Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Continental Drift

A

barriers led to speciation (species geographically seperated)
continental positions led to change in ocean currents led to change in climate
climates create selective pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reconstructing Global Temperature

A

cooling trend over the last 65 million years
more variable in last 5 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bones & teeth

fossilization

A

how moved, how big, what they ate, what mating and social structure may have been

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

plant & animal fossils

fossilization

A

reconstruct the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How fossils are created

A

burial - organic compounds replaced by minerals
soft tissues + behaviors rarely fossilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

issues with the fossil record

A

overestimate time of first appearance & underestimate time of extinction
oversimplifies relationships and underestimates divergence times
small animals are less likely to fossilize and some habitats are less likely to create fossils - bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

principle of superposition

stratigraphy

A

if rock has not been disturbed, bottom layers are older than those above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

potassium-argon dating

dating techniques

A

date volcanic rocks around fossil
volcano erupts: potassium decays steadily into argon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

biostratigraphy

dating techniques

A

as long as one side can be dated absolutely, infer dates of other (side by side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

primate origins

A

current: around equator
fossil: up to american SW, europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

characteristics of fossil primates

A

grasping hands + feet
nails instead of claws
forward facing eyes encased in bone
hind limb dominated locomotion
relatively large brain
generalized teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

general overview of primate evolution

A

PELEOMM (party elves love epic outdoor music madness)
paleocene (65-54 mya): plesiadapiforms
eocene (40-50 mya): adaptids (early lemur) & omomyids (early lorises)
late eocene-olligogene (30-45mya) proteopithecus (early new world) & aegyptopithecus (early old world)
miocene (5-23mya): proconsul (early apes)
middle miocene (10-15mya): -pithecus (early apes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

plesiadapiforms

A

paleocene
maybe not primates
no binocular vision, eye on sides, no postorbital bar
small brain
some nails, some claws
grasping hands + feet in some

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eocene Primates

A

40-50mya
earth warm and wet
tropical forests spread into north america + europe
2 families: adaptids (like lemurs) & omomyids (like lorises)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Late Eocene-Oligogene

A

30-45 mya
find fossils in N America with full orbital closure: origin of Anthropoids
proteopithecus & aegyptopithecus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proteopithecus

A

late eocene-oligocene
fossil version of new world monkey - evolved in Africa and moved to south America
traveled by rafting: large land masses break + float

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aegyptopithecus

A

late eocene-oligocene
fossil catarrhine (old world apes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Miocene

A

5 to 23 mya
warm + wet –> cool + dry over time
10 genera + 15 species: proconsul,
not many monkes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

apes v monkeys

A

tied to how they moved (under branches/on the ground)
apes have no tails
forelimb suspension (apes hang, monkeys walk)
short stiff lower back
mobile joints
long arms + fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

proconsul

early miocene

A

africa 17-23 mya
frugivorous in forest environments
ape-like skull + teeth; monkey like body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oreopithecus (cookie monster)

A

7-8mya (late miocene)
N. italy in a coal mine
swamp habitat (diff from current apes)
folivore, teeth diff from other apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sivapithecus

A

found in asia
some characteristics like orangutan: dish face + tall, narrow orbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

gigantopithecus

A

china, ate bamboo (like pandas)
5 mya
head could be oversized for body… may not actually be that big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

apes in europe

A

disappear 8mya; move to Asia + Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

evolution of bipedalism

A

6-8mya: first split from last common ancestor with chimpanzee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hominins

A

on branch from last common ancestor to humans
not to be confused with hominids (african apes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

human uniqueness

A

walk on 2 legs
small canines + large molars 2/ thick enamel
large brains
slow life histories + long juvenile period
overlapping offspring + cooperative breeding
language + culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

types of bipedalism

A

obligate, habitual, faculative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

obligate bipedalism

A

must be bipedal - no other efficient choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

habitual bipedalism

A

can do it and makes it a habit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

faculative bipedalism

A

can do it if they have to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Skulls & bipedalism

A

humans: spine from bottom of head
chimps: spine from back of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

foramen magnum

A

hole that connects head with spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

bideal spine characteristics

A

S shaped curve (lumbar lordosis): allowead head, neck, & pelvis to be aligned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

bipedal pelvis characteristics

A

bipedal: short, stout pelvis & iliac blade (bones at top of pelvis) face to the side
chimps: iliac blade in back
abductor muscle stabilizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bipedal femoral neck characteristics

A

uneven thickness prevents stress (under thicker than top)
longer neck is for adjustment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

bipedal femur characteristics

A

longer femoral shafts - more distance per step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

bipedal knees

A

bicondular angle - under and not to the side
helps with balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

bipedal feet

A

non grasping big toe & arches
push off with big toe - faces up and not to the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why bipedalism

A

rainforests –> woodland
food bc seperated by vast open areas
bipedalism evolved to cross these areas (thermoregulation & energetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

thermoregulation

A

less solar radiation when standing vs when on all fours
face to the wind - cool down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

bipedalism energetics

A

bipedalism saves energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

A

Chad, (central) Africa: forest
6-7mya
bipedal, chimp sized brain, femur - more human like & indicate bipedal
ulna: chimp like (climb in trees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Orrorin tugenensis

A

Kenya (east) Africa
6mya
woodland + savannah
curved fingers: tree living
femur: bipedal
teeth are chimp like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

ardipithecus kadabba

A

ethiopia (east) africa
5.2-5.8 mya
toe bone suggests bipedilaity
canine sharpens against lower premolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ardipithecus ramidus

A

ethiopia (east) africa
4.4 mya
woodland
bipedal based on skull, pelvis, foot; climbing based on hand, foot, & pelvis
small brain, small canines, short arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ardipithecus ramidus: teeth

A

incisors: smaller than frug. chimps
molars: thicker than apes, thinner than humans
canines: not sharpened, not dimorphic (could mean pair bonded, could mean that they have hands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

ardipithecus ramidus: postcranial anatomy

A

hand: not knucle walking
foot: grasping toe, stiff foot for bipedalism
pelvis: ivium adapted for bipedalism. lower part apelike

MASSIVE GRAIN OF SALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Australopithecines

A

radiation: multiple species across Africa
small brains, skilled @ upright walking, retain tree-climbing,
chimpanzee sized, pronounced body size dimorphism,
reduced canine dimorphism, large molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Australopithecus anamensis

A

kenya + ethiopia (east), Africa
3.9 - 4.2 million years ago
grassy woodland environments
bipedal: tibia
long arms + curved fingers
canines smaller than modern apes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A

ethiopia + tanzania
3-3.6 mya
woody grassland
smaller canines, larger molars than anamensis
slightly larger brain than chimp
bipedal
body size dimorphism (2x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

australopithecus afarensis: skull + teeth

A

more u shaped, smaller distema, some dimorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

australopithecus afarensis: locomotion

A

some tree climbing based on scapula + fingers
bipedal based on pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

australopithecus afarensis: footprints

A

lactoli, tanzania: 3.6 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

australopithecus afarensis: feet

A

big toes more like humans than chimps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

australopithecus afarensis: dikika child

A

dikika ethiopia
3.3 million years ago
3yo female
bipedal, tree climbing
hyoid: no language
slower brain maturation (hallmark of humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

australopithecus garhi

surprise!

A

east africa
2.5 mya
cranial features: small brain, saggital crest, large teeth
prostcrania: longer legs?
stone tools: several hundred meters away
(potential of not just homo tools)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

australopithecus africanus

A

2.2-3mya
south africa
taung child: foramen magnum = bipedal
cave: leapard predation - bones in cave
woody grassland
cranially like afare
large size dimorphism
rapid tooth deelopment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

australopithecus sebida

A

malapa cave, S Africa
1.98 mya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

australopithecus sediba: cranial

A

small brain, teeth
reduced musculature for chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

australopithecus sebida: diet

A

phytoliths: fruit, leaves, bark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

australopithecus sebida: postcranial

A

human-like hand + pelvis
relatively long arms
apelike thorax
primitive foot: suggests unique form of bipedal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

paranthropus aethipicus

A

kenya (east) Africa
2.5 mya
cranial adaptations: enormous back teeth, sagittal crests, deep zygomatic arch, flat face, post orbital confliction
bipedal
robust v gracile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

pleistocine

A

earth drier, forest receding, large temperature fluctuations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

early homo (origins)

A

2.3 mya
Africa
large brains, small teeth, australopithecus limb proportions, rapid dev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

homo habilis (handyman)

A

first found w/ tools
1.4-2.3mya
east + s. africa
brains: 600cc
more rounded skull
less prognathic face
taxonomic or sex diff - homo rudolfensis: slightly larger brain (diff? same?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Origin of Tool Use

A

apes use tools (sticks to extract insects, stone to crack open nuts); do not modify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Oldowan tool industry

as seen w/ homo habilus

A

mode 1: flakes, hammer stones; carcass butchering, digging sticks, termite extractive foraging, bone tools
earliest ev: dikika: cut marks
right handed bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Oldowan: meat eating

A

concentration of butchered bones + tools
bovid concentrations outnumber all others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

taphonomy

A

study of what happens to bone after death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Oldowan taphonomy

A

toothmarks diff from stone tools (parallel grooves)
see ev of stone tools on bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Oldowan: olduvi

A

not water accumulated; some hyena dens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Oldowan: hunters or scavengers?

A

probably both
some have tooth then stone after; some opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Olduvai home life

A

1.9 mya
circle of stones = anchor??
unlikely - see a lot of bone… processing place?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Homo Ergaster

A

1.8mya-600kya in Africa
early Homo erectus (which is the asian variant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Homo Ergaster: Skull

A

primitive: post orbital constriction, no chin, receding forehead
derived: less prognathic, larger brain (800-1200cc), smaller jaw + teeth
unique: brow ridge, occipital torus (tearing food?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Homo Ergaster: Post Crania

A

long legs, narrow hips, barrel chest
modern human body propotions
reduced sexual dimorphism
limited language (no hyoid bone, but have the vertebrae ev)
terrestrial biped; runner?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Homo Ergaster: Tools

A

Archeulean industry
mode 2
1.5mya
bifacial tools
specifically designed (carcass processing)
unchanged for 1mya - no innovation, but teaching & learning indicated (big brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Homo Ergaster: Meat Eating

A

KNM-ER 1808 (Kenya) - vitamin A poisoning (eating livers of carnivores)
many hand axes
cut marks on animal bones
tooth anatomy
human specific tapeworms 0.8-1.7 mya - suggests meat eating in ergaster

80
Q

Homo Ergaster; Dispersal

A

1.8mya - Dmanisi Georgia
5 skulls
post-crania homo0like
Oldowan stone tools
1st ev of humanity outside of Africa - Erectus

81
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Indonesia - Java Man - 1.6mya
large brained (940 cc), bipedal
first fossil ev of trasnitional species

82
Q

Erectus v Ergaster

A

thicker skull, larger face, more pronounced occipital torus & browridge, sagittal keel, bigger, stockier body (adaptation to cold)

83
Q

Homo Florensiensis

the “hobbit”

A

Flores, Indonesia
16000-74000 ya
small body (3ft) small brained (400cc)
sophisticated stone tools (almost mode 5)
pelvis: sim to australopithicene
feet: almost as large as homo sapien
hands: primitive wrists

84
Q

Homo Florensiensis: Hypotheses

A

Island Dwarfism (when on island, get small… doesn’t adjust w/ scale of erectus)
Disease (no disease known today that is sim)
Ancestral Early Homo (no intermediate fossils & sophisticated stone tools)

85
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A

evolved from ergaster in Africa & w. eurasia
larger brain (1200-1300cc)
larger brow ridge
no chin
1mya - 400kya
Africa & europe
ancestor to sapiens & neanderthal

86
Q

Homo heidelbergensis: toolkit

A

large game hunting (butchered animal bones)
diversity of food
levallois prepared core techniques (mode 3)

87
Q

European Heidelbergensis

A

500kya
24 indivs - Sima de los Huesos, Spain
proto neanderthal
genetically closer to Neanderthal than Denisovan

88
Q

Denisovan

A

400kya
siberia, Russia

89
Q

Heidelbergensis in Asia

A

200kya

90
Q

Homoneanderthalensis

A

200-40kya
first homonim found - Neander valley E. of Dusseldorf

91
Q

Neanderthal Env

A

fluctuating environment
cooling trend
Eurasia: frigid grassland w/ large mammals

92
Q

Neanderthal Cranial Anatomy

A

large brain (11740cc) - oblong
oblong skulls, occipital bun, thin walled
unique teeth - heavily worn incisors

93
Q

Neanderthal Postcrania

A

short + stocky
robust limbs
wide torso, short arms & legs

94
Q

Neanderthal Intelligence

A

mousterian/mode 3 tools (finer flakes)
large game hunters
burial of dead
personal ornaments

95
Q

Neanderthal Language

A

human like hyoid bone & foxp2 gene
maybe diff range of sounds than humans

tony monaco –> foxp2 gene

96
Q

Neanderthal Life

A

short & difficult (disease + injuries)
living w/ injuries - social group?
same injuries as rodeo clowns

97
Q

Homo Naledi

Homo Sapiens

A

rising star cave, South Africa
15 skeletons
small brains (465-560cc)
primitive & human-like features (curved fungers, small brains, human-like hands + feet)

98
Q

Homo Sapiens: Origin & Spread

A

oldest homo sapiens in Africa
ethiopia - 190kya
South Africa - 100kya
Israel - 100kya
Asia + Europe: 40kya
1st migration - ergaster, 2nd migration - homo sapiens (over generations)
lack of genetic diversity - bottleneck
*there was overlap w/ neanderthals & ergaster

99
Q

Homo Sapiens: Morphology

A

large round skulls w/ high foreheads
small face + teeth
protruding chin
less robus postcrania
long limbs

100
Q

Homo Sapiens Tool Kit: African Archaeological Record

A

250000-40000ya
Modes 3-5 - Blades (4) & Microliths (5) - atlatyls
Social orgs, symbolic expression
bone tools
heat treated stone (access to fire)
long distance transport
decorative carving

101
Q

Homo Sapiens Tool Kit: Byond Africa

A

India & Sri Lanka
Australia - 40000ya, cave paintings, boats
Arctic Circle - 30000ya, sophiticated tools

102
Q

Upper Paleolithic Humans v Neanderthals

A

higher pop density, longer lives, healthier (safer hunting methods - atlatls)

103
Q

Upper Paleolithic Symbolic Behavior

A

ritual burials, art & music, cave paintings (chauvet cave, france 36000ya), figurines (germany 32000 ya)

104
Q

Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle

A

wild food; no domestication
evening meals (meat) = cooked, snacks raw

105
Q

Why Cook - hypotheses

A

early idea - cooking symbolic (false)
increase amount of raw food = decrease in ovulation - obligated to eat cooked food
molars + gut is too small for raw food (expensive tissue hypothesis?)

106
Q

Benefits of Cooked Food

A

higher energy gain from macro nutrients
increase digestibility
decrease digestion costs
animals prefer cooked food

107
Q

Cooking origination

A

44-50kya - cooked food evident in neanderthal dental
fire controlled 1mya

108
Q

Anatomical Evidence for Cooking

A

1.8mya
H. erectus - smaller guts
obligate terrestriality - sleeping on ground dangerous w/o fire

109
Q

Cooking & the Brain

A

bigger brain & cortical nuerons - 2mya
energy cost depend on # of nuerons
pay cost by smaller gut & less energy spent chewing (cannot do w/ raw food)
cooking = first, meat = second

110
Q

Evolution of Running

A

Ergaster - 50% more cal than Austrolopithecus
lots of travel - longer limbs = less costly
hunting: persistence hunting hypothesis
postcrania: short toes, arched feet, stabilized head, sweat, no fur - cooling mech
can run long distances at gallop speed
more energy efficient than walking

111
Q

persistence hunting hypothesis

A

outrun herbivore to death

112
Q

Genetic Variation

A

most changes in genes affect large amounts (ex: regulatory - small dif, large change)
202 HAR (highly accelerated regions) - recent & rapid change in humans; many regulatory
vary in diff ways

113
Q

Variation of Single Genes: Huntington’s Disease

A

single, dominant allele
persists b/c present post-reproduction

114
Q

Persistence of Disease: Sickle Cell Anemia

A

balanced polymorphism: heterozygous is the most resistance to malaria (highest fitness)
this is why it’s high in locations prone to malaria

115
Q

Variation in Complex Phenotypic Traits: Height

A

twin studies show strong gen. component
also environment: improved conditions –> taller

116
Q

Evolution of Skin Color

A

Chimps - light skin
homo ergaster - no fur; darker skin
86% variation connected to UV radiation

117
Q
A
118
Q

Why UV protection

A

skin cancer (post rep)
folate metabolism (causes birth defects)

119
Q

Skin Color and UV protection; tradeoffs

A

melanin absorbs UV radiation
however, prevents vitamin D production - affects immune function and cell growth
Inuit: dark skin due to sun & snow; vit D from diet
repigmentation in Australia and India

120
Q

Why Race is fake

A

races overlap and are continuous - not sep on graph of traits
however, in the past was tied to capacity and temperments - used to defend slavery
effects: maternal mortality (controlled for socioeconomic data)

121
Q

WEIRD humans

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, developed
affected by church, marriage, and other social phenomena

122
Q

Biological Sex

A

male (small, mobile gamete)
female (large, immobile gamete)
binary - not born w/ but two categories of reproduction

123
Q

gender

A

identities based on social/cultural chars; gender identity, perception, expression

124
Q

human sex = not binary

A

more chromosomal combinations than male + female
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (xx w/ high testosteron - male external genitalia)
complete or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (XY w/ female external genitalia)
acute cornary syndrome: gender expression higher effect on coronary than biological sex

125
Q

human gender performance

A

more likely to play w/ “opposite gender toys” when alone than w/ peer
over socialization of gender

126
Q

primate play & gender

A

males more agressive - long term exposure to agression

127
Q

environment evolutionary adaptiveness

A

humans evolved to be in small foraging groups
many problems are due to mismatch

128
Q

phobias

evolution of behavior

A

evolved as mechanism to avoid dangerous situations

129
Q

inbreeding avoidance

evolution of behavior

A

many diseases homozygous recessive - likely in inbreeding
primates: leave natal groups
westmark effect: not attracted to those grew up with (chinese minor marriage)

frued = bullshit

130
Q

Human Mate Choice: Evolution

A

females lim by resource - favor partner who can provide
males lim by females - favor heavy, fertile, females
attraction highest; women rate ambition higher

131
Q

Human Mate Choice: Culture

A

chastity varies cross culturally
finance is uniform

132
Q

Human Mate Choice: Jealousy

A

limits infidenlity (sexual + emotional)

133
Q

Attractive Faces

A

cross cultural agreement about which faces are the most attractice
prefer averaged faces
prefer symmetric faces
women smell symmetry when ovulating; infants look longer at attractive faces
males prefer females w/ neonatal features

134
Q

Hunter Gatherer Familial Structures

A

ethno-linguistic units: share values, beliefs, languages, territories, and ethnicities
marriage is typical

135
Q

Human Pair-Bonds

A

females generally bonded to 1 male
wealth goes with an increase in polugamy

136
Q

Afinal Kindship

A

complex networks through overlapping connections
organized social world

137
Q

Functions of Sex

A

conception, paternity confusion, practice, communication

138
Q

Nonconceptive Sex: Practice

A

practice copulation mechanisms
infant males intromit w/ females and males

139
Q

Nonconceptive Sex: Communication

A

bonobos!
f-f: reduce tension, integration of female into new community; genito-genital rubbing; find partners for sons

140
Q

Homosexuality: Alternate Strategy

A

Albatross: f-f mated pairs rear young together - higher success rate than if alone
mountain gorillas: treat younger males as females for practice

141
Q

Pro-creative bias

A

bias that sex is only for conception
homosexuals don’t exhibit psychological abnormalities

142
Q

Chimp Between Group Agression

A

most groups are surrounded - agression is universal

143
Q

Bonobos Between Group Agression

A

relatively peaceful
prevent with grooming, sex, and play

144
Q

Balance of Power

A

mutual fear of intense agression
mild threat & escalate slowly & stop when other stops
when multiple - battle

145
Q

Imbalance of Power

A

agressors disinhibited
strong atack
don’t stop
rare
when multiple agressors - raid

146
Q

Imbalance of Power Hypothesis

A

fission fusion grouping allows individuals to be alone
imblaance of power = low cost agression and increases dominance and power
prediction 1: power asymmetry provokes attack
prediction 2: power asymmetry supress attack
prediction 3: victims tend to be male
prediction 4: inter-group dominance –> resources (occupy area where raids occur)

147
Q

Reconstructing Last Common Ancestors

Are we more like chimps or bonobos?

A

looking at outgroup - gorillas like giant chimps
b/c LCA between 4 was chimp like, LCA between 3 was also likely chimp like
bonobo qualities (and peacefulness?) likely derived

148
Q

Paedomorphism & Reduced Agression

A

reduced agression is tied to cranial reduction, paedomorphic crania, limb gracility, dental reduction

fox selection study

149
Q

Bonobo Agression Explained

A

low food competition; large groups of females reduce male agression

150
Q

Today’s Nomads & Agression

A

peaceful… but
low competition as neighbors aren’t horticulturists
lack materials needed to compete
Adamese - violent across tribes; inuit: kill strangers

151
Q

Inuit/Yupik War Tactics

A

night raids on full kashim
block doors & torch inside
risks: open, have tunnels

152
Q

Asmat People, Papua New Guinea, War Tactics

A

Raid Sequence: festivities, male alliance, silent approach, joyful experience

153
Q

Between Group Agression: Cooperative

A

success depends on strength in numbers and trust
raids = cooperative behavior

154
Q

Human Inter-Group Agression

A

low industrial - even when consider WWs
between group agression still high

155
Q

Human Within Group Agression

A

Chimps: 100-500x more agressive

156
Q

Types of Agression

A

reactive (sudden, due to high arousal)
proactive (planned, due to low arousal)
between group is mostly proactive

157
Q

Proactive Agression in Humans

A

war, torture, homicide, capital punishment - universal

158
Q

Self Domestication - Humans

A

indications of paedomorphism + paedomorphic behavior
capital punishment against reactively agressive males (capital punishment hypothesis) - mechanism of social control
through language & tolerance

159
Q

Shamans

A

practioner who uses trance to provide services

160
Q

Trance

A

temporary state that appears diff from normal human functioning

161
Q

Shamanism

A

ubiquitous across human culture
features: trance, initiations, chanting, displays, prohibitions, peculiarity
subjective model:
hacks beliefs to control uncertainty

162
Q

Subjective Model of Shamanism

A

psychology of superstition
selection for inuitive magic
transform into entities distinct from humans to claim special powers (invisible forces - engage w/), (transofrm - superhuman powers to people who seem nonhuman)
trance increases drama to support

163
Q

Subjective Cultural Selection

A

humans have psychologically determined goals + retain variants that seem to satisfy these goals
culture evolves to acheive that goal

164
Q

Taboos/Self-Denial on Shamans

A

permanent dietary (valuable foods)
some sex
infer sincere belief, supernatural, powerful

165
Q

Culture

A

information acquired from others through social learning, that is separate from genetic information (seen through variation)

166
Q

Meme

unit of culture

A

idea, behavior, or style that spreads from invidual to individual

167
Q

Tradition

unit of culture

A

enduring behavior patterns shared by members of a group

168
Q

Cultural Variation in Nature

A

japanese macaques: potato washing
black rats: pinecone seed acquisition
meerkats: wake times
capuchins: trust games

169
Q

Chimpanzee Culture

A

39 behaviors
ex: hand clasp grooming - maternal line determines where grab

170
Q

Common Garden Experiment

A

raise two items in common garden - det if genetic or environmental difference

171
Q

Naath v Dinka cultures

Human Cultural Variation in the Same Environment

A

similarities: sim language group, environment, cattle, crops
differences: Naath - segmentary lineage, cattle for exchange; more cattle is more incentive for land, which mobilizes for cooperative raids, which are easier due to living w/ kin

172
Q

Germans v Yankees in IL

Human Cultural Variation in the Same Environment

A

Yankees see farming as business; value education, and don’t press children to farm
Germans see farming as way of life; urge child to farm
over time - german’s increase percentage of farm ownership

173
Q

Accumulation of Human Culture

A

ex: we’d all die in the arctic
accumulation over generations is far more than we could do on our own

174
Q

cumulative culture: ratcheting effect

A

culture start expoding 60000ya and never stopped
allows us to adapt through culture and not speciation in new habitats

175
Q

Social Learning: Directions of Transmission

A

vertical: parent to offspring
horizontal: among peers
oblique: old to young

176
Q

social facilitation

Mechanisms of Social Learning

A

indirectly increasing likelihood that other individual will learn behavior on their own
ex: great tits opening milk bottles - must reinvent behavior every time, but pave way

177
Q

observational learning

Mechanisms of Social Learning

A

watch other solve problem
ex: chimp watch termite fish & imitate

178
Q

imitation

Mechanisms of Social Learning: Observational Learning

A

copy sequence to solve problem exactly
humans imitate when there is adult demonstration

179
Q

goal emulation

Mechanisms of Social Learning: Observational Learning

A

copy final outcome

180
Q

Teaching

Mechanisms of Social Learning

A

active involvement of experience facilitating learning
meerkats: dead scorpions to live scorpion w/o stinger, live w/ stinger
criteria: modify only in presence of B, incur cost, B acquires knowledge more rapidly
humans learn vert as young and horizontally as older
culture is part of biology - asshole bump

181
Q

Intentional Comunication in Chimps

A

only give alarm when friend/kind is present
more like. to look at other individual and alternate gaze when alarm
stop calling when others indicate tthat they see

182
Q

Ape Language Studies

A

Kanzi (bonobo) can understand & respond to 72% of novel sentences (context)

183
Q

Human Language

A

sentences using grammar
translateable
innate capacity
syntax & recursion
language for numbers - keep track of long term reciprocal action

184
Q

FoxP2 Gene

A

language gene - study family w/ mutation

185
Q

Mismatch Disorders

A

bodies designed for hunter-gatherer lifestyle
behavior has evolved, genetics have not

186
Q

Obesity

Mismatch Disorders

A

higher rates & health problems
due to storing fat in case of food shortages
not selected against due to post-reproduciton

187
Q

Stress

Mismatch Disorders

A

adaptive response to crisis - identical regardless of type of stress
humans: stress in response to past & future events
frequent + prolonged stress - negative health effects (but no direct evidence w/ female fecundicity - non stressed people just have sex more!)

188
Q

Reproductive Cancers

Mismatch Disorders

A

pregnant less often, lactate shorter, & menarche earlier in industrial societies - more menstrual cycles
during menstrual cycles - spike in estrogen (which is also in general higher) - increase cell division in breasts
cancer occurs during cell division - more chances to occur
sim w/ prostate cancer & testosterone levels (which are higher in industrial)

189
Q

Lactase Persistence

Recent Human Evolution

A

co-evolved w/ pastoralism

190
Q

Starch & Amylase

Recent Human Evolution

A

origin of agriculture - increase of starch in diets
amylase breaks starch into sugare
people from higher starch populations have higher levels of amylase - which helps digest (if too low - diharreah = life threatening)

191
Q

Diet & Height: Inuit

Recent Human Evolution

A

diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
genes that affect ability to digest also affect height and weight - Inuit tend to be shorter & stockier

192
Q

Children v Adults: language

A

children are slower to respond to gramattical mistakes and have a larger part of the brain

193
Q

tools & language

A

activate same part of the brain

194
Q

puppet studies

A

babies choose the cooperative puppet to play with - ev of self domestication
babies choose puppet that likes the same food as them - in group

195
Q

theory of mind

A

understand thoughts of others
associated w/ understanding the future

196
Q

parts of brain

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, lateral ventrical, thalamus, pineal gland, corpus callosum, optic chiasm, pituitary gland, brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), spinal cord

Biological Anthropology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions