Final Flashcards
1
Q
What embryonic layer is the neural plate a thickening of?
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
What is formed after the neural plate and then after that intermediate?
A
Neural plate - neural groove - neural tube
3
Q
What are the primary vesicles in the 3 week embryo?
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
4
Q
What are the secondary brain vesicles that form from the primary vesicles?
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencehpalon
Myelencephalon
5
Q
What are the 4 major brain regions?
A
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
6
Q
What 2 structures are included in the diencephalon?
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
7
Q
What 3 structures make up the brain stem?
A
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata
8
Q
Gray matter forms ___ whereas white matter forms ___
A
Nuclei; tracts
9
Q
What structures protect the brain? 4
A
Cranium
Meninges
CSF
BBB
10
Q
What is the function of the cranial meninges?
A
Protect the brain
Framework for blood vessels
Circulate CSF
11
Q
Is the epidural space of the skull a real space?
A
No, it is a potential space existing under pathological conditions
12
Q
Is the subdural space a real space?
A
No, potential space only existing under pathological conditions
13
Q
What does the subarachnoid space contain? 3
A
Actual space containing CSF, arteries, and veins
14
Q
What are the 4 cranial dural septa?
A
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma selae
15
Q
Where is the falx cerebri found and what does it separate?
A
In the longitudinal fissure; separates the R and L hemispheres
16
Q
What 2 major veins are found within the falx cerebri?
A
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
17
Q
What shape does the tentorium cerebelli resemble and what structures does it separate?
A
Resembles a tent; separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
18
Q
What major blood vessels are found within the tentorium cerebelli?
A
Transverse sinuses
19
Q
What does the diphragma selae separate?
A
Separates the pituitary and the hypothalamus
20
Q
What is the purpose of the brain ventricles?
A
Buoyancy
Protection
Environmental stability
21
Q
Where are the 2 lateral ventricles found?
A
One in each hemisphere
22
Q
Where is the 3rd ventricle found?
A
In the diencephalon
23
Q
Where is the 4th ventricle found?
A
Between the pons and the cerebellum
24
Q
How does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the lateral ventricles and the 4th ventricle?
A
Lateral ventricles: interventricular foramen
4th ventricle: cerebral aqueduct
25
How much CSF is produced a day by the choroid plexuses?
500ml/day
26
What 2 structures allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space?
Lateral and median apertures
27
General function of the left and right hemispheres:
Left: speech, writing, language, math
Right: spatial visualization, touch analysis
28
What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
Voluntary movement via somatic motor neuron control in the brain stem and spinal cord; AKA primary motor cortex
29
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
Receive somatic sensory info for:
- touch
- pressure
- pain
- taste
- temp
All from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts
30
What is another name for the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus?
Primary motor cortex; primary sensory cortex
31
Where is the insula found and what is its function?
Found folded within the lateral sulcus
Emotion, empathy, taste, self-awareness
32
What are the specific nuclei within the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)
Claustrum
Amygdaloid body
33
Function of caudate nucleus
Coordinate walking
34
Function of amygdaloid body
Emotional expression
35
Function of lentiform nucleus
Movement and muscle tone
36
Function of claustrum
Subconscious visual processing
37
What partially forms the roof of the diencephalon? What are its 2 components?
Epithalamus
- pineal gland
- habenular nuclei
38
What is the function of the habenular nuclei? 2
Relays info from limbic system to midbrain; visceral and emotional response to door
39
What is the only sense that the thalamus does not receive input from?
Olfaction
40
What functions does the hypothalamus control?
Autonomic functions, endocrine, temp, emotional behaviour, sleep-wake rhythms
41
What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
42
Where are the nuclei of many cranial nerves found?
Brainstem
43
What is the function of the midbrain?
Processes visual, auditory, and motor info - generates reflex response
44
What makes up the corpora quadrigemina?
2 pairs of sensory nuclei: superior and inferior colliculus x2
45
What does the superior colliculus process and what does the inferior colliculus process?
Superior colliculus: visual stimuli
Inferior colliculus: auditory stimuli
46
What are the cerebral peduncles?
Motor tracts
47
What other major structures are found in the brainstem?
Nuclei of the reticular formation
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
48
What is the function of the reticular formation?
Maintaining alertness
49
What is the function of the red nucleus? 2
Involuntary motor commands
- muscle tone & limb position
50
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
DA production
- motor control
- emotion
- pleasure
- pain
51
What is the main function of the pons?
Contains autonomic nuclei that regulate breathing
52
What cranial nerve nuclei are found within the pons? 3
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
53
What are the name of the tracts that are found in the medulla oblongata pyramids?
Corticospinal tracts
54
What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
55
What is the purpose of the inferior olivary nucleus and where are they found?
Relays proprioceptive info to cerebellum; found in medulla oblongata
56
What major autonomic centres are found in the medulla oblongata?
Cardiovascular and respiratory
57
What is the function of the cerebellum? 4
Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal movements
Stores movement patterns
Equilibrium and posture
Receives feedback
58
Where is arbor vitae found?
White matter in the cerebellum
59
What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect? Middle? Inferior?
Superior: midbrain to cerebellum
Middle: pons to cerebellum
Inferior: medulla oblongata to cerebellum
60
What are the components of the limbic system? 7
Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdaloid body
Fornix
Mamillary body
Olfactory bulb
61
How does the limbic system affect memory formation?
Integration of past memories of physical sensation with emotional states
62
What does the fornix connect?
White matter connecting the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
63
List all 12 cranial nerves in order (anterior to posterior)
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Accessory (XI)
64
What is the function and pathway of the olfactory (CN I) nerve?
Function: sensory (smell)
Pathway: cribriform plate of ethmoid
65
What is the function, pathway, and destination of the optic (CN II) nerve?
Function: sensory (vision)
Pathway: optical canal of sphenoid
Destination: occipital lobe, diencephalon
66
What is the function, origin, and pathway of the oculomotor (CN III) nerve?
Function: motor; extra-ocular and pupillae muscles
Origin: midbrain
Pathway: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
67
What is the function and origin of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve?
Function: mixed function
- Sensory: touch, temp, pain
- Motor: muscles of mastication
Origin: pons
68
What is the function, origin, and pathway of the abducens (CN VI) nerve?
Function: motor, muscles of eye
Origin: pons
Pathway: superior orbital fissure
69
What is the function, pathway, and origin of the facial (CN VII) nerve?
Function: mixed
Pathway:
- sensory: taste (anterior 2/3)
- motor: muscles of facial expression, salivary glands
Origin: pons
70
What is the function and pathway of the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerve?
Function: sensory - balance and hearing
Pathway: internal acoustic meatus
71
What is the function, pathway, and origin of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve?
Function: mixed
Pathway: jugular foramen
- sensory: taste (posterior 1/3)
- motor: muscles that assist swallowing; parotid salivary gland
Origin: medulla oblongata
72
What is the function, pathway, and origin of the vagus (CN X) nerve?
Function: mixed
Pathway: jugular foramen
- sensory: tongue, throat, heart, esophagus, abdominal viscera, and intestine
- motor: muscles of the throat, heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs
Origin: medulla oblongata
73
What is the function, origin, and pathway of the accessory (CN XI) nerve?
Function: motor, controls SCM, traps, some pharynx muscles
Origin: medulla oblongata
Pathway: jugular foramen
74
What is the function, pathway, and origin of the hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve?
Function: motor (controls tongue muscles)
Pathway: hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
Origin: medulla oblongata
75
What is the overall function of the somatic nervous system? 2
Sensory info of vision, hearing, touch, proprioception, etc
Motor info to control skeletal muscles
76
How are the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic axons different?
Parasympathetic: long preganglionic axons
Sympathetic: short preganglionic axons
77
What is different between the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the number of preganglionic branches?
Parasympathetic: preganglionic axons have few branches
Sympathetic: preganglionic axons have many branches
78
What branch of the ANS has ganglia very close, or on the effector?
Parasympathetic division
79
What is another term for the parasympathetic division and why is it named as such?
Craniosacral division; because preganglionic neurons are found within the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord
80
What kind of activation is seen in the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Widespread, local, etc
Discreet and local activation for rest and digest
81
What are the 4 nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres?
CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
82
At what level(s) do the 3 nerves from the sacrum exit in the parasympathetic system? What do they innervate?
S2, S3, S4
Innervate visceral organs of inferior abdominopelvic region
83
What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS and why is it named as such?
Thoracolumbar division; preganglionic cell bodies are found in T1-L2 segments of spinal cord
84
Where are the 2 locations of sympathetic ganglia found?
Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk): either side of vertebral column
Prevertebral column: anterior to the vertebral column
85
In the sympathetic trunk ganglia, which section of the ganglia exclusively have white rammus communicantes?
Ganglia of T1-L2
86
What are the 3 pathways to exit the sympathetic chain?
Spinal nerve
Sympathetic nerve
Splanchnic nerve
87
What fibres are carried in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities of the autonomic plexuses?
Mix fibres (SN & PN)
88
What are 4 exceptions to dual innervation of the ANS?
- blood vessels
- sweat glands
- arrector pili m
- adrenal medulla
All SNS only
89
What is the function of the pericardium?
Restricts movement, decreases friction
90
What are the names of the 2 walls of the pericardium?
Parietal pericardium (outer)
Visceral pericardium (inner)
91
What type of connective tissue is on the parietal layer and what is its name?
Dense irregular CT
Fibrous pericardium
92
How much fluid does the pericardial cavity contain?
10-20mL of fluid
93
What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?
Inferiorly to diaphragm
Superiorly to great vessels
94
What 2 areas is the pericardial fat found in?
Pericardial fat (visceral)
Paracardial fat (parietal)
95
What is the function of the pericardial fat?
- immune barrier
- mechanical protection
- source of energy
96
What are the external boundaries of the heart?
Atrioventricular groove
Interventricular groove (anterior & posterior)
97
What is another name for the auricles? What is their purpose?
Atrial appendage
Allows for slight atrial expansion
98
On which surface of the heart are the pectinate muscles found?
Lateral and anterior
99
How many papillary muscles are in the right ventricle and what do they attach to?
3, attach to chordae tendineae - one for each cusp of valve
100
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Structural support and electrical insulator b/w atria and ventricles
101
What kind of connective tissue is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and where is it found?
Dense irregular CT, b/w atria and ventricles
102
What is the purpose of the spiral pattern of cardiac muscles?
Allows for forceful contraction to eject blood; left ventricle thicker
103
What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?
Stabilizing
104
What are the only branches of the ascending aorta, above the aortic valve?
Coronary arteries
105
Which sulcus is the right coronary artery found in?
Coronary sulcus
106
What branches originate from the right coronary artery? 3
Atrial branch
Anterior cardiac arteries
Right marginal branch
107
What are the major branches of the left coronary artery? 3
Circumflex branch
Left marginal branch
Anterior interventricular branch
108
Why are anastomoses beneficial?
If the main artery to an area is blocked, smaller arteries may increase in size to compensate
109
What are the 3 types of anastomoses?
Arterio-arterial
Veno-venous
Arterio-Venus
110
Where is the coronary sinus found and what does it drain into?
Posterior side in the coronary sulcus
Empties into right atrium
111
What are the veins of the heart? 3
Small cardiac
Anterior interventricular
Posterior interventricular
112
What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch? Medial to lateral
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
113
What does the descending aorta supply?
Thorax, abdominopelvic, lower extremity
114
What is the largest branch of the aortic arch? What 2 arteries does it divide into?
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries
115
What does the external carotid artery divide into? 2
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
116
What does the maxillary artery turn into? What does this artery supply and what is the pathway?
Turns into the middle meningeal artery
Goes through foramen spinosum and supplies dura mater
117
Where does the internal carotid artery and vertebral artery join?
Circle of Willis
118
After the first rib, what does the subclavian artery become? At what border does this artery turn into a different artery?
At first rib becomes the axillary artery
At the border of the teres major tendon it becomes the brachial artery
119
What does the brachial artery divide into and where does it divide?
Radial and ulnar artery, just below the elbow
120
What does the radial artery and ulnar artery form?
Radial forms deep palmar arch
Ulnar forms superficial palmar arch
121
At the 4th lumbar vertebrae, what does the abdominal aorta divide into?
R & L common iliac arteries
122
What does the common iliac artery divide into? 2
At what level does this occur?
Divides into the external and internal iliac artery at the level of the SI joint
123
Does the external iliac artery pass underneath or overtop the inguinal ligament? What does this artery give rise to?
Passes under the inguinal ligament, becomes the femoral artery
124
Which canal does the femoral artery go through?
Adductor canal
125
Beyond the adductor hiatus, what does the femoral artery become?
Popliteal artery
126
What does the popliteal artery divide into? 2
Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
127
What is the largest branch of the posterior tibial artery?
Fibular artery
128
What 2 arteries does the posterior tibial artery divide into in the foot?
Medial and lateral plantar arteries
129
Where do the digital branch arteries of the toes originate from?
The plantar arch
130
As the tibialis anterior artery passes the front of the ankle what does it become?
Dorsalis pedis artery
131
What branch does the dorsalis pedis artery give off?
Arcuate artery which then forms the dorsal arch
132
How do the plantar and dorsal arches connect?
Anastomoses
133
What does most cranial venous blood drain through?
Dural venous sinuses
134
What sinuses are included in the dural sinus system? 6
Superior & inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
L & R transverse sinuses
L & R sigmoid sinuses
Cavernous sinus
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
135
What combines to form the superior vena cava?
Right and left Brachiocephalic veins
136
What combines to form the brachiocephalic veins? 2
Internal jugular and subclavian veins
137
Where does the external jugular vein receive blood from?
Scalp and deep parts of the face
- area supplied by the external carotid artery
138
Where is the external jugular vein in relation to the SCM?
Superficial and lateral to it
139
Where does the internal jugular vein receive blood from and where does it exit?
Receives from the sinuses before exiting the jugular foramen
140
What is included in the carotid sheath? 3
Internal jugular vein, carotid artery, and vagus nerve
141
Where is the vertebral vein formed? What does it pass through?
Suboccipital triangle
Passes through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae and goes into the brachiocephalic trunk
142
How is the respiratory system anatomically divided?
Upper and Lower tracts
143
What is included in the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
144
What is included in the lower respiratory tract?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
145
How is the respiratory system functionally divided?
Conduction portion
Respiratory portion
146
Pulmonary ventilation
Air movement b/w environment and lungs
147
External respiration
Gas exchange b/w atmosphere and blood
148
Internal respiration
Gas exchange b/w blood and body cells
149
Cellular respiration
Use and production of gases in metabolism
150
What are the 4 bones that sinuses are found in?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
151
What are the 3 regions that the pharynx is divided into?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
152
What are the 9 cartilage structures in the larynx?
3 single: epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid
3 paired: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform
153
Where does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi?
Sternal angle
154
What is the trachea supported by? 2
C-shaped tracheal cartilage
Annular ligaments
155
What type of muscle is the trachealis?
Smooth muscle
156
What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle?
C-shape cartilage does not go all the way around the trachea so the muscle bridges the gap at the posterior border
157
What are the 3 lobes of the right lung divided by? 2
Horizontal and oblique fissures
158
What are the 2 lobes of the left lung divided by?
Oblique fissure
159
What does the left lung have that the right does not?
Cardiac notch
160
What do the main bronchi divide into and how many are there on each side?
Secondary bronchi
- 3 on the right
- 2 on the left
161
How many tertiary bronchi supply each lung?
8-10
162
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
A specific area of the lung that the tertiary bronchi supplies
163
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?
Right has 10
Left has 8-9
164
What defines a bronchiole?
Being less than 1mm in diameter
165
What do bronchioles lack and what other structure is used to make up for this?
They lack cartilage, but they have a thick layer of smooth muscle
166
What does a terminal bronchiole supply air to?
A single pulmonary lobule
167
Where is the beginning of the respiratory zone?
At the branching of terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles
168
What do respirator bronchioles branch into?
2-11 alveolar ducts
169
Where do alveolar ducts terminate?
Alveolar sac
170
What are alveoli?
Outgrowths from the alveolar sac
171
What is considered the functional unit of the lung?
Pulmonary lobule
172
What is an acinus?
Round cluster of alveoli, looks like a berry
173
How many alveoli does each lung contain
Approx 150mil
174
Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
175
What allows for passive recoil of alveoli during exhalation?
Surrounding elastic fibres
176
What are the skeletal muscles of quiet breathing?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
177
What are the muscles of forced inhalation? 5
SCM
Scalenes
Serratus posterior superior
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinae
178
What are the muscles of forced exhalation? 5
Transversus thoracis
Serratus posterior inferior
Internal intercostals
External oblique
Transversus abdominis
179
What are some functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion
Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
180
What do salivary glands release? What does it breakdown?
Secrete amylase, breaks down sugar
181
In conjunction with amylase, what allows for antibacterial action in the mouth?
Lysozyme
182
Bolus
Food mixed with saliva
183
What structures produce saliva?
Parotid (25%)
Sublingual (5%)
Submandibular (70%)
184
What structure is inferior to the tongue and separates it?
Lingual frenulum
185
Deglutition
Swallowing
186
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
Voluntary phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase
187
Where is the esophageal hiatus?
Opening in the diaphragm before it connects to the stomach
188
What is the esophagus covered by and what is its purpose?
Areolar connective tissue called adventitia, anchors to surrounding tissue
189
Chyme
What the bolus is converted into in the stomach
190
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
191
What does the duodenum receive and from where? 2
Digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Bile from the liver and gallbladder
192
Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?
Jejunum of the small intestine
193
What is the important function of the large intestine?
Absorbs fluids and ions, compacts waste and solidifies them
194
What are the sections of the large intestine? 6
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
195
What trunk does the thoracic aorta branch into in the abdomen?
Celiac trunk
196
In the abdomen, what does the celiac trunk divide into? 3
Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic
197
Below the level of the stomach, what does the thoracic aorta divide into (2)?
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
198
What are the 2 categories that the veins of the arm and forearm are divided into?
Superficial: no corresponding arteries
Deep: corresponding arteries, more valves
199
What are venae comitantes?
Smaller arteries that have pairs of veins accompanying them
200
What are 3 examples of venae comitantes?
Brachial artery & brachial veins
Radial artery & radial veins
Ulnar artery & ulnar veins
201
Where are the superficial veins of the hand primarily found?
Dorsal surface
202
What does the axillary vein become when it surpasses the first rib?
Subclavian vein
203
What 2 veins must join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
Subclavian and internal jugular vein
204
What 2 veins form the superior vena cava?
L and R brachiocephalic veins
205
What veins are a part of the hepatic portal system? 4
Gastric veins
Splenic veins
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
206
What are the 2 important superficial veins of the lower extremity?
Great saphenous and small saphenous
207
What is the largest blood vessel in the body?
Inferior vena cava
208
What forms the inferior vena cava?
Common iliac veins
209
What is the function of the lymphatic system? 3
Immune system
Alternate route for transport of various blood bound substances
Return lymph to venous system
210
Where is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mouth
211
What is the function of rugae found in the stomach?
Allows for expansion
212
What are the sections of the large intestine? 6
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
213
Where is the parietal and visceral peritoneum found?
Parietal: lines body wall surface
Visceral: lines the internal organs
214
What is the function of the peritoneal fluid?
Provides lubrication to prevent friction or irritation
215
What are intraperitoneal organs?
Organs in the peritoneal cavity that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum
216
What are 2 examples of intraperitoneal organs?
Stomach and liver
217
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Organs that are on the posterior abdominal wall and are only partially covered by peritoneum
218
What are 4 examples of retroperitoneal organs?
Kidney, pancreas, ureters, major blood vessels
219
What are mesenteries?
Double sheets of peritoneum
220
What are the functions of mesenteries?
Support and stabilized GI organs, prevent tangling
221
What are the 3 types of mesenteries?
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
Mesentery proper
222
What does the greater omentum cover?
Extends inferiorly like an apron and covers most abdominal organs
223
What is the function of the adipose tissue in the greater omentum?
Pads and protects surface of abdomen
Provides insulation to reduce heat loss
Stores lipid reserves
224
What is the mesocolon?
Peritoneal fold that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall
225
What are the major lobes of the liver?
Right and left
226
What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
Falciform ligament
227
What does the falciform ligament connect?
The liver to the anterior abdominal wall
228
Where is the round ligament found?
Base of the falciform ligament (remnant of umbilical vein)
229
Superiorly what does the falciform ligament divide into?
Coronary ligament
230
What is the name of the triangular surface that the coronary ligament forms?
Bare area, lack of peritoneal covering
231
What does the coronary ligament connect?
Suspends the liver from the diaphragm
232
Hepatic lobule
Unit of the liver
233
What is included in the portal triad?
Bile duct
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery
234
What do the bile ductiles form?
Bile ducts
235
What do the bile ducts form?
Left and right hepatic ducts
236
What are the 3 anatomical sections of the gallbladder?
Fundus
Body
Neck
237
What is the function of the pancreas?
Endocrine and exocrine functions
238
What part of the pancreas performs the endocrine functions?
Pancreatic islets (secrete insulin and glucagon)
239
What part of the pancreas performs exocrine functions?
Acinar cells (secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum)
240
What are the functions of the urinary system? 7
Removing waste
Storage of urine
Excretion of urine
BV regulation
RBC regulation
Ion regulation
Acid-base regulation
241
What are the main components of the urinary system?
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
242
How is the position of the kidneys stabilized?
Peritoneum
Adjacent visceral organ
Supporting connective tissue
243
What covers the outer surface of the kidney?
Fibrous capsule
