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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bioenergentics

A

Study of energy transfer via chemical reactions in living tissues

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2
Q

Thermodynamics and forms of energy

A

Focuses on movement/ transfer of energy
-heat
-chemical
-mechanical
-electrical

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3
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed. Only transferred from one form to another

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4
Q

What factors effect the efficiency of energy transfer

A

-Age
-genetics
-fat density
-pH
-speed of reaction
-fatigue

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5
Q

Why don’t we store large amounts of ATP

A

Large and heavy
-consume 1 kg per hour at rest
-rate of consumption increase 100-fold during exercise

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6
Q

What to asses in supplements

A

-Purity
-Dosage
-blood content
-target tissue effects

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7
Q

Purpose of enzymes

A

Increase rate of chemical reactions
-do not cause reaction
-do not alter free energy change
-lower “activation energy” required

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8
Q

Factors affecting enzyme acitivty

A

-substrate concentration
-modulators
-temperature
-pH

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9
Q

Concentration effects on rate of reactions

A

-At low [S], [S] determines RoR
-At high [S], [E] determines max RoR

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10
Q

What is the optimal temperature

A

38

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11
Q

What is the optimal pH

A

7

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12
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of molecules

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules

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14
Q

Key tissues of metabolism

A

skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of 1 glucose to form 2 pyruvate

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16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of 1 “glucose unit” from glycogen to form glucose-1-phosphate

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17
Q

When do we rely on non-oxidative glycolysis

A

-Intense exercise
-‘rest-to-work’ transition
-workload transitions in exercise

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18
Q

Why is increased lactic acid a potential problem

A

Lactic acid -> H+ + lactate-
-decreased muscle pH
-metabolic inhibition
-contractile inhibition

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19
Q

What factors other than exercise increase lactic acid

A

-issues with PDH
-decreased in mitochondrial density
-hormonal changes

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20
Q

Def: Gluconeogenesis

A

The formation of “new glucose” from metabolic intermediates

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21
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the phosphagen system

A

10

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22
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the glycolytic system

A

5

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23
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through the Oxidative glycolytic system

A

2.5

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24
Q

How much ATP can be formed per second through oxidation of fats

A

1.5

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25
Q

What are the usable capacities of the various energy systems

A

Phosphagen: less than 15 sec
Glycolytic: less than 60 sec
Oxidative (CHO): about 90 min
Oxidative (FAT): days

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26
Q

Factors that regulate energy provision

A

-ATP/ADP ratio
-Calcium and other metabolites
-hormones

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27
Q

Energy contributions during maximal exercise

A

PCr/non-ox/ox
5 sec: 85/10/5
30 sec: 30/50/20
2 min: 5/45/50 - cross over to more aerobic than anaerobic
5 min: <1/20/80
3 hours: <1/<1/99

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28
Q

How to determine relative anaerobic system use

A

muscle biopsy to determine levels of lactate in the muscle

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29
Q

Why might blood and muscle lactate differ

A

-time delay
-Buffers - H+ ions being grabbed
-where the blood is being taken from

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30
Q

How can a muscle biopsy be used to determine total “anaerobic” energy production?

A

PHOSPHAGEN
-change in PCr (1:1)
GLYCOLYTIC
-change in lactate [1:1 (glucose), 2:3 (glycogen)]

31
Q

Def: Calorimetry

A

Quantification of energy production by the body

32
Q

Direct measure of aerobic metabolism

A

-based on measures of heat production
1Kcal= increase of 1kg of water by 1 degree C

33
Q

Indirect measure of aerobic metabolism

A

SPIROMETRY
-based on measure of oxygen utilization
-O2 uptake of 1.0L = 5Kcal

34
Q

Respiratory exchange ratio

A

VCO2/VO2
-RER of 1 = 100% glucose
-RER of 0.7 = 100% fat
-RER of 0.85 = 50% each

35
Q

What are the assumptions of RER

A

-No protein contributions
-“steady-state” conditions

36
Q

What are the limitations of RER

A

-intense exercise
-hyperventilation

37
Q

Criteria for determining VO2max

A
  1. Plateau in VO2 demonstrated
  2. Reach age-predicted max HR
  3. High blood [lactate] -8x rest
  4. RER>1
  5. Voluntary exhaustion
38
Q

what does O2 Uptake refer to

A

the rate of O2 utilization by the body

39
Q

Def:VO2

A

volume of O2 consumed per minute

40
Q

What are the units for absolute VO2

A

L/min or mL/min

41
Q

What are the units for relative VO2

A

mL/kg/min

42
Q

What is the average resting VO2

A

0.2-0.3 L/min or 250 mL/min

43
Q

What is one metabolic equivalent and where does the number come form

A

about 3.5 mL O2/kg/min
-comes from the average relative O2 consumption at rest

44
Q

Ways to estimate energy expenditure

A
  1. assume VO2 = 3.5 mL O2/kg/min
  2. Measure VO2
    -convert L/min to Kcal/min (1L= 5Kcal) to Kcal/day
45
Q

Def: VO2max

A

maximal rate of O2 consumption by the body
-reflects highest rate of oxidative metabolism

46
Q

Determinants of VO2max

A

-O2 delivery to muscle
-O2 utilization by muscle

47
Q

Typical VO2max values for sedentary individuals

A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg):2
M(80kg):3
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 33
M(80kg): 38

48
Q

Typical VO2max values for active individuals

A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg): 2.5
M(80kg): 4.0
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 42
M(80kg): 50

49
Q
A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg): 2.5
M(80kg): 4.0
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 42
M(80kg): 50

50
Q

Typical VO2max values for well-trained individuals

A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg): 3.0
M(80kg): 4.5
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 50
M(80kg): 56

51
Q
A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg): 2.5
M(80kg): 4.0
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 42
M(80kg): 50

52
Q

Typical VO2max values for elite individuals

A

ABSOLUTE
F(60kg): 4.0
M(80kg): 6.0
RELATIVE
F(60kg): 67
M(80kg): 75

53
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of PCr and ADP to ATP and Cr

A

Creatine Kinase

54
Q

What enzyme transports blood glucose into the cytosol

A

“GLUT” transport

55
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to G6-P

A

Hexokinase

56
Q

What enzyme converts glycogen to G1-P

A

Glycogen phophorylase

57
Q

what enzyme coverts G6-P to pyruvate

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

58
Q

What is produced through the process of non-oxidative glycolysis

A

GLUCOSE
-Net production of 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
GLYCOGEN
-Net production of 3 ATP
-2 NADH

59
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate into lactate and what is the by-product

A

Lactate dehydrogenase
-NAD+

60
Q

What enzyme converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA and what are the by-product

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
-NADH
-CO2

61
Q

What does Acetyl CoA combine with to enter the krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate

62
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate and what is the product

A

Citrate synthase
citrate

63
Q

What are the by-products of the krebs cycle

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

64
Q

In the electron transport chain what direction are the H+ ions pumped

A

from the matrix to the intermembrane space

65
Q

How many ATP are produced by 1 NADH in the ETC

A

3 ATP

66
Q

How many ATP are produced by 1 FADH2 in the ETC

A

2 ATP

67
Q

What are the 7 stages of lipid catabolism

A
  1. Mobilization: TG breakdown (Lipolysis)
  2. Transport: FA Circulates in blood (via albumin)
  3. Uptake: FA enters muscle cytosol
  4. Activation: FA “prepared for breakdown
  5. Uptake: FA enters mitochondria
  6. Beat-oxidation: FA broken down in mitochondria
  7. Mito Oxidation: TCA cycle and ETC activity
68
Q

What enzyme mobilizes TG

A

hormone-sensitive lipase

69
Q

What enzyme controls the uptake of FA into the cytosol

A

FA transporter

70
Q

How are FAs activated in the cytosol

A

CoA attached forming fatty acyl-CoA
-requires 2 ATP

71
Q

What enzyme transports fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria

A

Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase (CPT)

72
Q

What occurs during Beta oxidation

A

Fatty acyl-CoA is seperated into 2C segments with each turn of the cycle
-produce FADH2, NADH and acetyl CoA
-requires a CoA
on final spin (when cycle starts with 4C molecule) 2 acetyl CoA are left at end

73
Q

Removal sites of amino acids

A

Major site: liver
minor site: skeletal muscle

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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