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PSYC 2301 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Quality of life1

A

Responses to chronic illness, self-perceptions and chronic illness, coping with chronic illness, interventions with managing chronic illness

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2
Q

Definition of chronic illness

A

An illness which is persistent or long-lasting in its effects, constantly recurring, always present, and cannot cured.

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3
Q

Self-management

A

Involvement of the patient in all aspects of their care, including changes in social/vocational roles and coping

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4
Q

Responses to chronic illness

A

Denial, anxiety, depression

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5
Q

Significance of depression response

A

Negative impact on symptoms, long-term reaction that doesn’t ebb or flow like anxiety, and has been linked to suicide among the chronically ill

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6
Q

Positive responses to chronic illness

A

Hope and optimism, feeling of another chance (having escaped death), have re-ordered their priorities, finding meaning in daily activities, put more effort into relationships, feeling stronger and more self-assured

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7
Q

Quality of life 2

A

Refers to sum of components such as: physical functioning, disease or treatment-related symptomatology, psychological status, social functioning

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8
Q

Self-concept

A

Refers to stable set of beliefs about one’s qualities and attributes.

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9
Q

Self-esteem

A

Evaluation of self-concept as good or bad.

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10
Q

Body image

A

Plummets during chronic illness, unfortunate tie between body image and self-esteem. Poor body image is related to increased likelihood of depression and anxiety, as well as poor self-esteem.

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11
Q

Active coping

A

Leaning into the problem. Used when satisfied with level of social support.

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12
Q

Cancer

A

Set of more than 100 diseases which results from a dysfunction in DNA: cells cannot cease replicating.

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13
Q

Causes of hypertension

A

90% essential (unknown), 5% is caused by failure of kidneys to to regulate blood pressure. Genetic, behavioural and lifestyle factors. Early blood pressure reactivity is predictive of hypertension as an adult.

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14
Q

HPV vaccine

A

Gardasil and Cervarix

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15
Q

HPV and cancer

A

HPV causes abnormal growths and can last for years

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16
Q

Cancers in AYAs

A

Young men: colorectal cancer, testicular cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, thyroid cancer. Young women: breast cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, thyroid cancer.

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17
Q

Biopsychosocial factors and cancer

A

Stress adversely affects the ability of natural killer (NK) cells (effector lymphocytes) to destroy tumours. NK activity is important to survival rates for breast cancer and alterations in biological stress pathways may affect course of cancer.

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18
Q

Depression and cancer

A

Up to 20% of people with cancer are affected by depression. There is a modest but reliable link between depression and cancer mortality.

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19
Q

Coronary Heart/Artery Disease

A

General term for illnesses caused by atherosclerosis, second leading cause of death, chronic disease

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20
Q

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD)

A

Tear forms in the wall of a heart artery. Blood builds up between layers of the coronary wall. 90% of SCAD cases are women between 30-60 years of age.

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21
Q

Treatments for heart disease

A

Medications (beta blockers, aspirin, statins, nitrates), angioplasty, surgery

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22
Q

Problems in treating hypertension

A

Hidden disease (no symptoms) with diagnosis usually occurring during a general examination. However, care is now symptom-based vs preventative.

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23
Q

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

A

Increased arterial pressure in arteries that go from heart to lungs. Small arteries in lungs become narrow/blocked, making blood flow harder and raising blood pressure.

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24
Q

Stroke rehabilitation

A

Psychotherapy/antidepressants, cognitive-remedial training,use of structured/stimulating environments to challenge capabilities, training in specific skills development, and neurorehabilitation

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25
Q

Average life expectancy in Canada

A

84 for women, 80 for men

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26
Q

Death in infancy or childhood

A

Infant mortality rate associated with socio-economic status. Mortality among Indigenous infants much higher. Caused mainly by congenital abnormalities, SIDS (infant stops breathing, sleeping position related to SIDS)

27
Q

Causes of death, ages 1 to 15

A

MVCs, cancer (both on decline). MVCs, suicide, cancer, homicide

28
Q

Mental illness, addiction and suicide

A

FNM youth 6x more likely to die by suicide, Inuit youth 24x national average

29
Q

Reactions to the death of a young person

A

Considered tragic, communities feel that person was robbed of chance to have a life, develop, and mature

30
Q

Death in 40s and 50s

A

People begin to develop and manifest illnesses that will likely kill them. Death becomes more common in cohort or parents. Midlife crisis partially stems from realization of mortality.

31
Q

Death in old age

A

Death may be easier at this age, and the elderly are generally more prepared to face death. Initial preparations have been made, some family/friends have died. The dying person may have already come to terms with the issues themselves.

32
Q

End-of-life care

A

Health care provided in the hours, days, or months before a person passes.

33
Q

Substitute decision-maker

A

Parents or spouse who make decisions for patients unable to assert own needs.

34
Q

Advanced care directives

A

“Living wills”, often developed when diagnosed with terminal illness.

35
Q

Do not resuscitate - DNR

A

No life support, signed by nurse or physician, assigned a serial number

36
Q

Health problems in young children

A

Young children generally do not understand what is going on.

37
Q

Health problems in adolescents

A

Understand the nature of their condition, but need to be liked an accepted.

38
Q

Health problems in young adults

A

Leads to resentment. Young adults had plans which now need to be adjusted.

39
Q

Health problems in middle age adults

A

Leads to adjustment problems.

40
Q

Health problems in old age

A

Leads to resentment due to lack of leisure.

41
Q

Environmental factors

A

Physical aspects of a hospital/home environment, presence of social support to undermine or support coping, poor and strong relationships

42
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Adaptive tasks and coping skills

43
Q

Adaptive tasks

A

Defined as the tasks related to illness and treatment and to psychosocial functioning. Can be very difficult for patients when their illness leads to death or disability in particular. Instead, avoidance coping is more likely if the patient believes change is impossible.

44
Q

Coping skills

A

Denial, minimization, seeking info, self-management goals, support

45
Q

Adaptation

A

Refers to the process of making changes in order to adjust constructively to life’s changes. For major chronic illness diagnoses, this involves major adaptive tasks and mastery of demands.

46
Q

Quality of life

A

Refers to degree of excellence people appraise their lives to maintain. For HCPs, medical management for chronic illnesses involves quality of life.

47
Q

Asthma

A

Respiratory disease triggered by environmental conditions/physical activity, treated using anti-inflammatories, inhalers. Exercise and stress can produce reactions. Anxiety can induce reactions as well as suggestions.

48
Q

Epilepsy

A

Recuurent, sudden seizures (risk factors for sudden death), treated using anticonvulsants, taken regularly. Heightened emotional arousal increases likelihood of seizure.

49
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

Injury to spinal cord resulting in loss of motor control, sensation and reflexes.

50
Q

Diabetes

A

T1 is juvenile, insulin dependent. Increased social support is linked to increased self-adherence.

51
Q

Primary aging

A

Refers to molecular and cellular aging. Uncontrollable.

52
Q

Secondary aging

A

Aging which occurs due to environmental factors. Often controllable.

53
Q

Male-female health-survival paradox

A

Men die earlier, but women experience more disability and poor health. This is thought to be because men are more likely to smoke, drink, and engage in risky behaviours, while women remain more socially connected into their old age.

54
Q

Exercise

A

Can improve fall risk, reduce cognitive decline (if paired with cognitive activity), protects against decline

55
Q

Reactions of patients following diagnosis of a high-mortality illness

A

Mortality becomes the largest issue of concern for patients following diagnosis of a high-mortality illness. At this time, patients are hopeful, but begin to view future plans more tentatively. Switch from avoidance to active coping. Day-to-day activities become very important.

56
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Refers to a brief reduction in oxygenated blood to heart, causing pain. Caused by ischemia.

57
Q

Ischemia

A

Refers to lack of sufficient oxygen available to muscular part of heart. Can occur as a result of physical exertion/stress. No damage if ischemia is short, but heart tissue can be destroyed if long (heart attack).

58
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Refers to a condition heart’s capacity to pump blood no longer meets the body’s needs. Caused shortness of breath when exertion is absent, and the lungs to fill with fluid.

59
Q

Stroke

A

Condition wherein damage occurs to area of brain where blood supply is disrupted, depriving it of oxygen. Can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.

60
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Reduction in blood supply

61
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Burst blood vessel bleeds into brain

62
Q

Risk factors for strokes

A

Middle (triples each decade past 55), male, BIPOC/South Asian

63
Q

Risk factors for heart attacks

A

Old age, male, Europeans, Indigenous, South Asians

64
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

55+, male, FNMI

PSYC 2301 (3 decks)

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