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EEMB 147 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cross fertilization

A

-important to not self fertilize or fertilize the wrong species
-self fert rates: Broadcast (<5%), brooders (>5 to 60%)

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2
Q

Avoiding reproduction with sister species (cross fertilization)

A

-O. annularis, O. faveolata, O. franski
-temporal separation (O. franski spawns earlier in the evening)
O. annularis and O. faveolata spawn at the same time, but their gametes are not compatible

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3
Q

Planula

A

-aka fertilized egg
-swims (days to weeks) with tiny hairs (cilia)
-settlement may use chemical cues
-be gregarious

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4
Q

Coral larval settlement

A
  • coral larvae settle on crustose coralline algae (CCA)
    -combination of bacteria and chemical molecules (from algal thallus) on CCA can induce settlement of larvae
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5
Q

Selection of CCA

A
  • some CCA slough larvae (kick larvae off)
    -coral larvae are attracted to CCA that don’t slough
    -tissue sloughers and fast growers are bad
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6
Q

Fishes

A

-phylum: chordata
-subphylum: vertebrata
-chondrichtheyes: cartilaginous fishes, cartilaginous skeleton
-osteichthyes: bony fishes, true bony skeleton

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7
Q

Diversity and Distribution of Reef Fishes

A

-Tethys Sea: origin of reef fish diversity
-land bridge in Middle East: separated Mediterranean and Indo-Pacific region
-isthmus of Panama: separate Atlantic from eastern tropical pacific
-land isn’t the only barrier: species in eastern tropical pacific are different than the species to the west

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8
Q

Otoliths

A

-ear stones/bones
-daily/annul growth rings
- size-age relationship

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9
Q

Reef fish lifespans

A

-otoliths = recorder of early life history
-size isn’t always related to age
-surgeonfish grow rapidly and reach max size early (size isn’t a good indication of age)
-parrotfish grows slower, indeterminate growth (size is better indication of age)

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10
Q

Sexual selection

A

-natural selection based on physical, sexual characters
-costly characters show high fitness (bright colors, UV patterns)
-UV patterns have extra receptor to see UV wavelengths

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11
Q

Gonochoristic

A

2 sexes
-produce either sperm or eggs

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12
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

Individual produces both gametes during lifetime

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13
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

Both sexes at the same time
-barnacles

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14
Q

Sequential hermaphrodite

A

-change sexes during life cycle
-protogynous: female first
-protandrous: male first

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15
Q

Clownfish

A

-protandrous nest builders/guarders
-lays eggs and makes nest
-lots of parental investment in young
- protandrous sequential hermaphrodites = males then female (larger) (BECOMING NEMINA)

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16
Q

What determines when to be male and female (protandrous)

A

-big females are good to be able to contribute to the population, eggs require more energy to make
-small males are fine bc sperm don’t require a lot of energy to make
-if the females were small, they would make less eggs

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17
Q

Parrotfish (protogynous hermaphrodites)

A

-terminal males are larger than intermediate male/females
-are broadcast spawners, where males hold territories with harems of females
-males fight over territory for breeding rights
-being a large male is advantageous so they can protect their harem better

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18
Q

Sneaker/streaker males

A

-blue headed wrasse
-protogynous hermaphrodite
-terminal males have harem of females that do most of the mating via spawns runs towards the surface
-intermediate males contribute to the gene pool by sneaky/streaker spawning
-hang out on edge of harem and release sperm in to the spawns runs

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19
Q

Humphead parrotfish

A

-worlds largest parrotfish
-forms dense spawning aggregations
-green and white when mating, pinkish when not mating
-bump on head is used to control reproductive rights over harems, male on male fighting
-dominant bioeroders, heavily overfished
-small encroachment by humans can result in erosion collapse to almost nothing

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20
Q

Nassau Grouper

A

-Cayman islands
-aggregate for whole island
-requires sophisticated navigation because the groupers only mate in a very specific location

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21
Q

Fecundity (in groupers)

A

-BOFFs (Big Old Fat Females): very important for reproduction
-with increasing age= increasing amount of eggs

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22
Q

Bony fish larvae

A

-hatch with yolk sauce and feed on zooplankton after sac is absorbed
-stays in water column for weeks to months
-pelagic larval duration

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23
Q

Pelagic larval duration (PLD)

A

-dispersal of progeny from one habitat to another
-time in water determines dispersal distance
-varies among species, results in potential variation in dispersal distance
-behavior can change dispersal and connectivity patterns
-diel vertical migration

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24
Q

Homeward sound

A

-fish larvae on Great Barrier Reef use sounds of shrimp and other fishes to find reefs to settle in
-auditory attraction
-4x more larvae in reefs with high levels of shrimp sounds (indicates healthy reef)

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25
Connectivity
-to what extend are spatially separated populations connected -are marine populations open (High outside recruitment) or closed (self-recruitment) -IT DEPENDS-metapopulations
26
Metapopulations
-many discrete connected subpopulations -source: subpopulation that contributes lots of individuals to metapopulations -sink: receives immigrants but contributes little to metapopulations
27
Jones 2005
-Amphiprion polymnus -marked with tetracycline (antibiotic), makes marking on ear bone -released and collected larvae from surrounding reefs -33% of fish returned to 2 hectare natal site
28
Use of olfactory cues to find reef
-larval reef fish use olfaction to smell right habitat to settle -ex: clownfish are attracted to anemone smell, rainforest leaf smell, and smell of water near islands -can hone in on plants where reefs are located
29
Finding other Nemos
-clipped fin and sequenced DNA to determine how genetically related they are -able to track them to individual reefs, dispersal of up to 200km or more -lots of local recruitment
30
Connectivity and isolation in the Caribbean
-4 major regions of population connectivity in Caribbean, with 5th zone of mixing -fish stay with regions, not a lot of mixing outside of regions
31
How will climate change impact connectivity?
-fish are exotherms, so increase in temp= increase in maturation of larvae/survival rate=decrease in PLD bc they mature faster -impacts how they connect over space
32
What was Elton’s hypothesis?
-predators tend to be larger and less numerous than their prey -predators must be larger than their prey to subdue them
33
Trophic levels
-chemical energy transferred producers to consumer -about 10% of energy transferred to next trophic level
34
How do you get inverted biomass pyramids?
-over 50% biomass of fish is predators -difference in generation times/turnover rates (plankton are shorter lived/fast turnover, not a lot of biomass individually) -habitat connectivity: open ocean to reef/lagoon to reef -shark behavior-too curious about divers, leads to overcounting
35
Feeding strategies
-taxonomic relations -size -locomotion -mouth adaptations Guilds and functional groups based on resources, impact or process
36
Zooplankton
-all heterotrophic plankton, except bacteria and viruses -copepods, larvae of mollusks, crustaceans, etc -herbivores,carnivores, detritivores, omnivores
37
# what kind of feeder Planktivores
-visual feeders (whale sharks, large manta rays, small damselfishes, caesionids, soldier fish) -smaller in size, can be larger -suction feeding or filter feeding (upturned mouth) -large eyes, especially nocturnal feeders
38
How is planktivores measured?
-in situ (whole reef) -follow water mass over reef -take water sample from two positions, following water flow Feeding rate=zooplankton density at Position 1 - Position 2 -gives idea about predation pressures -wall of mouths= 20% depletion when comparing the 2 positions (predation rate)
39
Demersal zooplankton
-25x more zooplankton in sand than water during day -80% migrate into water column at night to feed and avoid predators
40
Diel vertical migration
-aggregative behaviors Day: lower in depth Night: migrates higher in water during night to escape predators
41
Emergence of coral reef zooplankton using sonar
-during sunrise, most zooplankton are in the benthos, towards the bottom -during sunset, most zooplankton comes off the bottom and into the water column -predictable/consistent migration -AVOID PREDATORS -emergence depends on size -smaller zooks emerge first -larger zooks emerge after visual foragers have gone to sleep
42
Is planktivores distribution defined by predation risk?
-daylight: active foraging -dusk/night/dawn: sheltering in coral
43
Benthic-pelagic coupling (damselfish and corals)
-corals serve as a structural refuge for resident damselfishes from predators -higher survival rate when damselfish hide in tightly packed branched corals compared to branches that are wider apart -when fish were present, corals grew faster than when there were no fish -more fish=more ammonium, more energy -positive feedback loop: faster coral growth rate (from damselfish) =larger corals->larger corals=more damselfish
44
Herbivores
-feed on variety of food sources: calcareous algae, filamentous and macroalgae -from feeding specialists to generalists -keep reef clean and transfer energy to secondary consumers -may remove 90% of daily algal production
45
Damselfish
-planktivorous and herbivorous (either/or) -agressive defenders of territories -> 'garden' -may be reason other species school, to beat aggressiveness of damselfish -can cause white band disease on corals, slupr coral tissue
46
Intensive cultivators
-small, food-rich, high biomass sites -highly aggressive, put a lot of effort into weeding territory don’t want someone else taking over -cultivate area that they prefer -cause coral damage
47
Active cultivators
-larger areas of dead corals covered in range of turf algae -not intensely cultivated -less aggressive compared to intensive cultivators -cause coral damage
48
Effect of territories
-intermediate disturbance hypothesis -in territories= high levels of diversity, intermediate levels of disturbance -out of territories= low levels of diversity
49
Other effects of territories
-coral recruitment, growth, and bio erosion (keep out coral predators) -local microfaunal abundance -nitrogen fixation by Cyanobacteria (hotspot of production) -higher biomass and productivity inside territories -keystone species
50
Gobies and Acropora
-gobies are bodyguards of Acropora Corals -small herbivores -chlorodesmis (algae)are chemically defended (allelopathic) -corals signal to fish and fish consumes algae
51
Parrotfish - Scaridae
-eats mostly seaweeds, sponges, some corals -sequential protogynous hermaphrodite (female first) -harems of several females with single territorial males are common -males defending their position from any challenge -‘sleep’ at night under reef structure -use protective mucus cocoon to protect against predators and parasites
52
Pharyngeal mill
-“beak-like” -scrapers and excavators -pharyngeal jaw form pharyngeal mill (3 grinding plates) -pharyngeal mill breaks down algal cell walls -new recognition of browsers
53
Browser
Rows of canine-like teeth
54
Scrapers
Paired upper and lower plates with some cement -see individual teeth -scrape off short, filamentous algae
55
Excavating species
-excavating species with strong dentition and cement, jagged teeth -excavator with individual teeth barely visible (very robust, live corals)
56
What are parrotfish feeding on?
-range of algae-preferences vary among species -recognized that epilithic algal matrix (EAM) is particularly important -mix turf algae, macroalgae propagules, micro algae, sediment, detritus, and associated fauna -removes large amounts of benthic algae, clearing spaces on the reef than can be occupied by other organisms -NEW EVIDENCE: research suggests that parrotfish target Cyanobacteria and other protein-rich autotrophic microorganisms
57
Surgeonfish-Acanthuridae
-scalpel-like spines on either side of tail -traveled/feed in schools (plankton, macroalgae, turf, detritus) -detritivores: muscular stomach to grind food, flexible bristles for teeth, brushes up detritus -herbivores: teeth for cropping algae, thin-walled stomach with acid secretions (macroalgae, filamentous algae)
58
Detritivores
-fish feces, POM, terrestrial sediments, microbes -78% of organic material -often higher N content in detrital material -important pathway for transferring energy from organic matter within sediments/rocky substrate to consumers -important nutrient recycling pathway
59
Browsers
-row of canine-like teeth -surgeonfishes, chubs, rabbit fishes -eats macroalgae -often species poor, vulnerable to overfishing
60
Rabbitfish
-28 species in genus -only in Pacific -mobile, diurnal feeders -grazers that crop alage and browsers -poorly studied -body shape lets them exploit crevices and different plant parts (favors leaves instead of stalks)
61
Rabbitfish feeding
-body shape allows them to exploit crevices (makes difficult to study) -use a lookout-> tradeoff (one feeds, other looks out for predators)
62
Sea urchins (diadema)
-graze on surface of reef, feeding on filamentous algae -central place foragers -intense herbivory -broad diets (defended/undefended algae) -facilitate primary production
63
Sea urchins and primary production
absent diadema -higher algal biomass, lower primary production present diadema -low algal biomass, facilitate primary production -keep filamentous algae very short, limit shading
64
Herbivores and coral reef function
-high herbivore->low algal biomass, high primary production-> high CCA and coral larval settlement -low herbivore->high algal biomass, low primary production->low larval settlement -macroalgae can take over emtpy niche space
65
herbivore halos in patch reefs
-seagrass/algae around reef represents good food source -little shelter, high risk -herbivores graze a 'halo' up to distance where they feel safe around patch reef
66
herbivores and zonation
-generally more in shallow areas of exposed seaward reefs -decreasing abundance across flat and down slope -affected by wave energy, habitat structure, availability of preferred food, sedimentation, and fishing -crest: highest light, primary production, and herbivory (low macroalgal cover)
67
coral-algal competition
-shading -abrasion -sediment trapping -alter microbial communities -allelopathy
68
Phase shifts
coral reefs shifting from unusually low cover of reef building corals to persistent states of high cover of fleshy macroalgae -lack of herbivores contributes to shift to macroalgae dominated
69
Herbivores exploit different physical niches
flat areas: surgeon, parrot, and rabbitfish vertical areas: ONLY parrot and rabbitfish crevices: ONLY rabbitfish
70
multiple consumers and multiple defenses
different defenses deter different herbivores -aragonite (CaCO3) vs chemical defenses -fed extracted organic chemicals defenses and CaCO3 -parrotfish: presence of organic chemicals=suppresses amount of algae eaten -surgeonfish: presence of CaCO3=suppresses amount of algae eaten
71
Parrotfish mouthparts
-robust mouthparts -grinding pharyngeal mill -no stomach -mechanically breaks algal cells
72
surgeonfish mouthparts
-finer mouthparts -no grinding apparatus -acidic stomach -chemically lyses algal cells
73
bioerosion
various activities of reef species that cause coral and coralline algal erosion -bioeroder: erodes/weakens the calcareous skeletons of reef-building species creating rubble/sand/silt -internal vs external bioeroders
74
microborers
-bacteria, cyanobacteria ->phototrophic and fungi -biochemical dissolution of calcium carbonate-both live and dead corals -endolithic cyanobacteria-target of parrotfishes, weakens reef matrix -boring mechanisms are unknown-uses organic matrix of coral skeleton
75
bioeroders of sponges
-clionid sponges -infest over 50% of corals -heterotrophic (filterfeed) with photosynthetic symbionts -use organic acids to etching cells into CaCO3 -fine, slit-sized particles
76
molluscs
-especially bivalves -characteristic boreholes -mechanical and chemical boring -facilitate bioerosion of corals
77
sea urchins (diadema)
-erodes outer layer of reef -Aristotle's Lantern -makes hole in corals for shelter
78
bioeroding fish
-triggerfish, filefish, pufferfish, parrotfish triggerfish: eats mobile invertebrates (in live corals), very aggressive in protecting their nest
79
parrotfish poop
-generate >85% of new sand-grade sediment made on the outer reef -Halimeda (algae) makes 10% more -poop affects clarity/visibility of water
80
biggest bioeroders
urchins->parrotfish->molluscs->clionid sponges->worms->cyanobacteria->pufferfish
81
who makes what kind of sediments?
-bioerosion process determines kind of sediments made -smaller bioeroders make fine particles -larger make chunky particles
82
bioerosion and coral recovery
-dead coral structure needs to be removed (by bioeroder) -allows recruitment of new corals onto solid substrate
83
Bolbometopon(parrotfish)
-dominant bioeroders, heavily overfished -size, beaks, and rate of feeding -small encroachment by humans can result in erosion collapse to almost nothing
84
spongivores
-angelfish, parrotfish, cowfish, trunkfish, turtles -controls growth of reef sponges -defense-growth tradeoff (slower growth due to more energy being put into chemical defenses)
85
sponges
-spongin: fibrous protein -spicules: either siliceous or calcareous (for support or defense) -chemical defenses -synergisms
86
spongivore controlling sponge distribution
-spongivory is intense on reefs lower in mangroves (with lower amounts of sponges) -mangrove sponges excluded from reef when transplanted-> generally undefended -spongivores reduce sponge abundance -when spongivores don't consume sponges-> coral-sponge competition (sponge wins)
87
interference comp with chemicals
-allelopathy: use of chemical warfare in competition -metabolite causes coral death -mucus sloughing proposed delivery system for allelochemical
88
corallivory
-direct consumption of live coral -snails, COTS, urchins, mollusks, crabs
89
butterflyfish
-feed on coral, invertebrates and algae - feeds on coral mucus, polyp, and detritus-> niche partitioning -facultative and obligate corallivores
90
types of buterflyfish feeding morphology
-coral scraper mucous (brush-like) -coral scraper tissue -polyp picker -tearer soft corals -tearer-probes crustaceans
91
effects of corallivory on corals
-slow growth of corals -reduce fecundity (either repair damage or make gametes) (fish also target gamete rich parts of coral) -impact bleaching recovery (zoozanthellae have slower recovery) -vector coral pathogens -alter coral community dynamics
92
impact of snails on corals
-attach to the side of damaged corals and slup up the new C, N, P in the wound -magnify thermal stress -high density of snails: bleaching event-> caused complete coral mortality, corals didn't recover -no snails: no bleaching, corals were healthy
93
White Pox
-Acropora species in Florida Keys -'patchy necrosis' -cause: fecal bacteria from humans and water borne infections -snails=vector for fecal bacteria
94
Bearded fireworm and coral restoration
when bearded fireworms bite tips of corals, results in significant coral mortality -vector for harmful microbes, destroys symbionts
95
COTS outbreak
-resulted in large reduction in corals, throughout Moorea -in the forereef -consistent level of background coral mortality every year -more outbreaks with higher fishing pressure->decrease in COTS predators->increase in COTS outbreaks -rapid increase in pop->then rapid decrease due to COTS eating everything and having no more food
96
invertivores
-triggerfish, wrasses, filefish, pufferfish
97
importance of predation
-predation and limits to bioerosion -protected vs unprotected (fished areas) areas and patterns of predation and bioerosion
98
invertivores and bioerosion control
-Echinometra mathaei (herbivore and bioeroder)(sea urchin) -triggerfish are heavily fished and release urchin prey from control -decrease triggerfish=increase urchins=decrease corals
99
excessive nutreitns and COTS outbreaks
-larval starvation and terrestrial runoff hypothesis -nutrient pollution linked to outbreaks in GBR -higher chlorophyll load=more COTS larval food -higher growth and normal development

EEMB 147 (9 decks)

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