Midterm 2 Flashcards
the process by which infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
Cognitive Development
Piaget suggested that during cognitive development, infants/children learn 3 essential things:
- how the physical world works
- how their own minds work
- how other people’s minds work
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
Piaget’s stage of Birth-2 years
Sensorimotor stage
Skills of sensorimotor stage (2)
-ability to sense (perceptual skills)
-ability to move (motor skills)
Piaget’s stage of 2-7 years
Preoperational
Piaget’s stage of 7-12 years
Concrete operational
Piaget’s stage of 12+ years
Formal operational
infants make theories about the way the world works
schemas
infants apply their schemas in novel situations
Assimilation
infants revise their schemas in light of new information
Accommodation
4 cognitive processes of sensorimotor stage
-schemas
-assimilation
-accommodation
-Object permanence
the fact that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
Object permanence
Infants acquire object permanence ____ than Piaget suspected
earlier
Robert Fantz’s technique for finding out what is going on in a baby’s mind
Preferential looking time
Preferential looking time
Because you naturally stare longer at things that violate your beliefs, psychologists can use the duration of your stare to figure out what your beliefs must be!
the stage of cognitive development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until about 11 to 14 years
Childhood
Preoperational stage
children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world.
Children enter childhood at ____ stage and leave at ____ stage
Enter at preoperational, leave at concrete operational
Concrete operational stage
Children learn how actions, or operations, can transform the concrete objects of the physical world.
Children at preoperational stage think spreading objects out means _______
There are more of them
Children at concrete operational stage think spreading objects out means _______
there are the same amount as if they were close together (conservation)
the understanding that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant, despite changes in the object’s appearance
Conservation
Piaget said children develop conservation at _____ stage
Concrete operational
Once a child learns conservation, they understand what?
That they can change what an object looks like without changing what the object is like
Formal operational stage
children learn the ability to generate, consider, reason about, or mentally “operate on” abstract concepts
Piaget believes some people never move on to _____ stage
Formal operational
Children at ___ stage think that others see things from the same perspectives that they do (egocentrism)
Preoperational stage
the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people
Egocentrism
False-belief task
Children watch a puppet see where a chocolate is put, then the puppet goes away and the children see the chocolate move. When the puppet comes back, children with egocentrism think the puppet will know the new location despite the fact that he didn’t see it, because they saw it.
The study of continuity and chance across the lifespan
Developmental psychology
Infancy
Birth to 18-24 months
Childhood
18-14 months to 11-14 years
Adolescence
11-14 years to 18-21 years
Adulthood
18-21 years +
3 prenatal stages
- Germinal
- Embryonic
- Fetal
Germinal stage
conception to 2 weeks
Term for baby in the germinal stage
zygote
Fertilized egg containing chromosomes from both a sperm + egg
Zygote
Does a zygote have a sex?
Yes
How many fertilized eggs implant in the uterus
50%
Embryonic stage
Week 2 - week 8
Embryo is how big at 30 days
poppy seed
Embryo is how big at 8-9 weeks
Olive
Embryos of either sex have beginnings of _____ reproductive system
female
Stage where baby has arms/legs/beating heart
Embryo
Fetal stage
week 9 to birth
Stage where baby has skeleton + muscles
fetal stage
What stage does the brain of the baby start to develop
fetal stage
What can a baby in the womb hear
heartbeat and voice of mother
Infants suckle _____ when familiar
more
Infants cry in _____ of their native language
tonal and pitch fluctuations
Organ in the womb that links bloodstream of mother to fetus, allows exchange of biological materials
Placenta
agents that pass from the mother to the fetus and impair development
Teratogens
Most common teratogen
alcohol
Developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by mother during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Examples of teratogens
Viruses, drugs, diseases, chemicals, etc.
Newborn brain is ____ the size of an adult brain
25%
Newborns can only see within ____ inches
8-12 inches
Newborns ____ to repeated visual stimuli
Habituate
newborns can mimic facial expressions within _____
the first hour
innate patterns of motor response triggered by sensory stimulation
Motor reflexes
Examples of infant motor reflexes
-Rooting
-Sucking
-Grasping
-Moro
-Stepping
rule that says motor skills emerge in sequence from head to feet
Cephalocaudal rule
rule that says motor skills emerge in sequence from centre to periphery
Proximodistal rule
3 ways of measuring what infants know
-Suckling
-Eye movement
-Preferential looking time
2 main criticisms of Piaget’s theory
-Stages were discrete, now we see them as continuous
-Underestimated how fast children acquire certain skills
Vygotsky believed that children develop through…
interactions with members of their own culture
Vygotsky’s 3 fundamental skills for learning from others
- Joint attention
- Imitation
- Social referencing
Ability to focus on what someone else is focusing on
Joint attention
Ability to do what another person does
Imitation
Ability to use another person’s reactions as info about how to think about the world
social referencing
Which skill is a prerequisite for social learning?
Joint attention
Death rate of WWII orphans who received safety, warmth food but no love/care
40%
Who conducted attachment experiments on baby monkeys
Harlow
Harlow discovered that, when deprived of social contact in the first 6 months, they (4)
-develop behavioural abnormalities
-were incapable of communication
-abnormal sexual behaviour
-became rejecting mothers
Who discovered concept of imprinting in goslings
Lorenz
Who argued infants channel signals to primary care giver to form attachment?
Bowlby
When do infants realize their primary caregiver?
6 months
Emotional bond that forms with primary caregiver just after birth
Attachment
Strange situation test measures what?
Determine’s infants attachment style
4 infant attachment styles
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Ambivalent
- Disorganized
Population percentages for each of the infant attachment styles
- Secure (60%)
- Avoidant (20%)
- Ambivalent (15%)
- Disorganized (5%)
Infant not distressed when caregiver leaves, acknowledges when caregiver returns. If distressed, is consolable.
Secure attachment
Not distressed when caregiver leaves, does not acknowledge return
Avoidant attachment
Distressed when caregiver leaves, difficult to console when returns
Ambivalent attachment
No consistent response pattern in caregiver leaving/returning
Disorganized attachment
Disorganized attachment is most likely caused by _____
child abuse
Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
Temperaments
How is temperament of infants measured?
Physiology + parental self-reports
Temperaments are ____ and biological
stable
3 types of infant temperaments
Easy babies (40%)
Difficult babies (10%)
Slow-to-warm-up babies (15%)
Biggest contributor to attachment style
Caregiver’s sensitivity/response to needs
Set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them
Internal working model of relationships
Children with secure attachment have better (5)
-Academic achievement
-Cognitive functioning
-Psychological well-being
-Success in adulthood
-Emotional adjustment
Age of onset of sexual maturity is determined by age it occurred for ____ parent
same-sex parent
Onset of sexual maturity
11-14 years
Bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
Puberty
Sex characteristics directly involved in reproduction
Primary sex characteristics
Sex characteristics that change with sexual maturity, but are not directly related to reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
In 3-4 years of puberty, people grow ___ and gain ___ lbs
10 inches, 40 lbs
Onset of puberty is affected by
cultural variation
Puberty has began younger in recent decades due to (3)
-improved diet/health (extra fat mimics hormones)
-Chemicals (mimic estrogen)
-Stress
Age of adulthood responsibility has ____ overtime
Increased
Lengthening of period of adolescence leads to____
restricitons, angst, turmoil
Do hormones make teens moodier than children/adults
No
Why are teens moodier than adults (3)
-lower emotional regulation
-are more impulsive
-Susceptible to peer influence
Does risky experimentation in teen years lead to long term negative behaviour patterns?
Rarely
Overall, teens make ____ decisions
Good
Adolescents make better decisions when ______
No one is around
Effects of early maturation is more negative for _____ than ____
Girls than boys
Negative consequences in early maturation for girls (4)
-Depression
-Delinquency
-Distress
-Disease
Evidence that sexual orientation is built into DNA
Identical twins are highly likely to have same sexual orientation as one another
Child _____ behaviour predicts sexual orientation
Gender-nonconforming behaviour
Acceptance rate of homosexuality in Canada
80%
Rate at which young canadians engage in sex is ____
Decreasing
Rate at which young canadians use condoms is
Increasing
In adolescence, _____ play an active role in development as opposed to family
Peers
Teens go through which of Erikson’s stages
Identity vs. role confusion
Teen struggle for autonomy leads to (3)
-conflict w parents
-Reduced time w family
-Reduced closeness w family
Development slows down during _____
Adulthood
Abilities/health peak at ___ and deteriorate after
20s, 26-30
Adult cognitive decline is caused by
Deterioration of profrontal cortex
Cognitive decline affects
task initiation, strategy, effort
What declines faster, working memory or long-term memory?
Working memory
What declines faster, episodic memory or semantic memory?
Episodic memory
Why does overall cognitive performance remain high during adulthood? (4)
-Compensation by other neural structures
-Use brain more efficiently
-Knowledge accumulation
-Brain becomes de-differentiated/bilateral asymmetry disappears
Younger adults orient towards future-pertinent info, whereas older adults focus on emotional satisfaction at present
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Adults feel ____ attractive at 65 than at 34
More attractive
____ adulthood is the happiest/most satisfying time
Late adulthood
Women tend to be ___ happy while raising children
Less happy
Married people have ____ health
better health
Greatest source of joy for adults
Partners/children
Average canadian parents have ____ children
1.7
Individual’s characteristic style of behaviour, thinking, feeling
Personality
How are personality differences sometimes explained?
In terms of prior events + anticipated events
Developing explanations of the basis for psychological differences among people is the study of ______
personality
How is personality measured (2)
Projective techniques and self report
Questionnaire where people describe their own behaviour or mental state
Self-report
What is a problem with personality self-reports?
Response bias
How is response bias mediated in personality self-reports
Validity scales
MMPI-2-RF
Well-researched clinical questionnaire for personality and psychological problems
Standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of individual’s personality
Projective test
Problems with projective personality tests
Subjective interpretation of administrator
Examples of projective personality tests (2)
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Individual interpretations of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify respondent’s inner feelings/interpret personality structure
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, when they make up stories about ambiguous pictures of people
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
Trait
Traits can be a ________ that causes behaviour or a ________ that guides behaviour
preexisting disposition, motivation
Big 5 personality traits
-Openness
-Neuroticism
-Agreeableness
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
Acronym for big 5
OCEAN or CANOE
The _____ personalities are on a spectrum
Big 5
Is personality stable overtime
Yes
Are perceiver’s ratings of someone’s Big 5 personality traits usually accurate
Yes
How long did the perceiver take to measure agreeableness
20 seconds
How long did the perceiver take to measure the target’s other big 5 traits (not agreeableness)
5 secs
How fast can extraversion be perceived after exposure to a target’s photos
50 milliseconds
Which big 5 personality traits can be most accurately observed through social media?
Extraversion, openness, experience (least for neuroticism)
High neuroticism and low extraversion mean risk for _____
Depression
Affective instability, vulnerability, self-consciousness
Neuroticism
Measure of affect, assertiveness, gregariousness (outgoing)
extraversion
At what age can humans recognize themselves in the mirror?
18 months
What we think about ourselves
Self-concept
How we feel about ourselves
Self-esteem
Person’s explicit knowledge of his other traits, behaviours, other personal characteristics
Self-concept
Self-concept develops from _____
Social experiences
Self-concept is influenced by __________
feedback from others
2 ways of organizing self-concept
self-narrative
self-schemas
Story we tell about ourselves
Self-narrative
Set of traits we use to define ourselves
Self-schemas
Self concept is _____ and promotes ______ in behaviour
Stable, consistency
Tendency to seek evidence to confirm one’s self-concept
Self-verification
Extent to which one likes, values and accepts the self
Self-esteem
Benefits of self-esteem (3)
Status, belonging, security
Self-esteem could be a _____
Sociometer
Tendency to take credit for our own success but downplay responsibility for our failures
Self-serving bias
Grandiose view of the self, tendency to seek admiration from + exploit others
Narcissism
People are generally unaware of their preference for things similar to themselves
Implicit egotism
Liking something with the same letters as your name is an example of ______
Implicit egotism
monozygotic twins
identical
dizygotic twins
fraternal
_____ twins have more similar personalities
monozygotic/identical
Personality variability among individuals is ______ genes and ______ environment
40% genes, 60% environment
____ twins have more similar personalities reared apart then ____ twins reared together
Biological, fraternal
Shared family environment has ____ effect on personality
Little
Changes in personality can be caused by
-Brain damage (Phineas Gage)
-Brain pathologies (Alzheimers, stroke, tumors)
-Pharmaceutical treatments
Heritability estimats for Big 5 Personality traits ranges from
0.35 to 0.49
What does heritability coefficient measure
A high heritability, close to 1, indicates that genetics explain a lot of the variation in a trait between different people; a low heritability, near zero, indicates that most of the variation is not genetic.
most heritable big 5 trait
Extraversion (0.49)
least heritable big 5 trait
Agreeableness (0.35)
Least to most heritable big 5 personality traits
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extraversion
Women’s personalities are more (4)
-Verbally expressive
-Sensitive to nonverbal cues
-Nurtering
-Relational aggression
Men’s personalities are more (4)
-Physically aggressive
-Assertive
-Sensation-seeking
-Slightly higher self-esteem
_____ personality similarities than differences in gender
More
Personality characteristics result from different cultural standards and expectations between genders
Social role theory
Androgyny is a sign of
Better adjustment
Do animals have Big 5 personalities?
Yes
Which animals have scientists identified stable personality types
-Dogs
-Hyenas
-Octopi
-Guppies
Different personalities in animals reflect
Evolutionary adaptations
Which Big 5 personality trait is most relevant to neurophysiological mechanisms
Extraversion
Personality trait representing over/under stimulation of part of brain responsible for arousal
Extraversion
______ have low arousal and seek stimulation
extroverts
____ have high arousal and don’t seek stimulation
introvert
Brain systems responsible for extroversion (2)
Behavioural activation system (BAS)
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
___ are more likely to avoid situations that may lead to punishment
introverts
Personality is formed by needs/wants that mostly operate outside of conscious awareness
Psychodynamic approach
Who developed psychodynamic approach to personality
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s proposition of 3 independent systems in the mind that determine personality structure
-Id
-Ego
-Superego
Part of mind operating via pleasure principle
Id
Part of mind operating via reality principle
Ego
Part of mind operating via conscience
Superego
Part of mind containing drives present at birth; bodily needs, wants, desires, impulses
Id
Part of the mind developed through contact with the external world, enables us to deal with life’s practical demands
Ego
Part of the mind that reflects internalizations of cultural rules, learned through parental authority
Superego
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
Defense mechanisms
Types of defense mechanisms (2)
Rationalization
Projection
Displacement
Reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings/behaviours to hide underlying motives/feelings
Rationalization
Attributing own negative feelings/emotions to others
Projection
Diverting negative feelings away from source to a different subject
Displacement
Early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas
Psychosexual stages
How do caregivers influence the psychosexual stages
Caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
If a person doesn’t negotiate a psychosexual stage correctly, they are stuck there
Fixation
5 psychosexual stages
Oral stage (Birth to 18 months)
Anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
Phallic stage (18 months to 4/5 years)
Latency stage (4/5 years to adolescence)
Genital stage (adolescence)
Pyschosexual stage where gender differences are noticed, child relates to same-sex parent
Phallic stage
Psychosexual stage where sexual urges reawaken, interest turns to relationships
Genital stage
Psychosexual stage where sexual drives lay dormant
Latency stage
Humanistic-Existential approach to personality emphasizes
individuals drive towards self-actualization
_____ psychologists emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nbature
Humanistic
______ psychologists focus on the individual. asa responsible agent, free to create their life while negotiating issues of meaning/death
Existentialist
Human motive towards realizing inner potential
Self-actualizatino theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs argues that personality differences arise from ________
results from attempts to satisfy psychological needs
Full immersion in a task that matches our abilities
Flow
Positive side of awareness of our existence
brings dignity/richness to life
Negative side of awareness of our existence
forces us to confront realities that are difficult (human suffering, death)
Difficulties in finding meaning in life and death, and accepting responsibility for making free choices
Angst
Personality in terms of how we think about situations encountered in daily life
Social-cognitive approach
Is behaviour caused more by personality or by situational factors?
Person-situation controversy
Correlation between personality and behaviour
r = 0.3
Assumptions about likely consequences of. abehaviour
Outcome expectancies
Tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment
Locus of control
Study of causes and consequences of sociality
Social psychology
Key priorities of animals/humans (2)
Survival + reproduction
How do animals/humans manage scarce resources (2)
Aggression and cooperation
Behaviour intended to harm another
Aggression
Animals aggress only when there is something in the way of their goals
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Aggression is caused by
Negative affect
Best predictor of aggression
Gender
Men are responsible for ____ of murders and ____ of violent crimes in the U.S>
90% of murders, 80% of violent crimes
Explanations for why men are more aggressive (3)
-Socialization
-Testosterone
-Threatened Status/dominance
Main reason men are more aggressive
Testosterone
Women’s aggression is more _______ than impulsive
Premeditated
Aggression varies based on ___ and ____
time period and geographic location
How does culture influence aggression
Promoting/discouraging certain behaviours
Behaviour by 2+ individuals that lead to mutual benefit
Cooperation
Why is cooperation beneficial for survival
Gain more resources per person
People will choose to get ____ if it means someone who treated them unfairly gets _____
Nothing, nothing
What does the prisoner’s dilemma show about cooperation
two individuals acting in their own self-interests do not produce the optimal outcome
Prisoner’s dilemma
If both stay silent = least amount of prison time, if they both testify against each other = most amount of prison time, if one testifies against the other = medium prison time for 1 person
Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
Group
Tendency for positive evaluation towards members in our own group
In-group favouritism
Positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership
Prejudice
Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership
Discrimination
Positive or negative behaviour towards another person based on their group membership
Discrimination
Decision-making in a group is often hindered by: (3)
-Common knowledge effect
-Group polarization
-Groupthink
Tendency for group discussions to focus on info that members share
Common knowledge effect
Tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone
Group polarization
Tendency for groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony
Groupthink
Things people do in groups that they wouldn’t do otherwise (4)
-Deindividuation
-Diffusion of responsibility
-Social loafing
-Bystander intervention/bystander effect
Immersion in a group causes people to be less aware of their individual values
Deindividuation
Tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
Diffusion of responsibility
Tendency for people to expend less effort in a group than when they are alone
Social loafing
More people at the scene, less likelihood of help
Bystander effect
Bystander effect is caused by 3 things
Diffusion of responsibility
pleuralistic ignorance
Audience inhibition
Majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that others accept it
Pleuralistic ignorance
People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystandards will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency
Audience inhibition
Behaviour that benefits another at our own cost
Altruism
Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
Reciprocal altruism
What is cooperation extended over time
Reciprocal altruism
Evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
Kin selection
What is selfishness in disguise
Kin selection
Which gender is choosier in sexual partner selection
Women
Why is sex riskier for women (2)
-Can only be pregnant by one man at a time
-Cultural bias against promiscuity
The gender that is approached in dating is _____
choosier about partners
Tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure and thus familiarity
Mere exposure effect
Why do we prefer ourselves in mirror vs. photo
Mirrors flip our image so we are used to seeing our features that way and like it more
______ can be misinterpreted as attraction
Physiological arousal
Mistakes breed _____
Fondness
People are perceived as more likable after they make a blunder, as long as they are already viewed as competent
Pratfall effect
Major factor in attraction
Physical attractiveness
Negative factors of being attractive (2)
-Lack of sympathy
-Undermining achievements
Physicall attractiveness depends on
Culture
____ faces are considered more attractive
Average
We prefer mates who are similar to us in (2)
Attitudes and beliefs
2 basic types of love
Passionate love
Companionate love
Experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, intense sexual attraction
Passionate love
Experience involving affection, trust, concern for partner’s wellbeing
Companionate love
___ of marriages end in divorce
40%
Cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
Comparison level
State of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of the two partners are roughly equal
Equity
How we process, store and apply information about other people and social situations
Social cognition
People draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
Stereotyping
4 problems with stereotyping
- Inaccurate
- Overused
- Self-perpetuating
- Unconscious and automatic
Majority groups tend to ________ rare events in rare populations
Overestimate
We underestimate _____ variability
Within-category
We overestimate ___ within groupings
similarities
Tendency for people to cause what they expect tos ee
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold
Stereotype threat
When observers perceive what they expect to perceive
Perceptual confirmation
when faced with disconfirming evidence, we try to modify our stereotypes rather than abandon them (make exceptions)
Subtyping
Inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour
Attribution
Attribute the external situation as the cause
Situational attributions
Attribute someone’s internal disposition as the cause
Dispositional attributions
We rely on consistency, distinctiveness, consensus when making attributions
Covariation model
Low consistency + high consensus + high distinctiveness
Situational attribution
High consistency + low consensus + low distinctiveness
dispositional attribution
tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person’s behaviour was caused by the situation
correspondence bias / fundamental attribution error
Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviour of others
Actor-observer effect
Ability to direct or change a person’s behaviour
Social influence
3 basic motivations that make people more susceptible to social influence
-Hedonic motive
-Approval motive
-Accuracy motive
pleasure vs pain
Hedonic motive
Acceptance vs. rejection
Approval motive
Motivation to believe what is correct
Accuracy motive
Most basic of all motives
Hedonic motive
Customary standard for behaviour that is widely shared by members of a culture
Norm
Unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefitted them
Norm of reciprocity
Own opinions influenced by the norms of the group
Asch paradigm
When another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate
Normative influence
Getting someone to deny a larger request so they agree to a more reasonable request
Door-in-the-face technique
Tendency to do what others do simply because they are doing it
Conformity
Tendency to do what a powerful person tells us to do
Obedience
Obedience is due to
Normative pressure
Another person’s behaviour provides info about what is good or right
Informational influence
Our attitudes affect
The evaluations we make
Our beliefs affect
The knowledge we hold
Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes or beliefs
Cognitive dissonance
Start with a small request, then gradually demands are increased
Foot in the door technique
Significance of Lorenz discovery
Animals are hardwired to form a bond
Who do infants identify as their primary caregiver
Whoever answers their signals the most in the first 6 months. of life
Emotional bond with a primary caregiver is called
Attachment
Attachment styles are _____ overtime
Stable
Mothers of securely attached babies tend to be ______
Mind-minded
Mothers who think of their infants as unique individuals with mental and emotional lives, not just as creatures with urgent physical needs
mind-minded
First Nations children are placed in child-welfare care at ______ times the rate of other children
12 times
Puberty age varies across (3)
Ethnic groups
Generations
Individuals
3 factors that cause girls to reach puberty earlier
-High levels of conflict in household
-Household without biological father
-Victims of early sexual abuse
How long does adolescence last in the Western world
15 years
Rates that canadian highschool students have tried vaping, cannabis, alcohol
about 10% have tried vaping, about 19% have tried cannabis, and about 42% try alcohol
For boys, the ___ of puberty is more important than the age of onset
Tempo
% of LGBT youth that said that they don’t feel like they belong on their community
50%
Does research show that parenting style influences sexual orientation?
No
Gynephilic
Attracted to womenb
Gynephilic
Attracted to women
Androphilic
Attracted to men
men’s sexual orientations are good predictors of their __________
physiological arousal to erotic stimuli
Teenagers who begin having sex before the age of 15 have (3)
-Lower self worth
-Higher anxiety/depression
-Higher substance abuse
Old people are more likely to remember _____ faces
Pleasant
Old people are ____ likely to contribute to charity
More
Adolescents and elderly people are ____ patient than adults
Less
In Canada, ___ of cohabitating couples are not married
20%
children ____ their parents happiness
Decrease
Negative impact of parenthood is greater in _____
Women
parents of adult children are happier the ________ children they have
more
Men are responsible for ____ of the violent crimes in Canada
78%
_____ is higher in younger men than older men
Testosterone
When testosterone levels increase, men feel
more powerful and confident in their ability to prevail in interpersonal conflicts
testosterone makes men more sensitive to ______ and less sensitive to signs of _______.
provocations, retaliation
Participants who were given a small dose of testosterone were slower to recognize the ________ expression
threatening
How to best provoke a man’s aggressive response
challenge his beliefs about his own status or dominance
_____ of murders can be classified as status competitions
75%
Women are just as likely as men to engage in verbal aggression and _____
Cyber bullying
women may even be more likely than men to aggress by causing social harm (2)
-Ostracizing others
-Spreading malicious rumors
Humans are becoming ___ aggressive overtime
Less
The U.S. murder rate is ____ than the murder rate in Canada
three times higher
Inuit people solve conflicts through _____
Song contests
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
bystander intervention
large mobs with few victims do ______ things
worse
_____ kidneys are donated anonymously by altruistic strangers
2/3
Individuals are more resistant to ____ favours
Individual
Results of asking men and women “would you go to bed with me”
precisely none of the women said yes, but three-quarters of the men did
Results of asking men and women “would you go out with me”
precisely none of the women said yes, but three-quarters of the men did
straight men seem to prefer women whose waists are about _____ the size of their hips.
60%
Homophily
Tendency to like people who are similar to ourselves
Perspective taking is a helpful exercise to counteract
stereotyping
an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced
Reactance
an unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced
Reactance
