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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Exam > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Blood pressure?

A

Average force exerted by blood against vasculatrue

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2
Q

What are the primary determinants of blood pressure

A
  1. Cardiac Output
  2. Peripheral Resistance
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3
Q

What is mean arterial Pressure?

A

Average driving pressure during cardiac cycle

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4
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure and why is it calculated this way?

A

MAP= DBP + [1/3 (SBP - DBP)]
where (SBP - DBP) is pulse pressure
1/3 relates to the time spent in systole compared to diastole

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5
Q

Why might diastolic BP be high

A

Vasculature problems
- hardening of arteries
-blockage in blood vessels

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6
Q

How does BP respond to dynamic exercise?

A

-DBP remains relatively unchanged
-SBP increases by a modest amount (120 to 150)
-MAP increases slightly

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7
Q

How does BP respond to Resistance Exercise?

A

-Large increase in DBP and SBP (and MAP)

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8
Q

Why do the BP responses to resistance exercise occur

A

-Increase force generated in muscle
-Blood occlusion causes increase in BP

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9
Q

What is a reasonable value for SBP during resistance exercise

A

400 mmHg

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10
Q

What is a reasonable value for SBP in a hypertensive individual

A

200 mmHg

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11
Q

What is double product

A

HR x SBP

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12
Q

How does double product change during resistance exercise

A

increases by over 150%

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13
Q

How can Q, TPR and MAP be incorporated into the hemodynamics equation

A

Q= MAP/TPR
TPR: total peripheral resistance

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14
Q

Whole body level changes that occur between rest and exercise

A

-Total flow rate (Q) increase 5x
-Driving Pressure (MAP) increases 30%
-Resistance to flow (TPR) decreases 4x

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15
Q

What is a reasonable value for the MAP at rest

A

93 mmHg

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16
Q

What is a reasonable value for MAP during heavy exercise

A

120 mmHg

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17
Q

What is a reasonable value for TPR at rest and during heavy exercise

A

Rest: 19 mmHg
Ex: 5 mmHg

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18
Q

How does muscle blood flow increase so much during exercise?

A

Q redirected to where it is needed
-Vasodilation in active muscle and vasoconstriction in non-active tissues
-decreased resistance in active muscles and increased resistance in non-active tissues

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19
Q

Def: Ventilation

A

Air movement into and out of lungs

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20
Q

Def: Respiration

A

Gas exchange between tissues
-External: lungs
-Internal: tissues

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21
Q

Def: Tidal Volume

A

Air moved with each breath (Vt)

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22
Q

Def: Alveolar Volume

A

Fresh air which reaches alveoli (Va)

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23
Q

Def: Dead Space Volume

A

Air that does not reach alveoli and participate in gas exchange (Vd)

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24
Q

What components of the respiratory tract make up the conducting zone

A

Larynx, Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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25
What components of the respiratory tract make up the respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
26
What is the portion of tidal volume that is dead space volume compared to alveolar volume
Vd: 1/3 Va: 2/3
27
Def: Vital Capactiy
Volume of deep breath in or out
28
Def: Residual Capacity
Volume that is always in the lungs to prevent collapse
29
How is minute ventilation calculated?
Vt x f (frequency)
30
How is alveolar ventilation calculated?
Va x f =(Vt-Vd)f
31
What is a reasonable value for tidal volume at rest?
500 mL
32
What is a reasonable value for breathing frequency at rest
12 breaths/min
33
What is a reasonable value for minute ventilation at rest
6000mL/min or 6L/min
34
What is a reasonable value for dead space volume at rest
150mL
35
What is a reasonable value for alveolar ventilation at rest
4200mL/min or 4.2L/min
36
What is a reasonable value for tidal volume during maximal exercise?
3000mL
37
What is a reasonable value for breathing frequency during maximal exercise?
40 breaths/min
38
What is a reasonable value for minute ventilation during maximal exercise?
120 L/min
39
What is a reasonable increase in minute ventilation from rest to exercise?
20x higher
40
What is a reasonable value for dead space volume during maximal exercise?
175mL
41
What is a reasonable value for alveolar ventilation during maximal exercise?
113L/min
42
How does respiratory recovery differ depending on the intensity of exercise
The greater intensity the exercise, the longer it take to return ventilation rates to rest
43
Inputs to respiratory control
INSPIRATORY CENTER -Cerebral cortex (voluntary control) -Central chemoreceptors (PCO2,pH) -Peripheral chemoreceptors (PO2,PCO2,pH) -Active muscle mechanoreceptors EXPIRATORY CENTER -Lung stretch receptors
44
Outputs of respiratory control
INSPIRATORY CENTER -Diaphragm (increase rate of contraction) -External intercoastal muscles (increase rate of contraction) EXPIRATORY CENTER -Intercoastal muscles (recruitment) -Abdominal muscles (recruitment)
45
Chemical input to respiratory center
Chemoreceptors -medulla (central): sense PCO2 and H+ in CSF -aortic and corotid bodies (peripheral): PCO2, PO2 and H+ in arterial blood
46
Neural input to respiratory center
-Motor Cortex: voluntary control -Mechano-receptors: "sense" movement
47
What causes the rapid rise in ventilation at the beginning of exercise
Neural control: mechano-receptors
48
What causes the slow rise in ventilation throughout exercise?
Humoral control: Chemoreceptors
49
How input control of ventilation affect recovery speed after exercise
-initial rapid decrease due to withdrawal of neural control -Subsequent slower decrease due to withdrawal of humoral stimulus
50
Why does ventilation increase during exercise?
To maintain PAO2
51
What are the 3 major factors affecting gas exchange
1. Partial Pressure (main changing factor) 2. Diffusion Capacity 3. Characteristics of barrier
52
What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?
760mmHg
53
What is the PO2 at sea level
159 mmHg
54
What is the most abundant gas in the air
N2
55
Def: Partial Pressure
Portion of total pressure due to presence of a single gas
56
What is the concentraion of N2 in the air
79.03%
57
What is the concentration of O2 in the air
20.93%
58
what is the concentration of CO2 in the air
0.03%
59
Effect of water vapor on partial pressure
-water molecules disperse gas molecules -increase total volume of air -decreased gas pressure for a given volume of air
60
PO2 change from atmosphere to trachea
159mmHg to 149mmHg -water vapour
61
PO2 change from trachea to alveoli
149mmHg to 105 mmHg -mixing with O2 depleted venous blood
62
PO2 Change from alveoli to arterial blood
105mmHg to 100mmHg -mixing with lung blood
63
PO2 change from arterial blood to venous blood
100mmHg to 40mmHg (at rest) or 15mmHg (at ex)
64
PO2 in tissue cell
large decrease because O2 is used in the muscle
65
PCO2 throughout the circulatory system
-Arteries: 40mmHg -Veins (at rest): 46 mmHg (at ex): 60 mmHg -Alveoli: 40 mmHg
66
How is concentration of hemoglobin measured?
g/100ml or g%
67
When a 1g of Hgb is 100% saturated, how many ml of O2 is bound to it
1.34 ml O2
68
How do you calculate blood O2 content?
=[Hgb] x 1.34 x % sat
69
What is a reasonable value for the % saturation in arterial blood
97%
70
What is a reasonable value for the blood O2 content in arterial blood
195ml O2/L blood
71
How much O2 is dissolved in the plasma of arterial blood
about 3ml/L
72
At what PO2 is oxygen saturation 75%
40 mmHg
73
Leftward shift in OxyHgb dissociation curve
Increased affinity for O2 -decrease in temp (from 37 to 20) -increase in pH (from 7.4 to 7.6)
74
Rightward shift in OxyHgb dissociation curve
Decreased affinity for O2 (increase drop off) -Increased temp (from 37 to 43) -decreased pH (from 7.4 to 7.2)
75
reasonable values for a-v O2 difference at rest and exercise
At rest: 50mL/L At Ex: 150ml/L
76
What is a reasonable % saturation during exercise
25%
77
What is a reasonable [Hgb]
15g% -in the range of 13-16 g/100ml
78
Myoglobin
-only found in muscle -binds O2 tighter than Hgb -shuttles O2 to mitochondria -Only 1 heme group
79
What is a reasonable PO2 for the mitochondrion
less than 5 mmHg
80
Explain the CO2 to bicarbonate process
OCCURS IN THE RBC: 1. CO2 +H2O <->H2CO3 (carbonic acid) - carbonic anhydrase 2. H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion) 3. HCO3- diffuses out of the RBC into the blood 4. H+ is buffered through binding to Hgb to maintain blood pH
81
In what direction does the CO2-HCO3- reaction occur in the lungs and tissues
Tissues: Forward - increase CO2 Lungs: Reverse - decrease CO2
82
Changes in absolute workload values following training
-VO2 remains unchanged -% of max decrease
83
Changes in relative workload values following training
-Increased absolute workload -increased VO2 corresponding to workload
84
Central Limitations (limitations in O2 delivery to muscles)
1. Maximal Cardiac Output 2. Pulmonary Gas exchange 3. Oxygen Carrying Capacity
85
Peripheral limitations (limitations in O2 utilization by muscles)
1. Mitochondrial content 2. Capillary density
86
What causes an increase in stroke volume with training?
Increased filling of the heart (EDV) -Increased left ventricle size -increased blood volume Leads to increased pre-load
87
What causes increased O2 extraction?
-Increased capillary density -Increased transit time of RBC -Increased time available for O2 release
88
What is a reasonable value for max SV before training vs after training?
Before: 100mL After: 115mL -15% increase
89
What are reasonable values for (a-v O2 diff)max vaules before and after training?
Before: 150ml/L After: 155ml/L -3% increase

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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