Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 2301 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of health

A

“A positive state of physical, mental, and social well-being – not just the
absence of injury or disease – that varies over time along a continuum.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Health psychologists focus on…

A

Understanding psychological and behavioural factors involved in health, finding effective theory/methods to change behaviours, maintenance of health and management of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chronic disease

A

Now main cause of death in Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mind-body question

A

What role does a person’s mind play in becoming ill and getting well?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biomedical model

A

The mind and body are entirely separate. All diseases and physical disorders can be explained by disturbances in physiological processes. These disturbances result from injury, infection, and biochemical imbalances. In essence: disease is physical and entirely separate from the processes of the mind. This remains the dominant view in medicine today.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Psychosomatic medicine

A

Field of medicine formed in the 1930s, linking patterns of personality to specific illnesses. Key premise that anxiety takes a physical toll on the nervous system through the autonomic nervous stem, eventually causing an actual physical problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Behavioural medicine

A

Amid the growing popularity of behaviour modification/cognitive-behavioural approaches of the 60s/70s, observable, testable interventions for health and illness were in demand. Physiological psychologists demonstrated that emotions influenced body systems, such as blood pressure. This revealed that the mind-body link is direct and pervasive, giving rise to biofeedback and integarating knowledge from social sciences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Current view of the mind-body relationship

A

All conditions of health and illness are influenced by psychological and social factors. Physical health, therefore, is inextricably intertwined with one’s psychological and social environment. Staying well is determined by good health habits, which are for the most part under one’s control as well as by SDHs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Smith, Gallo et al. (2012) on personality traits and health

A
  • Low conscientiousness correlated to higher rates of heart diseases
  • High happiness and enthusiasm correlated to longer lifespan
  • High levels of anxiety, depression, hostility and pessimism at risk for dying early, developing heart conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

In which behaviour is changed because of its consequences: reinforcement (reward) strengthens the behaviour; punishment suppresses it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mortality

A

Occurrence of death, typically on a large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Morbidity

A

Refers to illness, injury, or disability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of cases of illness, disease or disability. It includes both continuing (previously reported) and new cases at a given moment in time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of illness, disease or disability reported during a specific time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epidemic

A

Usually refers to a situation in which the incidence, generally of an infectious disease, has increased rapidly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pandemic

A

Refers to an epidemic that has increased to international or worldwide proportions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sympathetic nervous systems

A

Readies body to deal with stress (catabolic system): the mobilization and exertion of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acts in the opposite direction to SNS: restores body to steady state after threat passes. An anabolic system (concerned with conserving bodily energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurotransmitters: catecholamines

A

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning. When the SNS is triggered due to a perceived threat; it prompts the release of neurotransmitters termed catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine). They enter the bloodstream and are carried throughout the body, ramping up sympathetic stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Limbic system

A

Collection of structures that border the midline of the brain. This includes the amygdala (detection of threats), hippocampus (emotional memories), cingulate gyrus, septum, and areas of the hypothalamus (emotional functioning). Plays an important role in stress and emotional responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The heart

A

Organ which functions as a pump, circulating blood throughout the body. The cardiac cycle consists of two phases: systole and diastole. During systole, blood is pumped out of the heart and BP increases. During diastole, blood is taken into the heart and BP drops; the heart rests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

The pressure of circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Most of this pressure is from the heart pumping blood through the circulatory system. Normal BP is usually at 120/80mmHg. Systolic BP is pressure when the heart contracts, and diastolic BP is pressure when the heart rests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Cholesterol deposits plaque buildup on artery walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries; arteries thicken and lose flexibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

An underlying problem has reduce cardiac capacity to pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stroke

A

Blockage in brain vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of the immune system

A

The surveillance system of the body; identifying foreign bodies (bacteria and viruses), attacking and removing them. Impacts infection, allergies, cancer, and autoimmune disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Psycho-neuro-immunology

A

Study of interactions between psychological and neuroendocrine processes that affect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Direct transmission of microbes

A

Transmission through bodily contact: shaking hands, kissing, sex (HPV, genital herpes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Indirect (or environmental) transmission of microbes

A

Passed through airborne particles, soil, dust, water, food (COVID-19, influenza).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Biological transmission of microbes

A

A transmitting agent picks up microbes, changes them, and passes on the disease to a human (yellow fever).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mechanical transmission of microbes

A

Microbes are transmitted by a carrier not involved in disease process (hepatitis).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Incubation period

A

Time from contraction of infection to appearance of symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Period of nonspecific symptoms

A

General discomfort, fatigue, headaches, low mood. This is referred to as Sickness Behaviour, which is associated with the immune system doing its job (releasing cytokines to coordinate the immune response).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Acute phase

A

Disease and symptoms are at their height. Followed by death or a decline in symptoms while microbes are being expelled from body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Localized infection

A

Infection stuck in a particular infection (ear infection).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Focal infection

A

Toxins disseminate from infection

40
Q

Systemic infection

A

Full-body infection

41
Q

Immunity

A

Body’s resistance to injury or illness from invading organisms

42
Q

Natural immunity

A

Gained from exposure to disease, through process of acquired immunity

43
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Gained through vaccinations and inoculations

44
Q

How is the immune system activated?

A

The system identifies antigens (ex: proteins on the surface of viruses, fungi, and bacteria). When these antigens attach to receptors on immune cells, a series of processes are triggered and antibodies are produced. When these antibodies attach to an antigen, it signals to other parts of the body to attack and destroy invaders. Sometimes, the body’s own cells have proteins on their surface and the immune system mistakes these for antigens, leading it to attack perfectly healthy cell; an autoimmune response.

45
Q

Non-specific immune responses

A

Immune mechanisms that are general responses to any infections.

46
Q

Specific mechanisms

A

Fight particular microorganisms

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Certain white blood cells (called phagocytes) eat microbes

48
Q

Antimicrobial substances

A

Chemicals that kill invading microbes

49
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Capillaries enlarge and histamines are released, allowing white blood cells to enter the tissue. The area becomes red and fluid accumulates. White blood cells attack microbes, resulting in pus.

50
Q

AIDS

A

Disorder of immune system caused by HIV

51
Q

Cancer

A

Disorder of immune system now believed to depend heavily on immunocompromise

52
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Characterized by a specific immune response that attacks the body’s tissues. Stress appears to aggravate it.

53
Q

Infectious disorders

A

Tonsilitis, mononucleosis, lymphoma

54
Q

Systems involved in stress response

A

Sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) system, and the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis

55
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized nerve cells

56
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches on neurons functioning as receivers for adjacent neurons

57
Q

Axon

A

Conduit for messages to and from dendrites

58
Q

Synaptic knobs

A

Small swellings which connect the dendrites of other neurons, usually through a fluid filled gap

59
Q

Epilepsy

A

Causes neurons to fire at abnormally fast rates

60
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty white substance which protects axons. Responsible for increasing the speed of nerve impulsesDegrades during multiple sclerosis, resulting in nerve severance and causing patients to experience muscle weakness and lack coordination.

61
Q

Glial cells

A

Support cells, thought to support and maintain the neurons.

62
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord. Races toward maturity in the early stages of life.

63
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Composed of remaining network of neurons

64
Q

Brain

A

Divided into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

65
Q

Forebrain

A

Uppermost part of brain, consisting of telencephalon (cerebrum and limbic system), and diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus). Involved in perceptual, motor, learning and conceptual activities.

66
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the human brain. Two halves (left/right hemisphere). Motor movements, controlling cognitive/language processes. Left: spoken/written language/numerical skills. Right: visual imagery, emotions, perceptions of patterns.

67
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Contains motor cortex. Emotional control and skills management center. Injury results in disinhibition, irritability, decreased self-awareness and disruption in planning/goals.

68
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, vision and memory. Injury results in change in sex behaviours, and increased aggression.

69
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sense of touch and bodily sensation.

70
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual perception

71
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals which travel to the dendrites of an adjacent neutron: either exciting or inhibiting said neuron.

72
Q

Thalamus

A

Chief relay station for directing sensory messages

73
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Emotions and motivation

74
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates movement and maintains body balance

75
Q

Brainstem

A

Pons, medulla, reticular system, and midbrain.

76
Q

Midbrain

A

Receives information from thalamus, relays to forebrain. Receives information from visual/auditory systems and is very important in muscle movement.

77
Q

Reticular system

A

Network of neurons which extends from top of brainstem and into thalamus. Plays an important role in controlling sleep, attention, and arousal.

78
Q

Pons

A

Forms a large bulge at the top of the brainstem. Involved in eye movement, facial expression, and chewing.

79
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands working in close connection with ANS, communicating with hormones

80
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Assessing what the event means to the person experiencing it. Stressful appraisals result in three further appraisals: harm-loss, threat, and challenge.

81
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Assessment of whether or not person has resources available to deal with a stressor.

82
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

Series of physiological responses in response to emergencies; consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

83
Q

GAS: Alarm

A

Body is mobilized to defend against stressor.

84
Q

GAS: Resistance

A

Arousal remains high, as body tries to defend itself and mobilize against/adapt to stressor.

85
Q

GAS: Exhaustion

A

Resources are very limited, and ability to resist may collapse.

86
Q

Allostatic load

A

Cumulative physical effect of repeated stress.

87
Q

Gender/socio-cultural differences in stress

A

Women report experiencing more major and minor stressors, FNMI more likely to experience stressors/trauma, low income/education associated with higher stress, racial minorities have higher stress levels.

88
Q

Social support and stress

A

Protective factor in illness resulting from stress.

89
Q

Buffering hypothesis

A

Social support protects an individual from stress-related illness by protecting a person against the negative effects of high stress. Under low stress conditions, little or no buffering occurs. High social support individuals may expect that someone will help them, by lending support or money. Social support may also modify an individual’s initial or secondary appraisals.

90
Q

Direct effect hypothesis

A

Maintains that social support benefits health and wellbeing regardless of the amount of stress people experience, due to strong feelings of belongingness and self-esteem.

91
Q

Stress prevention model

A

Posits that social support is beneficial given that it helps us not make decisions leading to stressful events in the first place.

92
Q

Behavioural control

A

Ability to take concrete action to reduce stressor’s impact; which may reduce intensity or shorten duration.

93
Q

Cognitive control

A

Ability to use thought processes or strategies to modify the impact of a stressor, such as focusing on a pleasant or neutral thought.

94
Q

Type A behaviour pattern

A

Consists of time urgency, competitive nature, anger/hostility, and vigorous vocal style. Linked to CHD (anger/hostility specifically)

95
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Aimed at controlling emotional response to the stressful situation. Achieved through behavioural EFC (watching TV, drinking alcohol), or cognitive EFC (how people think about a stressful situation.

96
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Aimed at reducing stress associated with a stressful situation by mitigating the situation.

97
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

Process by which stress-provoking/thoughts and beliefs are replaced with ones less likely to cause fear and harm.

PSYC 2301 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions