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Biological Anthropology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why Study Primates

A

primate understanding explains our own behaviour

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2
Q

Linnó

A

first major biologist to insist that humans are primates

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3
Q

Richard Owen

A

last major biologist to insist not primates (darwin’s rival)

hippocampuses are different (or so he thought)

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4
Q

Thomas Huxley

A

proves Owen wrong - primates do have a hippocampus minor

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5
Q

Why Study Primates?

A

We are primates
reasoning by analogy
how does evolution shape behaviour?

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6
Q

Characteristics of primates

A

vision rather than smell
big brains
generalized dentition
manual dexterity
opposable thumbs, nails v claws
increased life spans + slower development
social
petrosaol bulla (not in fossils)

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7
Q

Where do Primates Live?

A

Africa, Asia, South/Central America
tropical regions + forests
fossils all over the world

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8
Q

gregarious

A

sociable

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9
Q

philopatry

A

which sex remains in group its born into

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10
Q

group structures

A

solitary, pair-bonded, one-male unit, polyandry (1 female), multi-male/multi-female, fission-fusion (flexible in group pattern)

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11
Q

activity patterns

A

nocturnal, diurnal, cathemeral (dawn + dusk)

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12
Q

food groups

A

frugivore, folivore, insectivore, gumivore, omnivore

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13
Q

tooth structure of primates

A

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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14
Q

primate groups

A

lemurs & lorises, tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkey, apes
strepsirhine (lemers & lorises), haplorini (everything else)
catarrhine (old world monekys + apes)
prosimians (lemurs + lorises, tarsiers) & anthropoidea (monkeys + apes)

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15
Q

Lemurs & Lorrises

A

lemurs: madagascar
lorrises: tropical Africa and Asia
primitive features
longer snouts, wet curved nose, no color vision, tooth comb
tapetum lucidum: relective layer behind retina (indicate that early = nocturnal), long hind legs (leap)
no bone behind eyes

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16
Q

Lemurs

A

nocturnal or diurnal
solitary & gregarious
arboreal & terrestrial
mainly frugivorous

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17
Q

Lorises & Galagos

A

nocturnal
solitary
arboreal
fruit, gum, insects

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18
Q

Haplorhines

A

tarsiers, old + new world monkeys, apes
orbital closure, dry simple noses, no tapetum luitum, color vision, cascularization of brain and placenta

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19
Q

Tarsiers

A

nocturnal, arboreal, many similarities with lorises (prosimians)
carnivorous
big hind limbs for leaping

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20
Q

New World Monkeys

A

2 families: Cebidae and Pithelicida
Ceibidae subfamilies: Atelinae, Aotinae, Callitrichinae, Cebinae, Samirinae
diurnal (except for owl monkey)
arboreal
social system and diet vary – small: pair-bonded and gumivores; large: multi-male/multi-female and frugivores/folivores
amrs + legs same length
tail moves independently

ex: spider monkey, pygmy marmoset, red vakari

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21
Q

Catarrhine

A

Old World Monkey + Apes
all diurnal
arboreal + terrestrial
vary in social + diet
different in ways skulls fuse and dental formulas

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22
Q

Old World Monkeys

A

colobine (leaf eating) or cercopithicine

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23
Q

Colobines

A

branch of Old World Monkey
sacculated stomach, reduced thumbs
arboreal and folivores
babies diff color than adults

Colobus (Africa), lay monkey, proboscis monkey

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24
Q

Cercopithecines (cheek pouch monkey)

A

part of old work monkeys
diet + social systems vary
arboreal and terrestrial
female philopatry, strong F-F bond

macaques (snow monkeys) + baboons

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25
Q

Hominoidea (Apes)

A

Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorilla, Chimps, Humans
gregarious (except Orangutan)
mostly frugivores (except Gorillas)
arboreal + terrestrial
high diversity of social systems

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26
Q

Morphology

A

old world monkey: narrow, deep ribcage, scapula on side
ape: broad, shallow, scapula on back of the rib, long arms, short legs

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27
Q

Primate Diet

A

teeth well adapted to deits
body size adapt to diet (small = small amount of high quality food, larger: large amounts of low quality food)
basal metabolic rate does not scale 1:1

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28
Q

Sexual Selection

A

explains evolution of armaments and ornaments

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29
Q

Armaments

A

weapon-like structures that males have

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30
Q

Ornaments

A

showy structures - appear beautiful

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31
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

traits that funciton in reproduction but are not necessary

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32
Q

darwin’s theory of sexual selection

A

reduced survivorship of males w/ structure - compensated by advantage in reproductive success

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33
Q

intrasexual selection

A

male-male

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34
Q

intersexual selection

A

male-female

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35
Q

bateman principle

A

male reproductive success increases when partners increase
female reproductive success stays constant

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36
Q

provisioning

A

more food leads to bigger populations (instead of obesity, more babies)

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37
Q

food enhanced baboons

A

increase maturity and shorter inter birth intervals

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38
Q

age at gestation

A

young: still growing, higher mortality, lack experience
older: senescence, death

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39
Q

Dominance Rank Influence on Reproduction

A

higher social dominance – higher reproductive success
eat better - contest competition
earlier age at first rep, shorter IBC, higher infant survival, higher survival during epidemics
higher quality of infants (alpha male sons)
differ in small vs big groups - scramble competition

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40
Q

contest competition

A

higher rank eats/wins more

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41
Q

scramble competition

A

more competition in large groups due to shared resources

42
Q

Sociality and Reproductive Success

A

F-F bonds promote reproductive success (infants more likely to survive)

ex: Okavango baboons - 50% more likely to survive

43
Q

Female Trade-Offs in Reproduction

A

limited resources (allocation of energy to 1 at expense of others)
quantity v quality of offspring
weaning: time varies - infant needs to forage on own

44
Q

Male Reproductive Strategies

A

sexual dimorphism
rank
sneaky copulation
behavioural flexibility
sperm competition
sperm plug
bacculum

45
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

males are bigger and more agressive
compete for access to females
pair bonds –> little male-male comp –> little dimorphism
one-male/multi-female & multi-male/multi-female –> large dimorphism

46
Q

sneaky copulation

A

lower ranking male copulates behind higher ranking male’s back

47
Q

behavioral flexibility

A

in one-male units, can be more than one male if territory is hard to defend

male munquis - peaceful and no dominance - what???

48
Q

sperm competition

A

sperm competes to reach egg
morphological: testes size; in one male, small, in multi-male, large
multi-male species have faster sperm swimming speeds

49
Q

sperm plug

A

gelatinous proteins create plug at the end of an ejaculation
blocks other sperm from reaching eggs

prevent sperm competition

50
Q

bacculum

A

penis-bone
dislodge sperm plugs and lengthen copulation duration

51
Q

pair-bonding parental investment

A

increased investments, although extrapair copulation is common (mate-guarding=/= monogomy)
both invest and watch in offspring

titi+owl monkeys, marmosets, tomourins, gibbons, humans

52
Q

cooperative breeding

A

males + other individuals help to raise young

marmosets + tamorins: obligate twinners - increase RS w/ help; humans

53
Q

infanticide

A

not pathological!
when change in male residence/status (ex: change in male in one-male/multi-female units), results in resumption of female cycling

naturalistic fallacy: expanations do not equal justifications

54
Q

Female Counterstrategies to Infanticide

A

paternity confusion
friendships
bruce effect

55
Q

paternitiy confusion

Female Counterstrategies to Infanticide

A

swelling persists for 10 days (more than ovulation period)
copulate w/ many males - don’t know who the father is

56
Q

friendships w/ males

Female Counterstrategies to Infanticide

A

male protect female, female grooms male
less corisol spike after new male takeover
babies feel safe w/ mom’s friends

57
Q

bruce effect

Female Counterstrategies to Infanticide

A

female geladas
spontaneous aboriton after new infanticidal male takes over group

58
Q

ornaments

are they evident of mate selection?

A

females are more likely to approach males w/ ornaments
ornaments associated with rank and agression
may serve as signal in male-male competition instead

59
Q

benefits & costs to living in groups

A

benefits: vigilance, food, raise offspring
costs: visibility, competition, disease

60
Q

primates as prey

A

common predators: raptors, felids, snakes
chimpanzees: predators of monkeys

61
Q

benefits of groups against predators

A

more organisims - dilution
vigilance (can see)
active defense (can mob)

62
Q

predation risk + group size

A

high risk + many predators – large groups
high risk – higher M to F ration

63
Q

troops

A

predictable membership, always together

64
Q

fision-fusion

A

predictable community membership, unpredictable party membership

64
Q

socioecological model to group size

A

females form groups with kin to defend clumped, high quality food
females disperse from kin when food evenly distributed to avoid competition

wrangham 1980

65
Q

gibbons socioecology

A

food in small patches (1 female)
1 male can only actively defend 1 female
result in small, pair-bonded, well defended territories
social monogamy, no philopatry

66
Q

savannah bonobos socioecology

A

females defend group of high quality food
males come to defend whole group
multi-female/multi-male
polygamy, female philopatry

67
Q

orangutans socioecology

A

food in small, densely distributed patches (1 female per)
1 male overlap several females (high sexual dimorphism)
uni-male polygamy, solitary female, no philopatry, no bonds

almost no food is available

68
Q

gorillas socioecology

A

low quality, evenly dispersed food
female wander, not-constrained w/ low feeding competition
males wander and females group around to protect
high sexual dimorphism
no philopatry, weak F-F bonds, social unimale polygamy, one male unit

69
Q

chimps socioecology

A

small, sparsely distributed patches - 1 female per patch
males cooperate to defend many females
multi-male polygamy, solitary females, male philopatry, strong M-M bonds
social org: never all together at one time (reduce scramble comp); males mroe social than females
females mate with all males, males form strong bonds but have strong competitions

70
Q

bonobos socioecology

A

more food in habitat - females stay in parties together
strong F-F bonds, though unrelated
F-F bonds curb agression - coalitions dominant to single male

71
Q

cooperation

A

act in manner than benefits others - costly
cheating is better strategy
why altruism?

72
Q

altruism

A

altruism doesn’t help reproduction
coalition formation, food sharing, allo-maternal care, territorial defense, alarm call

73
Q

how does altruism evolve?

A

assortment with other altruists
if with kin, larger chance of them having gene to be altruist
if they group together and the non-altruists die, the frequency of altruists increase

74
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

altruism limited to other altruists
share genes through kin - likely help those that share this gene
altruism is favored by kin selection when benefits * relatedness >cost to altruist
if kin, also supports inclusive fitness (inclusive fitness theory)

75
Q

kinship benefits

A

grooming is most likely between mother and infant
coalitions mostly with kin
social bonds are strengthened by kinship
in male philopatric socieites, males more cooperative
cooperative breeding: helpers + defense

76
Q

familiarity

recognizing kinship

A

mothers don’t recognize own infants at birth - familiarity is important
when mother + infants stay together, form familiar bonds with siblings

77
Q

age-proximity

recognizing kinship

A

in one-male units, age proximity tied to paternity

78
Q

facial cues

recognizing kinship

A

can recognize shared features

79
Q

non-kin cooperation

A

prisoner’s dilemma - why choose instance that could be really detrimental?
prove trustworthiness

80
Q

reciprocity

reciprocal altruism

A

cooperate if parter cooperated before
immediate cost payed back later
cost to donor < benefit to recipient
opportunity for role reversal (not in despotic societities)
captive studies: once a chimp/tamarin knows that one is not cooperative, will not pick them

evidence: grooming (NOT: vampire bats, male coalitions)

81
Q

life history

A

description of key events in an individuals life cycle

growth, development, reproduction, death

82
Q

life history theory

A

energy is allocated to growth, maintenance, and reproduction
trade off in quality and quantity of offspring

83
Q

correlated traits w/fast + slow reproduction

A

fast: reproduce early, small body, small brain, short gestation, large litters, high mortality, short life span
slow: reproduce late, large body, large brain, long gestation, small litters, low mortality, long life spans

84
Q

fixed energy model

A

can grow or reproduce, not both
wait too long - may die before reproducing (extrinsic mortality = disease, predation, starvation) - high chance of death–> early reproduction favored
delay maturity + wait: improves offspring survival

85
Q

primate life cycles

A

slow maturation (grow HUGE brain)
low extrinsic mortality

86
Q

Senescence

A

why do we grow old and die?
energy allocated towards growth + fertility @ expense of longevity
allele for late death not removed by natural selection - passed on

87
Q

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

A

pleiotropy affects genes that favor early fertility
ex: testosterone - positive effects on fitness at early ages, link to prostate cancer and heart disease

88
Q

Mortality: Chimps v Hunter-Gatherers

A

human hunter-gatherers live longer than chimps - stay alive post reproduction
why? Grandmother hypothesis

89
Q

Grandmother Hypothesis

A

evolutionary benefit to living post-menopause
invest in grandkids
Hadza: contribute substatially to food (shared w/ children + grandchildren - more likely to survive and pass on gene)
presence of mother: reduce age at first birth and increase survival of first borns
longevity of male: by products

90
Q

Need to Learn Hypothesis

A

brain size because social and ecological complexity takes a long time to learn
lot of time and energy to grow such a big brain
(chimps recognize numbers in order, macaques wash food)

91
Q

Brain Structure

A

hindbrain (cerebellum & brain stem)
midbrain
forebrain or cerebrum (4 lobes - occipital, frontal, temporal, parietal, neo cortex)
folding: more surface area for neocortex

92
Q

Intelligence & Brain Size

A

brain size inconsistently related to IQ
relative brain size doesn;t account for selection on body size

93
Q

relative neocortex size/executive brain ration

A

neocortex/whole brain
cognitive ability & reversal learning correlates
*relationship dependent on how you measure the brain

94
Q

constraints on brain

A

expensive (never stops using calories)

95
Q

expensive tissue hypothesis

A

tradeoff expensive tissues in brain with expensive tissues in gut
primates with better diets & smaller guts –> bigger brains

96
Q

Social Brain Hypothesis

not a lot of support!

A

large brains to navigate social arms race
other tools are just by products
prediction: bigger social groups –> bigger brains

only works if seperate apes and monkeys

97
Q

Ecological Brain Hypothesis

A

some types of foraging are more cognitively demanding than others
for given body sizes, frugivores have bigger brains than folivores

ex: apes have biggest brains and most sophisticated foraging techniques

98
Q

Behavioral Flexibility Hypothesis

A

learn new solutions to problems from others
cope w/ ecological and social challenges
selected for flexibility and problem solving
correlation between relative neocortex size and innovation + social learning

99
Q

Cognition

A

refers to process of information and application of knowledge
ex: chimps can recognize themselves in a mirror (great ape specialty)

100
Q

Theory of Mind

A

can understand what others think
humans develop after the age of 4
macaques + chimps can infer obvious human behavior
subordinate more likely to stay back when dominant knkows where the food is
primates have basic theory of mind

101
Q

Social Cognition: Humans vs Apes

A

2yo and apes - same test
same physically

Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

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