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EEMB 147 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reef?

A

A living community of bottom-dwelling (benthic) and swimming organisms, which centers on corals, oysters, worms and other cementing organisms
-organisms bind, secrete and precipitate CaCO3 in place, resulting in a 3D structure

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2
Q

What are stony corals?

A

-colonial organisms composed of hundreds of individuals, called polyps
-building up reef structures “framework builders”
-reef building corals are “hermatypic” - stony corals

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3
Q

What are morphological classifications of hermatypic corals?

A

-branching corals (fast growth)
-table or foliose corals (fast growth)
-massive corals (slow growth)

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4
Q

Accretion and erosion

A

Accretion: build up, primary production of calcium carbonate, and the creating of 3D structure
Erosion: mechanical or biotic agents, bioeroders

Accretion>erosion

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5
Q

Epilithic vs endolithic organisms

A

Epilithic: Organisms outside of the reef that contribute to its erosion (parrotfish)
Endolithic: organisms inside the reef that contribute to its erosion (mollusks, sponges)

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6
Q

Limiting factors for corals (abiotic conditions)

A

-temperature (narrow range)
-light/depth
-salinity (narrow range)
-sedimentation
-emergence into air
-Wave forcing

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7
Q

Temperature (limiting factor)

A

Higher temps cause bleaching
-lower temperature corals grow slowly and are outcompeted

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8
Q

Light (limiting factor)

A

-species specific, depends on zooxanthellae and coral species
-hermatypic species aren’t generally found below 50m
-light determines growth and zonation patterns (deep vs shallow)

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9
Q

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

A

-solar radiation that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis
-photons at shorter wavelengths are more energetic, so they can be damaging to cells and tissues
-photons at longer wavelengths don’t carry enough energy to allow for photosynthesis

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10
Q

Sedimentation (limiting factor)

A

-fine sediments interfere with coral respiration and feeding
-nutrients with sediments can cause algal blooms
-turbidity can affect photosynthesis and coral distributions
-increased turbidity = decrease in coral health

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11
Q

How do corals deal with sediments?

A

-mucus entanglement
-ciliary action
-tentacular manipulation
-pulsed inflation

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12
Q

Where are coral reefs located?

A

-limited to the tropics
-generally located in the Caribbean and Indo-Pacific and Coral Triangle (cradle of diversity)
due to the sediments in the Amazon river, there is no little development of corals

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13
Q

Fringing reef

A

Margin between land and sea
-low in diversity
-increased wave action
-very harsh environment

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14
Q

Patch reef

A

In between fringing reefs and barrier reefs
-located in the lagoon
-low wave action, not very harsh environmental conditions

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15
Q

Barrier reef

A

-separated from land by lagoon
-high diversity because its influenced diversity brought by open ocean waves

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16
Q

How do atoll reefs form?

A

-atoll reefs form from the subsidence of volcanic islands
-starts as fringing reef->barrier reef->atoll reef
-as the volcano sinks, corals grow vertically

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17
Q

How did the Great Barrier Reef form?

A

-used to be a mountain range and as the sea level lowered, the corals grew vertically

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18
Q

Horizontal/vertical distribution of a general reef

A

-seagrass (nurseries)
-reef flat (harsh, tidally limited, species poor)
-reef crest (barrier reef, very energetic, species poor)
-fore reef

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19
Q

Patch reefs in lagoons

A

-high points of underlying rock allows for corals to settle away from sand
-can be numerous and support diverse communities of corals and fish

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20
Q

Spurs and grooves -shallow fore reef

A

-alternating ridges and sand channels perpendicular to the shore
-formed by incoming waves/erosion or coral growth

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21
Q

Higher vs lower fore reef

A

Higher: high energy/light, branching corals, competition
Lower: less energy/light, massive/foliose corals, sedimentation

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22
Q

Epidermis/ectodermis

A

Includes oral region covering mouth and tentacles

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23
Q

Gastrodermis

A

-Digestion and absorption of nutrients, zoozanthellae
-folds into the coelenteron

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24
Q

Mesoglea

A

Gelatinous connective tissue

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25
Q

Mesenteries

A

Folds of gastrodermis and mesoglea

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26
Q

Digestive/mesenterial filaments

A

Digestion and defense

27
Q

Aggression in corals

A

-mesenterial filaments and sweeper tentacles
-employed by slow growers
-an aggression ‘hierarchy’

28
Q

Nematocysts

A

-small harpoon, used for food acquisition and defense, delivers venom
-cnidocil: hair trigger that triggers discharge of nematocyst
-used once and replaced
-localized to area where touched

29
Q

Heterotrophy in corals

A

-digestive enzymes from gastrodermis into the central cavity (coelenteron)
-digestion and nutrient absorption in central cavity
-coenosarc: connects individual polyps to one another, makes it a colonial organism

30
Q

Branching corals

A

Have primary and secondary branches

31
Q

Digitate corals

A

Fingers or clumps of cigars, have no secondary branches or very reduced
-fast growing

32
Q

Table corals

A

Table like structures of fused branches
-fast growing

33
Q

Foliose corals

A

Broad plate-like portions rising above the substrate
-low light
-found in higher sedimentation
-forms funnels to drive sediments downward to base of coral colony, where tissue is typically dead

34
Q

Encrusting coral

A

Grow as thin layer against substrate
-slow growth
-spreads in 2D
-lateral encrusting coral form

35
Q

Massive corals

A

Ball-shaped or boulder-like corals
-various sizes
-3D growth
-slow growing

36
Q

Growth rate of reef building corals

A

-massive corals: main reef builders, slow growing
-branching corals: faster growth, but become unstable as they become larger

37
Q

Darwin’s paradox

A

-nutrient recycling
-upwelling
-high flux of nutrients across reefs
-benthic Cyanobacteria provides N for reefs via nitrogen fixation
-coral-zoozanthellae symbiosis

38
Q

Endosymbiosis for corals

A

-Symbiodinium
-single cell dinoflagellates (algae) that live within the tissue of corals
-mutualism relationship but partial obligation
-corals require, but zoozanthellae can be free living

39
Q

What do symbiodinium get out of partnership?

A

-place to live
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-carbon dioxide

40
Q

What do corals get out of partnership ?

A

-organic matter: symbionts can give 75-98% of photosynthesized C to corals
-oxygen
-energy
-enhanced ability to calcify

41
Q

Symbiodinium and nitrogen

A

-corals control supply of N
-corals don’t have enzymes to deal with excess human-related nitrogen sources, but it still diffused into symbiont cell
-symbiont no longer needs to rely on coral cells and they become selfish by refusing to give back carbon

42
Q

What is the role of light in coral growth?

A

-light-enhanced calcification
-presence of carbon is strongly influenced by light, which strongly influences coral growth

43
Q

How does the dominant clade of corals change with depth or dark/light parts of colonies?

A

-clades A and B dominant at high light, high temp
-clade C dominant at low light, shade tolerant

44
Q

Growth of coral clades

A

Corals hosting clade C tend to grow faster than those hosting clade D

45
Q

Thermal tolerance of coral clades

A

Corals hosting clade D tend to have wider thermal tolerance than those hosting clade C

46
Q

Factors affecting coral bleaching

A

-coral bleaching: coral expels symbiotic dinoflagellates due to stress
-temp: exposure to anomalous temps for extended periods of time
UV radiation:leads to high levels of free radical production by symbionts

Increase in temp and length that it is that temp.=more likely for coral to bleach

47
Q

Factors affecting coral bleaching

A

-coral bleaching:coral expels symbiotic dinoflagellates due to stress
-temp:exposure to anomalous temps for extended periods
-UV radiation:leads to high amounts of free radicals production of symbionts

48
Q

What happens to algal symbionts at high temps?

A

-photosynthesis increases then shuts down at high temps (doesn’t give carbon back to coral)
-respiration increases at high temps (uses a lot of carbon)

49
Q

What happens inside a coral during bleaching?

A

-CO2 becomes limiting, used so quickly that animal can’t replace it
-energy from sunlight must go somewhere->makes free radicals, which is harmful at high concentrations

50
Q

What drives coral bleaching?

A

-increase in heat and light availability
-leads to harmful radicals
-bleaching starts at shallower corals due to higher light intensity

51
Q

Does bleaching kill corals?

A

-yes if the stress is severe enough
-some polyps can die
-if bleaching is very severe, the whole colony can die

52
Q

Can corals recover from bleaching?

A

-yes, if the stress doesn’t last long
-some can eat zooplankton, some are more resistant to bleaching
-symbionts can be regained, sometimes corals can begin to recover after a few weeks

53
Q

Symbiodinium density

A

-symbiodinium cells enter and exit host colonies on daily/seasonal basis
-done by moving water in and out of cavities
-corals can select what symbionts they want to keep

54
Q

Heterotrophy is important for corals

A

-fed corals have increased photosynthetic rates and protein concentrations
-15-35% of daily metabolic requirements when coral is healthy
-100% of requirements when bleached

55
Q

Can corals adapt to bleaching?

A

-using reciprocal transplants-shallow to deep, deep to shallow
-corals that survived deep to shallow had Clade D or took up Clade A or D symbionts
-low to high light = switch to more stress tolerant clade (D)

56
Q

Core microbes and coral protection

A

-occlusion:take habitable space on/in corals
-antibiotics: inhibit growth of pathogens>50% mucus community produce allelochemicals
-can also fix nitrogen, breakdown of waste products, and cycling basic nutrients back to the photosynthetic algal symbionts

57
Q

Coral diseases

A

-major sources of mortality
-could be stress related (thermal and nutrient stress)
-competition with algae
-stress reduces population of good bacteria

58
Q

Larva

A

Independent morphological different state that develops from a fertilized egg and undergoes profound change before assuming adult features
-important to population replenishment

59
Q

Brooders

A

-sperm is released into the water column taken into the female morph-both hermaphroditic and gonochoric
-Features: competent to settle immediately, planula has maternally derived zoozanthellae, produced yr round

60
Q

Broadcast spawners

A

-sperm and egg bundles are released into the water column, once per year
-bundles float to water, break apart and fertilization starts
-development to planula state takes days to weeks
-zoozanthellae are acquired from environment

61
Q

Planktotrophic vs lecithotrophic

A

Planktotrophic:lots of small eggs which hatch quickly and are free swimming in plankton, feeds in water column

Lecithotrophic: large, lots of yolk and energy input, less time in water column, energy is already present

62
Q

What are challenges to fertilization success in broadcast spawning corals?

A

-fertilization success: overcome low population densities and turbulence
-timing of gamete release: individuals must release gametes at right time
-avoid fertilizing other species

63
Q

Solution to difficulties with broadcast spawners

A

-mass coral spawning
-occurs in summer after full moon
-synchronized release of gametes both within and among species
-gametes float to surface making it a 2D problem-increases chances of fertilization

64
Q

Spawning cues

A

-spawners wish to use calm periods (low tide)
-shorter calm period=shorter spawning period
-increases fertilization/larval retention

EEMB 147 (9 decks)

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