midterm 2 Flashcards
How do ferns and fern allies reproduce?
Spores
What are Fronds and what are they composed of?
They are the leaves of the fern. It is composed of the leafy blades and the stipe (stalk)
What is the rachis?
The rachis is the midrib
what is the tip of the fern called?
Apex.
what are single leaflets called?
pinna
What are pinnules?
they are the smaller segment of the leaf. attached to the pinna.
What is a pinnatifid frond?
The leaf is essentially right against the rachis, there is no petiole.
What is a Pinnate frond?
divided into one segment.
what is a Bipinnate?
it is divided into two segments
what is tripinnate?
it is divided into three segments
What does dimorphic mean?
It has both fertile fronds (leaves with sporangia) and sterile frond (leaves without sporangia)
what are spore clusters called?
Sorus for singular, sori for plural
What coverers the indusium?
the sporangia (sori)
What are fiddleheads?
They are emerging fronds that have not yet unrolled
Matteuccia struthiopteris
Ostrich fern, have black stolon’s, dimorphic
What do horsetails usually contain?
Silica
What are the cones on horsetails called?
strobili
What are perennial horsetails called
Scoring rushes
What are annuals horse tails called?
horse tails
Equisetum hyemale
Common scouring rush, black rhizoids, hollow, pointed cones
Equisetum arvense
Common horse tail, grows a special shoot to produce spores, fertile stems are unbranched, sterile stems look like a bottle cleaner.
What are club mosses?
low, evergreen, non-woody plants , their sporangia are in the cones at the tips of the stem or in the leaf axis
Lycopodium annotinum
stiff club moss, yellowish green egg shaped cones, leaves are needle like,
What are bryophytes?
they are used to describe two groups of plants - mosses and liverworts. also reproduce with spores
What are gametophytes?
they are the mosses and liverworts covering the ground.
What are sporophytes?
it is the capsule raised above the gametophyte by a seta
What are rhizoids?
it is the thing that anchors the plant to the ground
What is a sporophyte composed of?
a foot, the seta and capsule, the capsule contains a lid which is called an operculum and a circle of teeth called peristome. the capsule is initially covered by a membranous hood called calyptra
Where do sporophytes grow their female sex organs?
either at the tip, acrocarpous, or along the sides of the branches Pleurocarpous
Pleurozium schreberi
big red stem, orange to redish stems, pale yellow green leaves, sporophytes are uncommon
hylocomium splendens
ptilium crista-castrensis olive green or reddish green, feather fronds, most common moss.
how do peat mosses grow
they grow upright and have branches that occur in clusters (fascicles) The top portion of the stem containing the clusters of young branches is a visible compact head (capitulum)
sphagnum warnstofii
warnstorfs peat moss, the most common peat moss purplish red in the sun, green in the shade.
Why is peat moss so popular?
has a considerable economic value and has many purposes such as paper or sugars `
what are lichens?
they are fungi that has developed a symbiotic relationship with algae, algae gives it nutrients, the lichen protects/shields the algae
crust lichens
closely attached to substrate, upper surface is hard
scale lichen
tiny shell like lobes with a cottony lower surface, forms overlapping colonies
leaf lichen
small to large leaf or strap like lobs, hard lower surface
club lichen
unbranched or sparsely branched with upright stems
shrub lichen
much branded cylindrical stems, usually tufted.
cladina rangiferina
grey reindeer lichen, greyish white, itricite branching
usnea cavernosa
hair lichen that grows off conifer branches, very common
what are prohibited noxious weeds?
plants not currently found in alberta, in very few locations eradication could be possible.
what are noxious weeds?
plants to largely distributed to eradicate.
