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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Def: lactate threshold

A

the exercise intensity at which there is an abrupt increase in blood lactate concetration

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2
Q

What does lactate threshold reflect

A

The ability to sustain oxidative metabolism

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3
Q

Factors effecting muscle lactate

A
  • oxygen availability
  • enzyme activity
  • muscle fiber type
  • muscle lactate transporters
  • Sympathetic Nervous System activity
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4
Q

Effect of exercise intensity of fuel selection

A
  • As intensity increases CHO use increase and fat use decreases
  • Shift is seen due to changes in amount of muscle fuels being used
    -Absolute fat use remains steady as intensity increase and CHO increases to provide additional energy
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5
Q

How may relative fuel use differ after a keto state

A

-RER will decrease due to less CHO reliance and greater fat reliance
-intensity may be limited in this senario

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6
Q

How is rate of energy use determined

A

Take VO2 in L/min and multiply by 5 kcal/Lo2 to get kcal/min

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7
Q

What intensity exercise is best for weight loss

A

-25% burns the highest percentage of fat
- 50% burns highest total fat
- 75% burns most calories total but less fat calories

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8
Q

What factors may cause variation in relative fuel usage

A
  • pre-exercise diet
  • gender
  • training status
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9
Q

Effect of exercise duration on fuel selection

A

-slight decrease in CHO compared to fat
-shift from muscle sources to blood and plasma sources

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10
Q

How do researchers determine specific fuel use?

A
  1. Measure overall rate of energy use (VO2)
  2. Determine %CHO and %fat use (RER)
  3. measure muscle glycogen utilization (Biopsy)
  4. Measure muscle uptake of FFA (A-V catheters
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11
Q

Def: Neuroendocrinology

A

The combined activity of tissues which regulate hormone release and control bodily function

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12
Q

Def: Hormone

A

Chemical substance secreted into body fluids, with specific effects on local or distant target tissues

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13
Q

Sources of hormones

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • nerve fibers
  • other tissues
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14
Q

Types of hormones

A

PEPTIDE
- derived from protien
- soluble
- fast acting
STEROID
- derived from lipid (Cholesterol)
- insoluble
-slower acting

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15
Q

Main functions of hormones related to exercise

A
  • alter enzyme activity (P)
  • alter membrane transport (P)
  • alter protein synthesis rate (S)
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16
Q

List the key hormones involved in exercise metabolism

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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17
Q

Insulin

A

-Released from pancreas beta cells
- increase in glucose, FFA, AA uptake
- increase glycogen, TG and protein synthesis
- decrease in lipolysis

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18
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Released for the pancreas alpha cells
  • increase in liver glycogenolysis
  • increase in gluconeogenesis
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19
Q

Epinephrine in metabolism

A
  • Released from adrenal medulla
  • increase in muscle glycogenolysis
  • increase in lipolysis in muscle and adipose tissue
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20
Q

Norepinephrine in metabolism

A

-released from SNS fibers and adrenal medulla
- increase in lipolysis (adipose)
-increase in cardiorespiratory function

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21
Q

Effect of exercise on metabolic hormone concentration

A

-increase in glucagon and norepinephrine at same rate
-slower increase in epinephrine
-decrease in insulin

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22
Q

What determines insulin seen by muscle

A
  • blood concentration
  • muscle blood flow
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23
Q

How do we maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise?

A
  1. Minimize glucose use by less active tissues
    -decreased insulin and decreased blood flow
  2. Mobilize alternative fuels to glucose
    - increased norepinephrine increases lipolysis
  3. Stimulate muscle glycogen use
    - increase epinephrine
  4. release glucose from liver sources
    - increase glucagon
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24
Q

Metabolic adaptations to training

A

MITOCHONDRIA
-increase number and size
-increase oxidative enzymes

FUEL STORAGE
-INCREASE GLYCOGEN STORE IN MUSCLE
-INCREASE LIPID STORE IN MUSCLE

FUEL USE
-decreased CHO use
-decreased lactate production

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25
How is CHO use effected after training
- decrease in CHO catabolism and increase in lipid catabolism - deceased RER - increase in aerobic use of CHO that is catabolized - increased lactate threshold
26
Changes to RER with training and why
CHANGES - decreased RER @ given workload - increased workload @ given RER WHY - decreased workload per mito -increased lipid delivery to mito -increased enzymes for lipid oxidation -decreased stimulation of CHO use (epi)
27
Changes to LT with training and why
CHANGES - decrease [La] @ given workload -increased workload @ given [La] WHY - increased mito -increased [La] clearance -increased pyruvate oxidation -decreased pyruvate production
28
Effects of training on peak sustainable workload
increase max aerobic power to greater extent with lower O2 uptake to begin with
29
Key components of CV system
- heart (pump) - vasculature (tubing) -blood (fluid medium)
30
Three major CV adjustments to acute exercise
1. Cardiac output increased 2. Q redistributed throughout the body 3. Tissues adjust rate of O2 removal from body
31
Atrioventricular valves
regulate flow within heart
32
Semilunar valves
regulate flow out of heart
33
Systole
Contraction phase -includes isovolumetric contraction period and ventricular ejections period
34
Diastole
relaxation and filling phase -ventricular filling period and isovolumetric relaxation period
35
how does the time for filling and ejection change during exercise
-ejection phase has limited change in time -filling time decreases
36
The cardiac cycle
1. Ventricular filling period - heart relaxed, semilunar valve closed, AV valve open 2. isovolumetric contraction period - both av and semilunar valves are closed, heart begins to contract 3. ventricular ejection phase -ventricular pressure overcomes aortic presure and semilunar valve opens ejecting the blood from the heart, contraction continues 4. Isovolumetric relaxation period -ventricular pressure below aortic presure as heart stops contraction, semilunar valve and AV valve are closed
37
End diastolic volume -def and reasonable value
-volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (filling) -UT rest: 120ml
38
Def: Preload
stretch on ventricles due to filling
39
Stroke volume -def and RV
-volume of blood ejected from ventricles per beat -UT rest: 70ml
40
ejection fraction
SV/EDV
41
The effect of exercise on ventricular volumes
as exercise intensity increases EDV and ESV decrease and SV increased
42
What mechanism causes EDV to decrease with exercise
-increase venous return
43
what mechanisms cause ESV to decrease with exercise
- increased preload -increased contraction strength due to neural and hormonal inervation
44
The muscle pump effect
Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins and promotes venous return to heart
45
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
The force generated by contracting ventricle is greater when muscle is previously stretched -increased EDV causes SV to increase
46
Cardiac Output equation
Q (L/min) = HR(beat/min) x SV (ml/beat)
47
Reasonable values for cardiac output at rest
UT MALE: HR=75, SV=80, Q=6.0 UT FEMALE: HR=75. SV=60, Q=4.5 TR MALE: HR=55, SV=110, Q=6.0 TR FEMALE: HR=55, SV=80, Q=4.5
48
Reasonable values for cardiac output during maximal exercise
UT MALE: HR=200, SV=100, Q=20 TR MALE: HR=200, SV=140, Q=28 UT FEMALE: HR=200, SV=80, Q=16 TR FEMALE: HR=200, SV=120, Q=24
49
Assumptions for using HR to predict VO2 max
1. linear relation b/w HR and workload 2. HRmax = 220 - age
50
Procedure for using HR to predict VO2max
1. measure HR at 2 submax workloads 2. extrapolate line to predicted HRmax 3. determine predicted VO2max
51
Karvonen Formula
Training HR (THR) = resting HR + (% heart rate reserve) HRR= HRmax - Resting HR
52
What are the issues with using %HRmax to estimate workload
- underestimates workload - Greater error at lower work intensities
53
Def: Chronotropic
- Rate of contraction - Neural and Hormonal
54
Def: Inotropic
- Strength of contraction -Neural, hormonal and mechanical
55
PNS CV control
-Vagus nerve (Acetylcholine) -decreased activation during exercise -innervates SA node and AV node
56
SNS CV control
-Cardiac accelerator nerve (Norepinephrine) -increased activation during exercise -innervates SA node, AV node and ventricles
57
Regulation of Cardiac output in exercise
1. neural -decreased PNS = initial increase in HR -increase SNS = increase HR and SV 2. Hormonal -Increase circulation of NE = increased HR and SV 3. Mechanical - increased venous return = increased SV
58
Key role of arteries
Establish bulk flow and driving pressure
59
Key roles of arterioles
Regulate flow to specific regions
60
Key roles of capillaries
Regulate surface area for exchange
61
Key role of veins/venules
regulate flow return
62
Def: Hemodynamics
dynamics of blood cirulation
63
Flow, pressure and resistance relationship
Flow=pressure change/ resistance
64
Cardiac output distribution rest vs exercise
REST (5L/min) -skeletal muscle 20% -splanchnic and renal 40% -heart 4% EXERCISE (25L/min) -SM 80% -SR 5% -heart 4%
65
Transit time
rest 0.8 sec exercise 0.4 sec
66
Muscle blood flow during exercise
-Flow to active muscle increases up to 20-fold -due to increased Q and local arteriole vasodilation -more capillaries open = larger area for exchange -average speed of RBC through capillaries only doubles
67
Neurohumoral control on vasculature
SNS INCREASE -most nerves release NE causing vasoconstriction (adrenergic) -some nerves release ACh which promotes vasodilation in SM -Adrenal medulla releases epi which causes vasodilation in heart and lungs
68
Local control on vasculature
TRIGGERED BY: -Gases: decrease O2 and increased CO2 -pH: increase H+ -Other "factors": increased nitric oxide
69
a-v O2 difference at rest and exercise
Rest: 50 ml O2/L blood Exercise: 150ml O2/ L blood
70
Flick Equation
VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 diff)
71
What is the pressure range during ventricular filling
5-10
72
What is the pressure range during isovolumetric contraction
10-80
73
What is the pressure range during the ejection phase
80-120
74
What is the pressure range during isovolumetric relaxation
110-10
75
What is a reasonable value for ESV
60mL
76
What is a reasonable value for EDV
120 to 130mL
77
Relative fuel use at 25% exercise
10% blood glucose 20% muscle glycogen 50% plasma FFA 20% muscle TG
78
Relative fuel use at 50% exercise
10% blood glucose 40% muscle glycogen 30% plasma FFA 20% muscle TG
79
Relative fuel use at 75%
20% blood glucose 50% muscle glycogen 10% plasma FFA 20% Muscle TG

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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