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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Def: lactate threshold

A

the exercise intensity at which there is an abrupt increase in blood lactate concetration

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2
Q

What does lactate threshold reflect

A

The ability to sustain oxidative metabolism

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3
Q

Factors effecting muscle lactate

A
  • oxygen availability
  • enzyme activity
  • muscle fiber type
  • muscle lactate transporters
  • Sympathetic Nervous System activity
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4
Q

Effect of exercise intensity of fuel selection

A
  • As intensity increases CHO use increase and fat use decreases
  • Shift is seen due to changes in amount of muscle fuels being used
    -Absolute fat use remains steady as intensity increase and CHO increases to provide additional energy
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5
Q

How may relative fuel use differ after a keto state

A

-RER will decrease due to less CHO reliance and greater fat reliance
-intensity may be limited in this senario

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6
Q

How is rate of energy use determined

A

Take VO2 in L/min and multiply by 5 kcal/Lo2 to get kcal/min

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7
Q

What intensity exercise is best for weight loss

A

-25% burns the highest percentage of fat
- 50% burns highest total fat
- 75% burns most calories total but less fat calories

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8
Q

What factors may cause variation in relative fuel usage

A
  • pre-exercise diet
  • gender
  • training status
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9
Q

Effect of exercise duration on fuel selection

A

-slight decrease in CHO compared to fat
-shift from muscle sources to blood and plasma sources

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10
Q

How do researchers determine specific fuel use?

A
  1. Measure overall rate of energy use (VO2)
  2. Determine %CHO and %fat use (RER)
  3. measure muscle glycogen utilization (Biopsy)
  4. Measure muscle uptake of FFA (A-V catheters
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11
Q

Def: Neuroendocrinology

A

The combined activity of tissues which regulate hormone release and control bodily function

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12
Q

Def: Hormone

A

Chemical substance secreted into body fluids, with specific effects on local or distant target tissues

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13
Q

Sources of hormones

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • nerve fibers
  • other tissues
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14
Q

Types of hormones

A

PEPTIDE
- derived from protien
- soluble
- fast acting
STEROID
- derived from lipid (Cholesterol)
- insoluble
-slower acting

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15
Q

Main functions of hormones related to exercise

A
  • alter enzyme activity (P)
  • alter membrane transport (P)
  • alter protein synthesis rate (S)
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16
Q

List the key hormones involved in exercise metabolism

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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17
Q

Insulin

A

-Released from pancreas beta cells
- increase in glucose, FFA, AA uptake
- increase glycogen, TG and protein synthesis
- decrease in lipolysis

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18
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Released for the pancreas alpha cells
  • increase in liver glycogenolysis
  • increase in gluconeogenesis
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19
Q

Epinephrine in metabolism

A
  • Released from adrenal medulla
  • increase in muscle glycogenolysis
  • increase in lipolysis in muscle and adipose tissue
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20
Q

Norepinephrine in metabolism

A

-released from SNS fibers and adrenal medulla
- increase in lipolysis (adipose)
-increase in cardiorespiratory function

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21
Q

Effect of exercise on metabolic hormone concentration

A

-increase in glucagon and norepinephrine at same rate
-slower increase in epinephrine
-decrease in insulin

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22
Q

What determines insulin seen by muscle

A
  • blood concentration
  • muscle blood flow
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23
Q

How do we maintain blood glucose concentration during exercise?

A
  1. Minimize glucose use by less active tissues
    -decreased insulin and decreased blood flow
  2. Mobilize alternative fuels to glucose
    - increased norepinephrine increases lipolysis
  3. Stimulate muscle glycogen use
    - increase epinephrine
  4. release glucose from liver sources
    - increase glucagon
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24
Q

Metabolic adaptations to training

A

MITOCHONDRIA
-increase number and size
-increase oxidative enzymes

FUEL STORAGE
-INCREASE GLYCOGEN STORE IN MUSCLE
-INCREASE LIPID STORE IN MUSCLE

FUEL USE
-decreased CHO use
-decreased lactate production

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25
Q

How is CHO use effected after training

A
  • decrease in CHO catabolism and increase in lipid catabolism - deceased RER
  • increase in aerobic use of CHO that is catabolized - increased lactate threshold
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26
Q

Changes to RER with training and why

A

CHANGES
- decreased RER @ given workload
- increased workload @ given RER
WHY
- decreased workload per mito
-increased lipid delivery to mito
-increased enzymes for lipid oxidation
-decreased stimulation of CHO use (epi)

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27
Q

Changes to LT with training and why

A

CHANGES
- decrease [La] @ given workload
-increased workload @ given [La]
WHY
- increased mito
-increased [La] clearance
-increased pyruvate oxidation
-decreased pyruvate production

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28
Q

Effects of training on peak sustainable workload

A

increase max aerobic power to greater extent with lower O2 uptake to begin with

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29
Q

Key components of CV system

A
  • heart (pump)
  • vasculature (tubing)
    -blood (fluid medium)
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30
Q

Three major CV adjustments to acute exercise

A
  1. Cardiac output increased
  2. Q redistributed throughout the body
  3. Tissues adjust rate of O2 removal from body
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31
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

regulate flow within heart

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32
Q

Semilunar valves

A

regulate flow out of heart

33
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase
-includes isovolumetric contraction period and ventricular ejections period

34
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation and filling phase
-ventricular filling period and isovolumetric relaxation period

35
Q

how does the time for filling and ejection change during exercise

A

-ejection phase has limited change in time
-filling time decreases

36
Q

The cardiac cycle

A
  1. Ventricular filling period
    - heart relaxed, semilunar valve closed, AV valve open
  2. isovolumetric contraction period
    - both av and semilunar valves are closed, heart begins to contract
  3. ventricular ejection phase
    -ventricular pressure overcomes aortic presure and semilunar valve opens ejecting the blood from the heart, contraction continues
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation period
    -ventricular pressure below aortic presure as heart stops contraction, semilunar valve and AV valve are closed
37
Q

End diastolic volume
-def and reasonable value

A

-volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole (filling)
-UT rest: 120ml

38
Q

Def: Preload

A

stretch on ventricles due to filling

39
Q

Stroke volume
-def and RV

A

-volume of blood ejected from ventricles per beat
-UT rest: 70ml

40
Q

ejection fraction

A

SV/EDV

41
Q

The effect of exercise on ventricular volumes

A

as exercise intensity increases EDV and ESV decrease and SV increased

42
Q

What mechanism causes EDV to decrease with exercise

A

-increase venous return

43
Q

what mechanisms cause ESV to decrease with exercise

A
  • increased preload
    -increased contraction strength due to neural and hormonal inervation
44
Q

The muscle pump effect

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins and promotes venous return to heart

45
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

The force generated by contracting ventricle is greater when muscle is previously stretched
-increased EDV causes SV to increase

46
Q

Cardiac Output equation

A

Q (L/min) = HR(beat/min) x SV (ml/beat)

47
Q

Reasonable values for cardiac output at rest

A

UT MALE: HR=75, SV=80, Q=6.0
UT FEMALE: HR=75. SV=60, Q=4.5
TR MALE: HR=55, SV=110, Q=6.0
TR FEMALE: HR=55, SV=80, Q=4.5

48
Q

Reasonable values for cardiac output during maximal exercise

A

UT MALE: HR=200, SV=100, Q=20
TR MALE: HR=200, SV=140, Q=28
UT FEMALE: HR=200, SV=80, Q=16
TR FEMALE: HR=200, SV=120, Q=24

49
Q

Assumptions for using HR to predict VO2 max

A
  1. linear relation b/w HR and workload
  2. HRmax = 220 - age
50
Q

Procedure for using HR to predict VO2max

A
  1. measure HR at 2 submax workloads
  2. extrapolate line to predicted HRmax
  3. determine predicted VO2max
51
Q

Karvonen Formula

A

Training HR (THR) = resting HR + (% heart rate reserve)
HRR= HRmax - Resting HR

52
Q

What are the issues with using %HRmax to estimate workload

A
  • underestimates workload
  • Greater error at lower work intensities
53
Q

Def: Chronotropic

A
  • Rate of contraction
  • Neural and Hormonal
54
Q

Def: Inotropic

A
  • Strength of contraction
    -Neural, hormonal and mechanical
55
Q

PNS CV control

A

-Vagus nerve (Acetylcholine)
-decreased activation during exercise
-innervates SA node and AV node

56
Q

SNS CV control

A

-Cardiac accelerator nerve (Norepinephrine)
-increased activation during exercise
-innervates SA node, AV node and ventricles

57
Q

Regulation of Cardiac output in exercise

A
  1. neural
    -decreased PNS = initial increase in HR
    -increase SNS = increase HR and SV
  2. Hormonal
    -Increase circulation of NE = increased HR and SV
  3. Mechanical
    - increased venous return = increased SV
58
Q

Key role of arteries

A

Establish bulk flow and driving pressure

59
Q

Key roles of arterioles

A

Regulate flow to specific regions

60
Q

Key roles of capillaries

A

Regulate surface area for exchange

61
Q

Key role of veins/venules

A

regulate flow return

62
Q

Def: Hemodynamics

A

dynamics of blood cirulation

63
Q

Flow, pressure and resistance relationship

A

Flow=pressure change/ resistance

64
Q

Cardiac output distribution rest vs exercise

A

REST (5L/min)
-skeletal muscle 20%
-splanchnic and renal 40%
-heart 4%

EXERCISE (25L/min)
-SM 80%
-SR 5%
-heart 4%

65
Q

Transit time

A

rest 0.8 sec
exercise 0.4 sec

66
Q

Muscle blood flow during exercise

A

-Flow to active muscle increases up to 20-fold
-due to increased Q and local arteriole vasodilation
-more capillaries open = larger area for exchange
-average speed of RBC through capillaries only doubles

67
Q

Neurohumoral control on vasculature

A

SNS INCREASE
-most nerves release NE causing vasoconstriction (adrenergic)
-some nerves release ACh which promotes vasodilation in SM
-Adrenal medulla releases epi which causes vasodilation in heart and lungs

68
Q

Local control on vasculature

A

TRIGGERED BY:
-Gases: decrease O2 and increased CO2
-pH: increase H+
-Other “factors”: increased nitric oxide

69
Q

a-v O2 difference at rest and exercise

A

Rest: 50 ml O2/L blood
Exercise: 150ml O2/ L blood

70
Q

Flick Equation

A

VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 diff)

71
Q

What is the pressure range during ventricular filling

A

5-10

72
Q

What is the pressure range during isovolumetric contraction

A

10-80

73
Q

What is the pressure range during the ejection phase

A

80-120

74
Q

What is the pressure range during isovolumetric relaxation

A

110-10

75
Q

What is a reasonable value for ESV

A

60mL

76
Q

What is a reasonable value for EDV

A

120 to 130mL

77
Q

Relative fuel use at 25% exercise

A

10% blood glucose
20% muscle glycogen
50% plasma FFA
20% muscle TG

78
Q

Relative fuel use at 50% exercise

A

10% blood glucose
40% muscle glycogen
30% plasma FFA
20% muscle TG

79
Q

Relative fuel use at 75%

A

20% blood glucose
50% muscle glycogen
10% plasma FFA
20% Muscle TG

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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