Meaning of pain was that the soldiers were going home, which resulted in them feeling less pain and asking for less painkillers

Question 17

Pattern theory of pain

Answer 17

No separate system for perceiving pain, and the receptors for pain are shared with other senses, such as of touch. According to this view, people feel pain when certain patterns of neural activity occur, such as when appropriate types of activity reach excessively high levels in the brain. These patterns occur only with intense stimulation.

Question 18

Gate-control theory of pain (Melzack & Wall, 1965)

Answer 18

Challenged traditional models that pain signals were transmitted from site of injury to the brain and that amount of pain experienced was directly proportional to the amount of tissue damage. Proposed that psychological factors play a significant role in the experience of pain. A neural “pain gate” located in the spinal column by the dorsal horn, can open and close to modulate pain signals to the brain. A-delta and C-fibres tend to open the gate; A-beta fibres close the gate.

Question 19

Nociceptive pain

Answer 19

Caused by inflammation of tissue damage

Question 20

Neuropathic pain

Answer 20

Caused by nerve damage due to injury or disease

Question 21

Nociplastic pain

Answer 21

Caused by changes in how the nervous system processes pain

Question 22

Endogenous opioids

Answer 22

Opioid peptides primarily produced in the brain, regulating pain relief, euphoria, stress resilience, cardiovascular function, etc

Question 23

Neuromatrix theory of pain

Answer 23

Body-self neuromatrix generates nerve impulses that are synthesized into a characteristic pattern called the neurosignature. Each pain experience results in a unique neurosignature that reflects the multitude of sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors for a particular experience of pain.

Question 24

Neurotic triad (MMPI profile)

Answer 24

Depression, hysteria, hyperchondriasis

Question 25

CHA Principles

Answer 25

Universality, portability, comprehensiveness, accessibility, public administration

Question 26

Patient-practitioner match

Answer 26

Patients are less likely to follow the physician’s advice; as a result, their medical condition does not improve and may worsen. Dissatisfaction and interpersonal discomfort with the
physician can become a barrier to your health

Question 27

Physician communication style

Answer 27

Medical jargon, burnout, physician vs patient-centred

Question 28

Symptom recognition

Answer 28

Some more likely to notice than others, people may only share what is diagnostically important/non-embarassing. May downplay reporting of symptoms that they
believe may reflect serious illness

Question 29

Symptom delay

Answer 29

Seeking treatment is delayed if symptoms are easily
accommodated and do not provoke alarm

Question 30

Adherence and compliance

Answer 30

The degree to which patients do as their physicians direct, i.e., following a treatment plan to adopt a new health
behaviour and/or start a medication regimen.

Question 31

Irving Janis (1958) found that:

Answer 31

Level of fear affects post-operative outcome.

Question 32

BPS factors that contribute to health-compromising behaviours

Answer 32

Genetics, temperament, ACEs, peer culture, stress coping

Question 33

TWEAK screening tool

Answer 33

Tolerance, Withdrawal, Eye-openers, Amnesia, Kut-down