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Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood pressure?

A

Average force exerted by blood against vasculatrue

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2
Q

What are the primary determinants of blood pressure

A
  1. Cardiac Output
  2. Peripheral Resistance
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3
Q

What is mean arterial Pressure?

A

Average driving pressure during cardiac cycle

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4
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure and why is it calculated this way?

A

MAP= DBP + [1/3 (SBP - DBP)]
where (SBP - DBP) is pulse pressure
1/3 relates to the time spent in systole compared to diastole

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5
Q

Why might diastolic BP be high

A

Vasculature problems
- hardening of arteries
-blockage in blood vessels

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6
Q

How does BP respond to dynamic exercise?

A

-DBP remains relatively unchanged
-SBP increases by a modest amount (120 to 150)
-MAP increases slightly

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7
Q

How does BP respond to Resistance Exercise?

A

-Large increase in DBP and SBP (and MAP)

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8
Q

Why do the BP responses to resistance exercise occur

A

-Increase force generated in muscle
-Blood occlusion causes increase in BP

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9
Q

What is a reasonable value for SBP during resistance exercise

A

400 mmHg

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10
Q

What is a reasonable value for SBP in a hypertensive individual

A

200 mmHg

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11
Q

What is double product

A

HR x SBP

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12
Q

How does double product change during resistance exercise

A

increases by over 150%

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13
Q

How can Q, TPR and MAP be incorporated into the hemodynamics equation

A

Q= MAP/TPR
TPR: total peripheral resistance

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14
Q

Whole body level changes that occur between rest and exercise

A

-Total flow rate (Q) increase 5x
-Driving Pressure (MAP) increases 30%
-Resistance to flow (TPR) decreases 4x

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15
Q

What is a reasonable value for the MAP at rest

A

93 mmHg

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16
Q

What is a reasonable value for MAP during heavy exercise

A

120 mmHg

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17
Q

What is a reasonable value for TPR at rest and during heavy exercise

A

Rest: 19 mmHg
Ex: 5 mmHg

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18
Q

How does muscle blood flow increase so much during exercise?

A

Q redirected to where it is needed
-Vasodilation in active muscle and vasoconstriction in non-active tissues
-decreased resistance in active muscles and increased resistance in non-active tissues

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19
Q

Def: Ventilation

A

Air movement into and out of lungs

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20
Q

Def: Respiration

A

Gas exchange between tissues
-External: lungs
-Internal: tissues

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21
Q

Def: Tidal Volume

A

Air moved with each breath (Vt)

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22
Q

Def: Alveolar Volume

A

Fresh air which reaches alveoli (Va)

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23
Q

Def: Dead Space Volume

A

Air that does not reach alveoli and participate in gas exchange (Vd)

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24
Q

What components of the respiratory tract make up the conducting zone

A

Larynx, Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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25
Q

What components of the respiratory tract make up the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

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26
Q

What is the portion of tidal volume that is dead space volume compared to alveolar volume

A

Vd: 1/3
Va: 2/3

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27
Q

Def: Vital Capactiy

A

Volume of deep breath in or out

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28
Q

Def: Residual Capacity

A

Volume that is always in the lungs to prevent collapse

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29
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated?

A

Vt x f (frequency)

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30
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

Va x f
=(Vt-Vd)f

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31
Q

What is a reasonable value for tidal volume at rest?

A

500 mL

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32
Q

What is a reasonable value for breathing frequency at rest

A

12 breaths/min

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33
Q

What is a reasonable value for minute ventilation at rest

A

6000mL/min or 6L/min

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34
Q

What is a reasonable value for dead space volume at rest

A

150mL

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35
Q

What is a reasonable value for alveolar ventilation at rest

A

4200mL/min or 4.2L/min

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36
Q

What is a reasonable value for tidal volume during maximal exercise?

A

3000mL

37
Q

What is a reasonable value for breathing frequency during maximal exercise?

A

40 breaths/min

38
Q

What is a reasonable value for minute ventilation during maximal exercise?

A

120 L/min

39
Q

What is a reasonable increase in minute ventilation from rest to exercise?

A

20x higher

40
Q

What is a reasonable value for dead space volume during maximal exercise?

A

175mL

41
Q

What is a reasonable value for alveolar ventilation during maximal exercise?

A

113L/min

42
Q

How does respiratory recovery differ depending on the intensity of exercise

A

The greater intensity the exercise, the longer it take to return ventilation rates to rest

43
Q

Inputs to respiratory control

A

INSPIRATORY CENTER
-Cerebral cortex (voluntary control)
-Central chemoreceptors (PCO2,pH)
-Peripheral chemoreceptors (PO2,PCO2,pH)
-Active muscle mechanoreceptors

EXPIRATORY CENTER
-Lung stretch receptors

44
Q

Outputs of respiratory control

A

INSPIRATORY CENTER
-Diaphragm (increase rate of contraction)
-External intercoastal muscles (increase rate of contraction)

EXPIRATORY CENTER
-Intercoastal muscles (recruitment)
-Abdominal muscles (recruitment)

45
Q

Chemical input to respiratory center

A

Chemoreceptors
-medulla (central): sense PCO2 and H+ in CSF
-aortic and corotid bodies (peripheral): PCO2, PO2 and H+ in arterial blood

46
Q

Neural input to respiratory center

A

-Motor Cortex: voluntary control
-Mechano-receptors: “sense” movement

47
Q

What causes the rapid rise in ventilation at the beginning of exercise

A

Neural control: mechano-receptors

48
Q

What causes the slow rise in ventilation throughout exercise?

A

Humoral control: Chemoreceptors

49
Q

How input control of ventilation affect recovery speed after exercise

A

-initial rapid decrease due to withdrawal of neural control
-Subsequent slower decrease due to withdrawal of humoral stimulus

50
Q

Why does ventilation increase during exercise?

A

To maintain PAO2

51
Q

What are the 3 major factors affecting gas exchange

A
  1. Partial Pressure (main changing factor)
  2. Diffusion Capacity
  3. Characteristics of barrier
52
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mmHg

53
Q

What is the PO2 at sea level

A

159 mmHg

54
Q

What is the most abundant gas in the air

A

N2

55
Q

Def: Partial Pressure

A

Portion of total pressure due to presence of a single gas

56
Q

What is the concentraion of N2 in the air

A

79.03%

57
Q

What is the concentration of O2 in the air

A

20.93%

58
Q

what is the concentration of CO2 in the air

A

0.03%

59
Q

Effect of water vapor on partial pressure

A

-water molecules disperse gas molecules
-increase total volume of air
-decreased gas pressure for a given volume of air

60
Q

PO2 change from atmosphere to trachea

A

159mmHg to 149mmHg
-water vapour

61
Q

PO2 change from trachea to alveoli

A

149mmHg to 105 mmHg
-mixing with O2 depleted venous blood

62
Q

PO2 Change from alveoli to arterial blood

A

105mmHg to 100mmHg
-mixing with lung blood

63
Q

PO2 change from arterial blood to venous blood

A

100mmHg to 40mmHg (at rest) or 15mmHg (at ex)

64
Q

PO2 in tissue cell

A

large decrease because O2 is used in the muscle

65
Q

PCO2 throughout the circulatory system

A

-Arteries: 40mmHg
-Veins (at rest): 46 mmHg
(at ex): 60 mmHg
-Alveoli: 40 mmHg

66
Q

How is concentration of hemoglobin measured?

A

g/100ml or g%

67
Q

When a 1g of Hgb is 100% saturated, how many ml of O2 is bound to it

A

1.34 ml O2

68
Q

How do you calculate blood O2 content?

A

=[Hgb] x 1.34 x % sat

69
Q

What is a reasonable value for the % saturation in arterial blood

A

97%

70
Q

What is a reasonable value for the blood O2 content in arterial blood

A

195ml O2/L blood

71
Q

How much O2 is dissolved in the plasma of arterial blood

A

about 3ml/L

72
Q

At what PO2 is oxygen saturation 75%

A

40 mmHg

73
Q

Leftward shift in OxyHgb dissociation curve

A

Increased affinity for O2
-decrease in temp (from 37 to 20)
-increase in pH (from 7.4 to 7.6)

74
Q

Rightward shift in OxyHgb dissociation curve

A

Decreased affinity for O2 (increase drop off)
-Increased temp (from 37 to 43)
-decreased pH (from 7.4 to 7.2)

75
Q

reasonable values for a-v O2 difference at rest and exercise

A

At rest: 50mL/L
At Ex: 150ml/L

76
Q

What is a reasonable % saturation during exercise

A

25%

77
Q

What is a reasonable [Hgb]

A

15g%
-in the range of 13-16 g/100ml

78
Q

Myoglobin

A

-only found in muscle
-binds O2 tighter than Hgb
-shuttles O2 to mitochondria
-Only 1 heme group

79
Q

What is a reasonable PO2 for the mitochondrion

A

less than 5 mmHg

80
Q

Explain the CO2 to bicarbonate process

A

OCCURS IN THE RBC:
1. CO2 +H2O <->H2CO3 (carbonic acid) - carbonic anhydrase
2. H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)
3. HCO3- diffuses out of the RBC into the blood
4. H+ is buffered through binding to Hgb to maintain blood pH

81
Q

In what direction does the CO2-HCO3- reaction occur in the lungs and tissues

A

Tissues: Forward - increase CO2
Lungs: Reverse - decrease CO2

82
Q

Changes in absolute workload values following training

A

-VO2 remains unchanged
-% of max decrease

83
Q

Changes in relative workload values following training

A

-Increased absolute workload
-increased VO2 corresponding to workload

84
Q

Central Limitations (limitations in O2 delivery to muscles)

A
  1. Maximal Cardiac Output
  2. Pulmonary Gas exchange
  3. Oxygen Carrying Capacity
85
Q

Peripheral limitations (limitations in O2 utilization by muscles)

A
  1. Mitochondrial content
  2. Capillary density
86
Q

What causes an increase in stroke volume with training?

A

Increased filling of the heart (EDV)
-Increased left ventricle size
-increased blood volume

Leads to increased pre-load

87
Q

What causes increased O2 extraction?

A

-Increased capillary density
-Increased transit time of RBC
-Increased time available for O2 release

88
Q

What is a reasonable value for max SV before training vs after training?

A

Before: 100mL
After: 115mL
-15% increase

89
Q

What are reasonable values for (a-v O2 diff)max vaules before and after training?

A

Before: 150ml/L
After: 155ml/L
-3% increase

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Ex Phys (3 decks)

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