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Kin 2600 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle? 5

A

Produce movement
Maintain posture
Support soft tissue
Regulate entering and exiting of material
Thermoregulation

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2
Q

What are the shape classifications of muscles? 4

A

Parallel
Convergent
Pennate
Circular

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3
Q

What are the benefits of parallel (fusiform) muscle?

A

Good ROM and speed of motion

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4
Q

What is advantageous about the convergent muscle shape?

A

Moderately high levels of force

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5
Q

What is the pennate shape of muscle designed for?

A

Strength and power

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6
Q

What are the 3 sub classifications of the pennate muscle?

A

Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate

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7
Q

Where is the origin usually attached in relation to the insertion?

A

Origin is usually proximal and the insertion is usually distal

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8
Q

What is an aponeuroses?

A

A broad flat tendon

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9
Q

Agonist

A

Aka prime mover
- achieve the intended movement

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

Oppose the intended movement

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11
Q

Synergist

A

Contract together to accomplish movement

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12
Q

Stabilizer

A

Action is to fixate a joint

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the mouth region?

A

Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus minor and major
Buccinator
Risorius
Mentalis

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the eye region and nose region?

A

EYE: orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilia
NOSE: procerus, nasalis

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the scalp region?

A

Occipitofrontalis
Auricularis
- three sections: superior, anterior, posterior

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16
Q

What is the action of the platysma?

A

Tenses skin of neck, pulls lip inferiorly

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17
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter
Temporalis

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18
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

Closes jaw, protraction, retraction, and side to side movement of the mandible

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19
Q

What is the action of the temporalis?

A

Closes jaw, retraction, and moving mandible side to side

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20
Q

What are the muscles that move the head and neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes

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21
Q

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

Unilateral: laterally flexes head, rotates head opposite side

Bilateral: flexes neck, protracts head, aids in inhalation

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22
Q

What are the actions of the scalenes?

A

Flexes and side bends the neck, elevates ribs 1&2

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the back muscles?

A

Superficial layer: axial skeleton to upper limbs
Intermediate layer: axial skeleton to appendicular or rib cage
Deep layer: stabilize vertebrae

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24
Q

What are the intermediate muscles of the vertebral column? 2

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

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25
Q

What is the deep layer of the back muscles divided into?

A

Superficial: splenius
Intermediate: erector spinae
Deep: rotatores, intertransversarii

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26
Q

What are the posterior muscles of respiration? What are their actions?

A

Serratus posterior superior
- action: elevates ribs, inhalation
Serratus posterior inferior
- action: depresses ribs, exhalation

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27
Q

What is the action of the splenius muscles? 2

A

Unilateral: rotates and laterally flexes the neck
Bilateral: extends head/neck

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28
Q

What is the collective action of all the deep intrinsic back muscles? 2

A

Stabilize and provide precise vertebrae adjustment
Slightly extends and rotates vertebrae

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29
Q

What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?

A

Unilateral: laterally flexes vertebral column

Bilaterally: depresses ribs during forced exhalation, stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation

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30
Q

What is the action of the external intercostals?
What is the action of the internal intercostals?

A

External: elevates ribs
Internal: depresses ribs

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31
Q

What is the action of the transversus thoracis?

A

Not a lot, depresses ribs

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32
Q

What is the action of the diaphragm?

A

The contraction of it expands the thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity

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33
Q

What are the muscles of inhalation? 6

A

Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Serratus posterior superior
Scalenes
External intercostals
Erector spinae

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34
Q

What are the muscles of exhalation? 9

A

Serratus posterior inferior
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Quadratus lumborum
Erector spinae
Rectus abdominis
External and internal abdominal obliques
Transversus abdominis

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35
Q

What is the rectus sheath made of?

A

Aponeurotic extensions of 3 abdominal muscles

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36
Q

What is the collective function of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Support and protect organs
Increase abdominal pressure

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37
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis? 3

A

Flexes vertebral column, resists vertebral motion, forced exhalation

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38
Q

What is the action of the pyramidalis?

A

Tenses linea alba

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39
Q

What is the action of the external oblique? 2

A

Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side

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40
Q

What is the action of the internal obliques?

A

Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the same side

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41
Q

What is the action of the transversus abdominis?

A

Compresses abdomen, forced exhalation

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42
Q

What is the action of the trapezius?

A

Retracts, elevates, depresses and laterally rotates scapula, extends and bends neck laterally

  • can do opposing actions depending on which part is firing
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43
Q

What is the action of the levator scapulae?

A

Mainly elevates the scapula and slight lateral neck bending

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44
Q

What is the action of the rhomboideus minor and major? What do they not do?

A

Action: depresses shoulder, adducts scapula

They do not elevate the shoulder

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45
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis minor?

A

Depresses, protracts, and downwardly rotates scapula

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46
Q

What is the action of the subclavius?

A

Stabilizes and depresses the clavicle

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47
Q

What is the action of the serratus anterior?

A

Abducts and laterally rotates the scapula

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48
Q

What is the action of the pectoralis major?

A

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

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49
Q

What is the action of the coracobrachialis?

A

Flexes and adducts the arm

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50
Q

What is the coracobrachialis to the pectoralis major?

A

Synergist

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51
Q

What is the action of the deltoid?

A

Abducts arm, may flex, extend, and rotate arm (medial & lateral)

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52
Q

What is the action of the latissimus dorsi? 5

A

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm, draws shoulder backwards and downwards

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53
Q

What is the action of the supraspinatus?

A

Abducts arm

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54
Q

What is the action of the infraspinatus?

A

Laterally rotates arm, may assist in adduction

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55
Q

What is the action of the teres minor?

A

Adducts and laterally rotates arm

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56
Q

What is the action of the subscapularis?

A

Adducts and medially rotates arm

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57
Q

What is the action of the teres major?

A

Adducts, extends, and medially rotates the arm

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58
Q

The teres major is ____ with the latissimus dorsi?

A

Synergistic

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59
Q

What is the action of the biceps brachii?

A

Flexes and supinates the forearm, flexes the arm

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60
Q

What is the action of the brachialis and what kind of muscle is it?

A

Flexes the forearm
Fusiform

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61
Q

What is the action of the triceps brachii?

A

Extends the forearm
Long head extends and adducts arm

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62
Q

What classifies an intrinsic forearm muscle to an extrinsic forearm muscle?

A

Intrinsic: attachments in the hand
Extrinsic: attachments on the forearm

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63
Q

What is the common action of the anterior forearm muscles?

A

Pronation and flexion

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64
Q

What is the common action of the posterior forearm muscles?

A

Supination and extension

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65
Q

What is the action of the pronator teres?

A

Pronates the forearm

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66
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexes and abducts hand

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67
Q

What is the action of the palmaris longus?

A

Flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis

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68
Q

What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexes and adducts the hand

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69
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexes digits 2-5, flexes wrist

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70
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis?

A

Flexes the forearm

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71
Q

What is the combined action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?

A

Extends and abducts hand

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72
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum communis?

A

Extends wrist, extends joints of digits 2-5

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73
Q

What is the action of the extensor digiti minimi?

A

Extends 5th digit and joints

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74
Q

What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extends and adducts the hand

75
Q

What is the action of the anconeus?

A

Extends forearm

76
Q

What is the action of the illiacus?

A

Flexes thigh

77
Q

What is the action of the psoas major?

A

Flexes thigh

78
Q

What is the action of the psoas minor?

A

Weakly flexes trunk

79
Q

What is the action of the TFL?

A

Flexes and medially rotates thigh; tenses the tensor fascia lata that supports the knee

80
Q

What is the action of the sartorius?

A

Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh
Flexes and medially rotates the leg

81
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus?

A

Extends and laterally rotates thigh

82
Q

What is the action of the gluteus medius?

A

Abducts and medially rotates thigh

83
Q

What is the action of the gluteus minimus?

A

Abducts and medially rotates thigh

84
Q

What is the common action of the deep lateral rotators of the thigh?

A

Assist with lateral rotation
Help maintain stability and integrity of the hip

85
Q

What is the action of the pectineus?

A

Adducts and flexes thigh

86
Q

What is the action of the adductor longus?

A

Adducts and flexes thigh

87
Q

What is the action of the adductor brevis?

A

Adducts and flexes thigh

88
Q

What is the action of the adductor magnus?

A

Adductor part: flexes and laterally rotates thigh
Hamstring part: extension and medially rotates thigh

89
Q

What is the action of the gracilis? 2

A

Adducts and flexes thigh; flexes and medially rotates tibia

90
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris?

A

Flexes thigh and extends leg

91
Q

What is the action of the vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius?

A

Extends the leg

92
Q

What is the action of the biceps femoris?

A

Extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg

93
Q

What is the action of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

Extends thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg

94
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? 4

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius

95
Q

What are the muscles within the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

96
Q

What are the muscles within the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

97
Q

What are the muscles within the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

98
Q

What is the action of the tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

99
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Extends digits 2-5; dorsiflexes foot

100
Q

What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus?

A

Extends hallux and dorsiflexes foot

101
Q

What is the action of the fibularis tertius?

A

Dorsiflexes and weakly everts foot

102
Q

What is the action of the fibularis longus?

A

Everts foot, weak plantarflexion

103
Q

What is the action of the fibularis brevis?

A

Everts foot, weak plantarflexion

104
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius?

A

Plantarflexion, flexes knee

105
Q

What is the action of the soleus?

A

Plantarflexion

106
Q

What is the action of the plantaris?

A

Weak leg and plantarflexion

107
Q

What is the action of the popliteus?

A

Weakly flexes leg; medially rotates tibia

108
Q

What is the action of the tibialis posterior?

A

Plantarflexion and inversion of foot

109
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes digits 2-5; plantarflexion

110
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Plantarflexion; flexes hallux

111
Q

What are the 2 ways to classifiy neurons?

A

Structural classification
Functional classification (motor or neuron)

112
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 vertebrae

113
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

114
Q

How many rootlets makeup a root?

A

8-12

115
Q

What 2 roots form a nerve?

A

Anterior and posterior roots

116
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs are there?

A

31 pairs

117
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit in the cervical region and in the other regions?

A

Above the vertebrae in the cervical region and below in all other regions

118
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Collection of nerve roots coming from the conus medullaris

119
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Fibrous tissue that runs down to the coccyx

120
Q

What are the enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical and lumbar enlargement

121
Q

What does the cervical enlargement innervate?

A

The upper limbs

122
Q

What does the lumbosacral enlargement innervate?

A

The lower limbs

123
Q

What is the pia mater comprised of?

A

Elastic and collagen fibres

124
Q

Where are the denticulate ligaments found and what is their significance?

A

They are found in the pia mater and they anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater

125
Q

What does the dura mater fuse with in the spinal cord?

A

The epineurium that surrounds the spinal nerves

126
Q

What is found in the epidural space in the spinal cord?

A

Connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose connective tissue

127
Q

Is the subdural space a real space?

A

No it is not

128
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

129
Q

Where is the white matter in the spinal cord? 4

A

Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
White commissure
Anterior funiculus

130
Q

Where is the gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior horn
Gray commuisure
Lateral horn
Anterior horn

131
Q

Where does sensory information come into the spinal cord? Anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior or dorsal root

132
Q

Where is the most white matter found in the spinal cord in relation to the other sections of the spinal cord?

A

The most white matter is found in the cervical because there is more ascending tracts that are white matter tracts

133
Q

Where is the largest amount of gray matter found in the spinal cord?

A

In the lumbar & sacral parts because there is more descending tracts

134
Q

What are the 3 layers of the spinal nerve?

A

Epineurium: covering the nerve
Perineurium: around one fasicle
Endoneurium: around a neuron (Schwaan cell)

135
Q

What are the 2 rami that a spinal nerve divides into?

A

Dorsal: deep muscles of skin and back
Ventral: trunk, upper, and lower limbs

136
Q

What rami tend to form nerve plexuses?

A

The anterior rami

137
Q

What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

138
Q

What does the cervical plexus innervate?

A

Anterior neck muscles; skin of neck; head and shoulders

139
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve found and what does it supply?

A

Found in the cervical plexus and supplies the entire diaphragm

140
Q

What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

Anterior rami of C5-T1

141
Q

What does the brachial plexus innervate?

A

Pectoral girdle and entire upper limb

142
Q

What are the nerves found in the upper arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve

143
Q

What spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

Anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4

144
Q

What are 2 notable nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Femoral and saphenous

145
Q

What is important about the femoral nerve?

A

Source of many motor branches in the thigh

146
Q

What is important about the saphenous nerve?

A

Longest branch relaying sensory info from the leg

147
Q

What spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

Anterior rami of L4-S4

148
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial division
Common fibular division

149
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oris?

A

Compresses lip

150
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus minor?

A

Retracts and elevates upper lip

151
Q

What is the action of the zygomaticus major?

A

Retracts and elevates corners of the mouth (laughing)

152
Q

What is the action of the buccinator?

A

Compresses cheeks

153
Q

What is the action of the risorius?

A

Draws corner of the mouth laterally

154
Q

What is the action of the mentalis?

A

Protrude and evert the lower lip

155
Q

What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes the eye

156
Q

What is the action of the corrugator supercilia?

A

Wrinkles brow

157
Q

What is the action of the procerus?

A

Wrinkles nose

158
Q

What is the action of the nasalis?

A

Compresses bridge of nose; elevates corner of nostrils

159
Q

What is the action of the frontal and occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis?

A

Frontal: raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead
Occipital: tenses and retracts scalp

160
Q

What is the collective action of the erector spinae group?

A

Extend all vertebrae; elevate and depress ribs

161
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the pyramidalis?

A

O: pubic crest and symphysis
I: linea alba

162
Q

Where is the superficial fascia of the thigh found?

A

Continuous layer over the whole of the thigh

163
Q

Where is the deep fascia of the thigh found?

A

Below the tensor fascia latae

164
Q

Origin and insertion of the piriformis

A

Origin: anteriolateral sacrum
Insertion: greater trochanter

165
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the superior gemellus?

A

Origin: ischial spine
Insertion: tendon of obturator internus

166
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the inferior gemellus?

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: blends with the tendon of the obturator internus

167
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the obturator internus?

A

Origin: Internal margin of obturator foramen
Insertion: greater trochanter

168
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the obturator externus?

A

Origin: external margin of obturator foramen
Insertion: trochanteric fossa

169
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the quadratus femoris?

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: intertrochanteric crest of femur

170
Q

What is the order of tendon attachments on the proximal medial shaft of the tibia?

A

Sartorius - anterior
Gracilis - intermediate
Semitendinosus - posterior

171
Q

What is the collective action of the muscles that attach to the proximal medial shaft of the tibia?

A

Flexes and medially rotates the leg

172
Q

What carpal bones is the flexor retinaculum connected to?

A

Pisiform, hook of hamate, scaphoid, and trapezium

173
Q

What is the origin of the piriformis?

A

Anteriolateral sacrum

174
Q

What is the insertion of the quadratus femoris?

A

Intertrochanteric crest of femur

175
Q

What are the points of attachment of the superior extensor retinaculum?

A

Tibia and fibula

176
Q

What are the points of attachment of the inferior extensor retinaculum?

A

Tibia, medial cuneiform, to calcaneus

177
Q

What are the points of attachment of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Tibia and calcaneus

178
Q

Where anaxonic neurons found?

A

Only in the CNS

179
Q

What are bipolar neurons used for?

A

Special senses (sensory)

180
Q

What type of information do pseudounipolar neurons transmit?

A

Sensory

181
Q

What type of info do multipolar neurons transmit?

A

Motor

182
Q

Where are the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons found?

A

In the dorsal/posterior root ganglion; delivers sensory (afferent) info

183
Q

Where can afferent and efferent info be seen entering/exiting the spinal cord?

A

Afferent (sensory) enters via the dorsal root and into the posterior horn (gray matter)
Efferent (motor) exits the spinal cord via the ventral/anterior root

184
Q

Where is the tibial division of the sciatic nerve primarily seen in comparison to the common fibular division?

A

Tibial is posterior
Common fibular has more anterior innervation

Kin 2600 (7 decks)

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