midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

Newark Holy Stone

Answer 1

- Artifacts discovered by David Wyrick in 1860 at Newark Earthworks in Ohio - Stone bowl, Decalogue, and Keystone made of sandstone - Keystone inscribed in Hebrew with phrases like "Holy of Holies," "King of the Earth" - Decalogue Stone has a condensed version of the Ten Commandments with Moses holding a tablet - Rabbi Abraham Geiger determined the first stone was in modern Hebrew; Decalogue stone in archaic Hebrew - Wyrick suspected of faking artifacts; supported the idea that Lost Tribes of Israel were ancestors of Ohio mound builders - Archaeologist Brad Lepper suggests inspiration from Austen Henry Layard's book on Assyrian ruins (1853).

Answer 2

- Discovered in 1889 by John W. Emmert at Tipton Mound 3 in eastern Tennessee - Slate tablet with at least eight characters found with burials and copper bracelets - Cyrus Thomas suggested Cherokee alphabet, linking it to mound builders - Reappraisal in the 1970s by Cyrus H. Gordon identified it as Paleo-Hebrew, translating as "For the Jews" - Most archaeologists believe it's a 19th-century forgery, not a genuine artifact - Robert Mainfort and Mary Kwas propose it may have been copied from a Freemasonry book - Forger's identity remains unknown.

Answer 3

- Discovered in 1838 at Grave Creek Mound, Moundsville, West Virginia, by Jesse and Abelard Tomlinson - Small sandstone disc with 25 alphabetical and pseudo-alphabetical characters - Henry Rowe Schoolcraft identified mix of Greek, Etruscan, Runic, Gallic, old Erse, Phoenician, and Celtiberic characters - M.C. Reid's 1870s experiment suggested the stone was a fraud, resembling characters created arbitrarily - In 2008, anthropologist David Oestreicher suggested James W. Clemens, a local physician, forged the inscription - Source of the inscription traced to an 18th-century volume titled "An Essay on the Alphabets of the Unknown Letters That are Found in the Most Ancient Coins and Monuments of Spain."

Answer 4

- Three slate tablets found by Rev. Jacob Gass near Davenport, Iowa, in 1877 and 1878 - Found with human burials, copper axes, and copper beads - Depict cremation, hunting, and calendrical scenes with 74 characters in random order - Sent to the BAE in 1877; Thomas declared them a hoax in 1885, citing amateurish inscriptions - Gass reported finding tablets in loose soil with scattered human bone, raising suspicion of planting - Leading theory suggests Gass was a victim of a hoax by members of Davenport Academy jealous of his genuine finds in local mounds.

Answer 5

marks the continuation and refinement of earthwork constructions, including the impressive urban center of Cahokia. Its geographical extent is similar to the prior Woodland Period, covering vast regions of the Midwest, Southeast, and Eastern North America. The period is marked not only by distinctive mound and platform construction, but also shell, pottery, and hammered copper art, as well as trade networks stretching as far as the Rocky Mountains

Answer 6

- Adena Culture (500 B.C. to A.D. 100) - Related Native American societies with shared burial complex and ceremonial system - Geographic range focused on central and southern Ohio, with additional sites in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Indiana - Lasting impact on contemporary and subsequent cultures - Widely regarded as a precursor to later traditions, particularly the Hopewell culture.

Answer 7

- Hopewell Interaction Sphere (A.D. 100-500) - Not all sites had earthworks, but the tradition extended from Lake Ontario to Florida - Derived from earlier Adena practices - Hopewell Tradition comprised various dispersed populations connected by riverine and overland trade routes

Answer 8

- Black Drink used in purification ceremonies by SE Woodland groups pre-European contact - Main ingredient: roasted leaves and stems of Ilex vomitoria (yaupon holly), with other emetic herbs - High caffeine content induced euphoria or trance-like states, often causing vomiting - Clay cups used in Black Drink rituals found in high-status burials at Hopewell and Mississippian sites

Answer 9

represent dialogues used to expand upon the order and characteristics of the ideal city-state and the just man, as outlined in Plato’s earlier work, the Republic

Answer 10

In 1909, historian K.T. Frost implied a connection between Atlantis and the Minoan civilization centered on Crete. Earlier work by archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans at the capital of Knossos revealed a large palace covering 20,000 square meters and 1,000 separate rooms

Answer 11

associated with large portions of central and eastern North America, and includes the refinement of ceramic/pottery technology, the use of bow & arrow, and a move towards agricultural subsistence strategies. The Calusa, Adena, and Hopewell cultures were linked to mound building sites during this period

Answer 12

an attempt to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Answer 13

were carved by the Rapa Nui people between Approximately 900 individual moai have been recorded across the island. Nearly half are still at Rano Raraku, the main quarry on the island. The remaining moai were transported from there and set on stone platforms called ahu around the island’s perimeter.

Answer 14

is a motif found in the Hathor Temple, Dendera, Egypt. The temple is one of the best preserved in ancient Egypt, with construction dating back to the Middle Kingdom period depicts the Egyptian creation myth, with associated text describing lotus- flower, water, Horus, and snake imagery.

Answer 15

archaeologists suggest the emergence of leaders or “big-men” within Hopewell society, who likely developed influence through the creation of reciprocal obligations within and between groups. This was a step towards the development of highly structured and stratified sociopolitical organizations

Answer 16

Maya pyramids were added to in an accretional manner, with construction events often related to the end of a cyclical 20 year k’atun period.

Answer 17

was a new occult movement which argued an “ancient wisdom” of a true, pre-flood knowledge underlying the world’s religions. This knowledge was held by a secret brotherhood centered somewhere in Tibet

Answer 18

southern cult

Answer 19

were used as a type of interrogation to explore moral and philosophical problems between participants as an application of the Socratic method

Answer 20

Brasseur de Bourbourg “translated” the Troano [Madrid] Codex (a Maya illustrated book) in 1864, associating the work with elements of the Atlantis story, including destruction by flood

Answer 21

During the Early Dynastic Period (ca. 3150-2686 B.C.), Egyptians with sufficient means (not just pharaohs) were buried in single level, bench- like structures

Answer 22

) was instrumental in scientific applications for the search for extraterrestrial life (SETI

Answer 23

Icelandic Sagas are medieval narratives written in Old Norse that recount the history, legends, and heroes of Iceland and other Nordic regions, weaving together tales of family, honor, and adventure.

Answer 24

In 1882, Thomas was hired to direct the Division of Mound Exploration within the Bureau of American Ethnology. Prior to this appointment, he had believed the mounds were built by an advanced race that no longer existed. But he abandoned this type of thinking for a more empirical approach

Answer 25

town as containing a larger mound more than 30 meters around its base, with the houses of leaders supported on other low mounds in the vicinity.

Answer 26

- Located in Ouachita Parish, northern LA - Oldest earthwork mound complex in North America - Straddles Middle and Late Archaic periods, built by a pre-ceramic, hunting-gathering society - 11 earthen mounds, 1-7.6 m in height, connected by ridges in an ovaloid formation (270 m across) - Discovered in the 1980s, Watson Brake shifted perceptions of mound building antiquity, pushing it back more than 2000 years in the region.

Answer 27

- Located in Louisiana, near Watson Brake, Poverty Point was recently the oldest known earthwork construction in North America. - Remains the largest and most extensive earthwork occupation and ceremonial site during the Late Archaic Period. - Poverty Point culture extended 160 km across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast. - Monumental earthworks include earthen "C"-shaped ridges, major and minor mounds, and a central plaza overlooking a slow-moving drainage to the east. - Constructed mainly between 1700-1100 B.C., Poverty Point extended across 163 hectares. - Unique six concentric "C"-shaped ridges range from 10-185 cm in height and were identified through aerial photographs in the 20th century. - Outer ridges have a diameter of 1.2 km and are massive, with their identification delayed until aerial examinations due to over 150 years of plowing.

Answer 28

A set of artifacts discovered by David Wyrick in 1860 within a cluster of Hopewell mounds in central Ohio known as the Newark Earthwork

Answer 29

Arthur Evans at the capital of Knossos revealed a large palace covering 20,000 square meters and 1,000 separate rooms

Answer 30

- Cahokia, the largest Mississippian center, was occupied from approximately A.D. 1000-1350 and is now located in Illinois. - The site features large mounds, although some have been lost due to farming and urban development. - Cahokia experienced four major phases of occupation, reaching its peak between A.D. 1200-1300 before a decline and abandonment around A.D. 1350. - The city gained and sustained power by controlling outlying areas through shared ideology and ritual practices.

Answer 31

largest architectural monument north of Mexico

Answer 32

Burial mound with mass burials associated with elite individual * High-ranking male (approx. 45 years old) laid on blanket of 20,000 shell beads * Surrounded by caches of arrowheads, polished stone artifacts, and mica * Four sacrificial males with heads and hands missing * Separate mass grave containing 53 female individual

Answer 33

The Atlantis story could have been inspired by the destruction

Answer 34

Moundsville, West Virginia during excavation by Jesse and Abelard Tomlinson

Answer 35

Agrest suggested that the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was a historic nuclear attack, and he proposed that aliens might have built ancient stone monuments globally. He conducted "archaeological" digs in Pakistan's Kharan District, aiming to find evidence of ancient alien-human contact, focusing on megalithic architecture and water-control features.

Answer 36

The Nazca Lines are a series of ancient geoglyphs (large designs created on the ground) located in the Nazca Desert of southern Peru. Created by removing the reddish-brown iron oxide-coated pebbles on the surface to reveal the light-colored earth underneath, the Nazca Lines form various shapes, including animals, plants, and geometric patterns. These enormous designs, some stretching over hundreds of meters, were created by the Nazca people between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500. The purpose of the Nazca Lines remains a subject of speculation, with theories ranging from astronomical and religious significance to ritualistic or agricultural purposes.

Answer 37

is a small island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Extremely remote, the nearest inhabited island is located over 2,000 km away, and the nearest continental point lies in central Chile, 3,500 km away

Answer 38

commissioned some of the Maya civilizations finest art and architecture, including his famous sarcophagus.

Answer 39

Three lost halls of records (under the Sphinx, in the Bahamas near Bimini, and in Piedras Negras, Guatemala) contain the written history of Atlantis.

Answer 40

African presence in the pre columbian new world