Midterm 2 Flashcards
What are the functions of skeletal muscle? 5
Produce movement
Maintain posture
Support soft tissue
Regulate entering and exiting of material
Thermoregulation
What are the shape classifications of muscles? 4
Parallel
Convergent
Pennate
Circular
What are the benefits of parallel (fusiform) muscle?
Good ROM and speed of motion
What is advantageous about the convergent muscle shape?
Moderately high levels of force
What is the pennate shape of muscle designed for?
Strength and power
What are the 3 sub classifications of the pennate muscle?
Unipennate
Bipennate
Multipennate
Where is the origin usually attached in relation to the insertion?
Origin is usually proximal and the insertion is usually distal
What is an aponeuroses?
A broad flat tendon
Agonist
Aka prime mover
- achieve the intended movement
Antagonist
Oppose the intended movement
Synergist
Contract together to accomplish movement
Stabilizer
Action is to fixate a joint
What are the muscles of the mouth region?
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus minor and major
Buccinator
Risorius
Mentalis
What are the muscles of the eye region and nose region?
EYE: orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilia
NOSE: procerus, nasalis
What are the muscles of the scalp region?
Occipitofrontalis
Auricularis
- three sections: superior, anterior, posterior
What is the action of the platysma?
Tenses skin of neck, pulls lip inferiorly
What are the muscles of mastication?
Masseter
Temporalis
What is the action of the masseter?
Closes jaw, protraction, retraction, and side to side movement of the mandible
What is the action of the temporalis?
Closes jaw, retraction, and moving mandible side to side
What are the muscles that move the head and neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid?
Unilateral: laterally flexes head, rotates head opposite side
Bilateral: flexes neck, protracts head, aids in inhalation
What are the actions of the scalenes?
Flexes and side bends the neck, elevates ribs 1&2
What are the 3 layers of the back muscles?
Superficial layer: axial skeleton to upper limbs
Intermediate layer: axial skeleton to appendicular or rib cage
Deep layer: stabilize vertebrae
What are the intermediate muscles of the vertebral column? 2
Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior
What is the deep layer of the back muscles divided into?
Superficial: splenius
Intermediate: erector spinae
Deep: rotatores, intertransversarii
What are the posterior muscles of respiration? What are their actions?
Serratus posterior superior
- action: elevates ribs, inhalation
Serratus posterior inferior
- action: depresses ribs, exhalation
What is the action of the splenius muscles? 2
Unilateral: rotates and laterally flexes the neck
Bilateral: extends head/neck
What is the collective action of all the deep intrinsic back muscles? 2
Stabilize and provide precise vertebrae adjustment
Slightly extends and rotates vertebrae
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
Unilateral: laterally flexes vertebral column
Bilaterally: depresses ribs during forced exhalation, stabilizes diaphragm during inhalation
What is the action of the external intercostals?
What is the action of the internal intercostals?
External: elevates ribs
Internal: depresses ribs
What is the action of the transversus thoracis?
Not a lot, depresses ribs
What is the action of the diaphragm?
The contraction of it expands the thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
What are the muscles of inhalation? 6
Diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoid
Serratus posterior superior
Scalenes
External intercostals
Erector spinae
What are the muscles of exhalation? 9
Serratus posterior inferior
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Quadratus lumborum
Erector spinae
Rectus abdominis
External and internal abdominal obliques
Transversus abdominis
What is the rectus sheath made of?
Aponeurotic extensions of 3 abdominal muscles
What is the collective function of the muscles of the abdominal wall?
Support and protect organs
Increase abdominal pressure
What is the action of the rectus abdominis? 3
Flexes vertebral column, resists vertebral motion, forced exhalation
What is the action of the pyramidalis?
Tenses linea alba
What is the action of the external oblique? 2
Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the opposite side
What is the action of the internal obliques?
Depresses ribs, flexes and laterally rotates vertebral column to the same side
What is the action of the transversus abdominis?
Compresses abdomen, forced exhalation
What is the action of the trapezius?
Retracts, elevates, depresses and laterally rotates scapula, extends and bends neck laterally
- can do opposing actions depending on which part is firing
What is the action of the levator scapulae?
Mainly elevates the scapula and slight lateral neck bending
What is the action of the rhomboideus minor and major? What do they not do?
Action: depresses shoulder, adducts scapula
They do not elevate the shoulder
What is the action of the pectoralis minor?
Depresses, protracts, and downwardly rotates scapula
What is the action of the subclavius?
Stabilizes and depresses the clavicle
What is the action of the serratus anterior?
Abducts and laterally rotates the scapula
What is the action of the pectoralis major?
Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm
What is the action of the coracobrachialis?
Flexes and adducts the arm
What is the coracobrachialis to the pectoralis major?
Synergist
What is the action of the deltoid?
Abducts arm, may flex, extend, and rotate arm (medial & lateral)
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi? 5
Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm, draws shoulder backwards and downwards
What is the action of the supraspinatus?
Abducts arm
What is the action of the infraspinatus?
Laterally rotates arm, may assist in adduction
What is the action of the teres minor?
Adducts and laterally rotates arm
What is the action of the subscapularis?
Adducts and medially rotates arm
What is the action of the teres major?
Adducts, extends, and medially rotates the arm
The teres major is ____ with the latissimus dorsi?
Synergistic
What is the action of the biceps brachii?
Flexes and supinates the forearm, flexes the arm
What is the action of the brachialis and what kind of muscle is it?
Flexes the forearm
Fusiform
What is the action of the triceps brachii?
Extends the forearm
Long head extends and adducts arm
What classifies an intrinsic forearm muscle to an extrinsic forearm muscle?
Intrinsic: attachments in the hand
Extrinsic: attachments on the forearm
What is the common action of the anterior forearm muscles?
Pronation and flexion
What is the common action of the posterior forearm muscles?
Supination and extension
What is the action of the pronator teres?
Pronates the forearm
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexes and abducts hand
What is the action of the palmaris longus?
Flexes wrist and tightens palmar aponeurosis
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
Flexes and adducts the hand
What is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Flexes digits 2-5, flexes wrist
What is the action of the brachioradialis?
Flexes the forearm
What is the combined action of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?
Extends and abducts hand
What is the action of the extensor digitorum communis?
Extends wrist, extends joints of digits 2-5
What is the action of the extensor digiti minimi?
Extends 5th digit and joints
What is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris?
Extends and adducts the hand
What is the action of the anconeus?
Extends forearm
What is the action of the illiacus?
Flexes thigh
What is the action of the psoas major?
Flexes thigh
What is the action of the psoas minor?
Weakly flexes trunk
What is the action of the TFL?
Flexes and medially rotates thigh; tenses the tensor fascia lata that supports the knee
What is the action of the sartorius?
Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh
Flexes and medially rotates the leg
What is the action of the gluteus maximus?
Extends and laterally rotates thigh
What is the action of the gluteus medius?
Abducts and medially rotates thigh
What is the action of the gluteus minimus?
Abducts and medially rotates thigh
What is the common action of the deep lateral rotators of the thigh?
Assist with lateral rotation
Help maintain stability and integrity of the hip
What is the action of the pectineus?
Adducts and flexes thigh
What is the action of the adductor longus?
Adducts and flexes thigh
What is the action of the adductor brevis?
Adducts and flexes thigh
What is the action of the adductor magnus?
Adductor part: flexes and laterally rotates thigh
Hamstring part: extension and medially rotates thigh
What is the action of the gracilis? 2
Adducts and flexes thigh; flexes and medially rotates tibia
What is the action of the rectus femoris?
Flexes thigh and extends leg
What is the action of the vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius?
Extends the leg
What is the action of the biceps femoris?
Extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg
What is the action of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Extends thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? 4
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius
What are the muscles within the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
What are the muscles within the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
What are the muscles within the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
What is the action of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexes and inverts foot
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?
Extends digits 2-5; dorsiflexes foot
What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus?
Extends hallux and dorsiflexes foot
What is the action of the fibularis tertius?
Dorsiflexes and weakly everts foot
What is the action of the fibularis longus?
Everts foot, weak plantarflexion
What is the action of the fibularis brevis?
Everts foot, weak plantarflexion
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
Plantarflexion, flexes knee
What is the action of the soleus?
Plantarflexion
What is the action of the plantaris?
Weak leg and plantarflexion
What is the action of the popliteus?
Weakly flexes leg; medially rotates tibia
What is the action of the tibialis posterior?
Plantarflexion and inversion of foot
What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus?
Flexes digits 2-5; plantarflexion
What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus?
Plantarflexion; flexes hallux
What are the 2 ways to classifiy neurons?
Structural classification
Functional classification (motor or neuron)
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1 vertebrae
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
How many rootlets makeup a root?
8-12
What 2 roots form a nerve?
Anterior and posterior roots
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
31 pairs
Where do the spinal nerves exit in the cervical region and in the other regions?
Above the vertebrae in the cervical region and below in all other regions
What is the cauda equina?
Collection of nerve roots coming from the conus medullaris
What is the filum terminale?
Fibrous tissue that runs down to the coccyx
What are the enlargements of the spinal cord?
Cervical and lumbar enlargement
What does the cervical enlargement innervate?
The upper limbs
What does the lumbosacral enlargement innervate?
The lower limbs
What is the pia mater comprised of?
Elastic and collagen fibres
Where are the denticulate ligaments found and what is their significance?
They are found in the pia mater and they anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater
What does the dura mater fuse with in the spinal cord?
The epineurium that surrounds the spinal nerves
What is found in the epidural space in the spinal cord?
Connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose connective tissue
Is the subdural space a real space?
No it is not
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
CSF
Where is the white matter in the spinal cord? 4
Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
White commissure
Anterior funiculus
Where is the gray matter in the spinal cord?
Posterior horn
Gray commuisure
Lateral horn
Anterior horn
Where does sensory information come into the spinal cord? Anterior or posterior?
Posterior or dorsal root
Where is the most white matter found in the spinal cord in relation to the other sections of the spinal cord?
The most white matter is found in the cervical because there is more ascending tracts that are white matter tracts
Where is the largest amount of gray matter found in the spinal cord?
In the lumbar & sacral parts because there is more descending tracts
What are the 3 layers of the spinal nerve?
Epineurium: covering the nerve
Perineurium: around one fasicle
Endoneurium: around a neuron (Schwaan cell)
What are the 2 rami that a spinal nerve divides into?
Dorsal: deep muscles of skin and back
Ventral: trunk, upper, and lower limbs
What rami tend to form nerve plexuses?
The anterior rami
What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
What does the cervical plexus innervate?
Anterior neck muscles; skin of neck; head and shoulders
Where is the phrenic nerve found and what does it supply?
Found in the cervical plexus and supplies the entire diaphragm
What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
Anterior rami of C5-T1
What does the brachial plexus innervate?
Pectoral girdle and entire upper limb
What are the nerves found in the upper arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
What spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L4
What are 2 notable nerves of the lumbosacral plexus?
Femoral and saphenous
What is important about the femoral nerve?
Source of many motor branches in the thigh
What is important about the saphenous nerve?
Longest branch relaying sensory info from the leg
What spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
Anterior rami of L4-S4
What are the 2 divisions of the sciatic nerve?
Tibial division
Common fibular division
What is the action of the orbicularis oris?
Compresses lip
What is the action of the zygomaticus minor?
Retracts and elevates upper lip
What is the action of the zygomaticus major?
Retracts and elevates corners of the mouth (laughing)
What is the action of the buccinator?
Compresses cheeks
What is the action of the risorius?
Draws corner of the mouth laterally
What is the action of the mentalis?
Protrude and evert the lower lip
What is the action of the orbicularis oculi?
Closes the eye
What is the action of the corrugator supercilia?
Wrinkles brow
What is the action of the procerus?
Wrinkles nose
What is the action of the nasalis?
Compresses bridge of nose; elevates corner of nostrils
What is the action of the frontal and occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis?
Frontal: raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead
Occipital: tenses and retracts scalp
What is the collective action of the erector spinae group?
Extend all vertebrae; elevate and depress ribs
Where is the origin and insertion of the pyramidalis?
O: pubic crest and symphysis
I: linea alba
Where is the superficial fascia of the thigh found?
Continuous layer over the whole of the thigh
Where is the deep fascia of the thigh found?
Below the tensor fascia latae
Origin and insertion of the piriformis
Origin: anteriolateral sacrum
Insertion: greater trochanter
Where is the origin and insertion of the superior gemellus?
Origin: ischial spine
Insertion: tendon of obturator internus
Where is the origin and insertion of the inferior gemellus?
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: blends with the tendon of the obturator internus
Where is the origin and insertion of the obturator internus?
Origin: Internal margin of obturator foramen
Insertion: greater trochanter
Where is the origin and insertion of the obturator externus?
Origin: external margin of obturator foramen
Insertion: trochanteric fossa
Where is the origin and insertion of the quadratus femoris?
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: intertrochanteric crest of femur
What is the order of tendon attachments on the proximal medial shaft of the tibia?
Sartorius - anterior
Gracilis - intermediate
Semitendinosus - posterior
What is the collective action of the muscles that attach to the proximal medial shaft of the tibia?
Flexes and medially rotates the leg
What carpal bones is the flexor retinaculum connected to?
Pisiform, hook of hamate, scaphoid, and trapezium
What is the origin of the piriformis?
Anteriolateral sacrum
What is the insertion of the quadratus femoris?
Intertrochanteric crest of femur
What are the points of attachment of the superior extensor retinaculum?
Tibia and fibula
What are the points of attachment of the inferior extensor retinaculum?
Tibia, medial cuneiform, to calcaneus
What are the points of attachment of the flexor retinaculum?
Tibia and calcaneus
Where anaxonic neurons found?
Only in the CNS
What are bipolar neurons used for?
Special senses (sensory)
What type of information do pseudounipolar neurons transmit?
Sensory
What type of info do multipolar neurons transmit?
Motor
Where are the cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons found?
In the dorsal/posterior root ganglion; delivers sensory (afferent) info
Where can afferent and efferent info be seen entering/exiting the spinal cord?
Afferent (sensory) enters via the dorsal root and into the posterior horn (gray matter)
Efferent (motor) exits the spinal cord via the ventral/anterior root
Where is the tibial division of the sciatic nerve primarily seen in comparison to the common fibular division?
Tibial is posterior
Common fibular has more anterior innervation
