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Kin 2600 > Final Flashcards > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

What embryonic layer is the neural plate a thickening of?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What is formed after the neural plate and then after that intermediate?

A

Neural plate - neural groove - neural tube

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3
Q

What are the primary vesicles in the 3 week embryo?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles that form from the primary vesicles?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencehpalon
Myelencephalon

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5
Q

What are the 4 major brain regions?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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6
Q

What 2 structures are included in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

What 3 structures make up the brain stem?

A

Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Gray matter forms ___ whereas white matter forms ___

A

Nuclei; tracts

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9
Q

What structures protect the brain? 4

A

Cranium
Meninges
CSF
BBB

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10
Q

What is the function of the cranial meninges?

A

Protect the brain
Framework for blood vessels
Circulate CSF

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11
Q

Is the epidural space of the skull a real space?

A

No, it is a potential space existing under pathological conditions

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12
Q

Is the subdural space a real space?

A

No, potential space only existing under pathological conditions

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13
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain? 3

A

Actual space containing CSF, arteries, and veins

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14
Q

What are the 4 cranial dural septa?

A

Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma selae

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15
Q

Where is the falx cerebri found and what does it separate?

A

In the longitudinal fissure; separates the R and L hemispheres

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16
Q

What 2 major veins are found within the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus

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17
Q

What shape does the tentorium cerebelli resemble and what structures does it separate?

A

Resembles a tent; separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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18
Q

What major blood vessels are found within the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Transverse sinuses

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19
Q

What does the diphragma selae separate?

A

Separates the pituitary and the hypothalamus

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the brain ventricles?

A

Buoyancy
Protection
Environmental stability

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21
Q

Where are the 2 lateral ventricles found?

A

One in each hemisphere

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22
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle found?

A

In the diencephalon

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23
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle found?

A

Between the pons and the cerebellum

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24
Q

How does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the lateral ventricles and the 4th ventricle?

A

Lateral ventricles: interventricular foramen
4th ventricle: cerebral aqueduct

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25
Q

How much CSF is produced a day by the choroid plexuses?

A

500ml/day

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26
Q

What 2 structures allow CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space?

A

Lateral and median apertures

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27
Q

General function of the left and right hemispheres:

A

Left: speech, writing, language, math
Right: spatial visualization, touch analysis

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28
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Voluntary movement via somatic motor neuron control in the brain stem and spinal cord; AKA primary motor cortex

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29
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Receive somatic sensory info for:
- touch
- pressure
- pain
- taste
- temp
All from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts

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30
Q

What is another name for the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex; primary sensory cortex

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31
Q

Where is the insula found and what is its function?

A

Found folded within the lateral sulcus
Emotion, empathy, taste, self-awareness

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32
Q

What are the specific nuclei within the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)
Claustrum
Amygdaloid body

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33
Q

Function of caudate nucleus

A

Coordinate walking

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34
Q

Function of amygdaloid body

A

Emotional expression

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35
Q

Function of lentiform nucleus

A

Movement and muscle tone

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36
Q

Function of claustrum

A

Subconscious visual processing

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37
Q

What partially forms the roof of the diencephalon? What are its 2 components?

A

Epithalamus
- pineal gland
- habenular nuclei

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38
Q

What is the function of the habenular nuclei? 2

A

Relays info from limbic system to midbrain; visceral and emotional response to door

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39
Q

What is the only sense that the thalamus does not receive input from?

A

Olfaction

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40
Q

What functions does the hypothalamus control?

A

Autonomic functions, endocrine, temp, emotional behaviour, sleep-wake rhythms

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41
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

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42
Q

Where are the nuclei of many cranial nerves found?

A

Brainstem

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43
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Processes visual, auditory, and motor info - generates reflex response

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44
Q

What makes up the corpora quadrigemina?

A

2 pairs of sensory nuclei: superior and inferior colliculus x2

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45
Q

What does the superior colliculus process and what does the inferior colliculus process?

A

Superior colliculus: visual stimuli
Inferior colliculus: auditory stimuli

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46
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Motor tracts

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47
Q

What other major structures are found in the brainstem?

A

Nuclei of the reticular formation
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

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48
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Maintaining alertness

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49
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus? 2

A

Involuntary motor commands
- muscle tone & limb position

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50
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

A

DA production
- motor control
- emotion
- pleasure
- pain

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51
Q

What is the main function of the pons?

A

Contains autonomic nuclei that regulate breathing

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52
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei are found within the pons? 3

A

Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)

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53
Q

What are the name of the tracts that are found in the medulla oblongata pyramids?

A

Corticospinal tracts

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54
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla oblongata?

A

VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior olivary nucleus and where are they found?

A

Relays proprioceptive info to cerebellum; found in medulla oblongata

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56
Q

What major autonomic centres are found in the medulla oblongata?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory

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57
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum? 4

A

Coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal movements
Stores movement patterns
Equilibrium and posture
Receives feedback

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58
Q

Where is arbor vitae found?

A

White matter in the cerebellum

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59
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect? Middle? Inferior?

A

Superior: midbrain to cerebellum
Middle: pons to cerebellum
Inferior: medulla oblongata to cerebellum

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60
Q

What are the components of the limbic system? 7

A

Cingulate gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampus
Amygdaloid body
Fornix
Mamillary body
Olfactory bulb

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61
Q

How does the limbic system affect memory formation?

A

Integration of past memories of physical sensation with emotional states

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62
Q

What does the fornix connect?

A

White matter connecting the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

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63
Q

List all 12 cranial nerves in order (anterior to posterior)

A

Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Accessory (XI)

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64
Q

What is the function and pathway of the olfactory (CN I) nerve?

A

Function: sensory (smell)
Pathway: cribriform plate of ethmoid

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65
Q

What is the function, pathway, and destination of the optic (CN II) nerve?

A

Function: sensory (vision)
Pathway: optical canal of sphenoid
Destination: occipital lobe, diencephalon

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66
Q

What is the function, origin, and pathway of the oculomotor (CN III) nerve?

A

Function: motor; extra-ocular and pupillae muscles
Origin: midbrain
Pathway: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

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67
Q

What is the function and origin of the trigeminal (CN V) nerve?

A

Function: mixed function
- Sensory: touch, temp, pain
- Motor: muscles of mastication

Origin: pons

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68
Q

What is the function, origin, and pathway of the abducens (CN VI) nerve?

A

Function: motor, muscles of eye
Origin: pons
Pathway: superior orbital fissure

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69
Q

What is the function, pathway, and origin of the facial (CN VII) nerve?

A

Function: mixed
Pathway:
- sensory: taste (anterior 2/3)
- motor: muscles of facial expression, salivary glands
Origin: pons

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70
Q

What is the function and pathway of the vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerve?

A

Function: sensory - balance and hearing
Pathway: internal acoustic meatus

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71
Q

What is the function, pathway, and origin of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) nerve?

A

Function: mixed
Pathway: jugular foramen
- sensory: taste (posterior 1/3)
- motor: muscles that assist swallowing; parotid salivary gland
Origin: medulla oblongata

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72
Q

What is the function, pathway, and origin of the vagus (CN X) nerve?

A

Function: mixed

Pathway: jugular foramen
- sensory: tongue, throat, heart, esophagus, abdominal viscera, and intestine
- motor: muscles of the throat, heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs

Origin: medulla oblongata

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73
Q

What is the function, origin, and pathway of the accessory (CN XI) nerve?

A

Function: motor, controls SCM, traps, some pharynx muscles
Origin: medulla oblongata
Pathway: jugular foramen

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74
Q

What is the function, pathway, and origin of the hypoglossal (CN XII) nerve?

A

Function: motor (controls tongue muscles)
Pathway: hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
Origin: medulla oblongata

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75
Q

What is the overall function of the somatic nervous system? 2

A

Sensory info of vision, hearing, touch, proprioception, etc
Motor info to control skeletal muscles

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76
Q

How are the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic axons different?

A

Parasympathetic: long preganglionic axons
Sympathetic: short preganglionic axons

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77
Q

What is different between the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the number of preganglionic branches?

A

Parasympathetic: preganglionic axons have few branches
Sympathetic: preganglionic axons have many branches

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78
Q

What branch of the ANS has ganglia very close, or on the effector?

A

Parasympathetic division

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79
Q

What is another term for the parasympathetic division and why is it named as such?

A

Craniosacral division; because preganglionic neurons are found within the brainstem and the sacral region of the spinal cord

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80
Q

What kind of activation is seen in the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Widespread, local, etc

A

Discreet and local activation for rest and digest

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81
Q

What are the 4 nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres?

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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82
Q

At what level(s) do the 3 nerves from the sacrum exit in the parasympathetic system? What do they innervate?

A

S2, S3, S4
Innervate visceral organs of inferior abdominopelvic region

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83
Q

What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS and why is it named as such?

A

Thoracolumbar division; preganglionic cell bodies are found in T1-L2 segments of spinal cord

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84
Q

Where are the 2 locations of sympathetic ganglia found?

A

Paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk): either side of vertebral column

Prevertebral column: anterior to the vertebral column

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85
Q

In the sympathetic trunk ganglia, which section of the ganglia exclusively have white rammus communicantes?

A

Ganglia of T1-L2

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86
Q

What are the 3 pathways to exit the sympathetic chain?

A

Spinal nerve
Sympathetic nerve
Splanchnic nerve

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87
Q

What fibres are carried in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities of the autonomic plexuses?

A

Mix fibres (SN & PN)

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88
Q

What are 4 exceptions to dual innervation of the ANS?

A
  • blood vessels
  • sweat glands
  • arrector pili m
  • adrenal medulla
    All SNS only
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89
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Restricts movement, decreases friction

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90
Q

What are the names of the 2 walls of the pericardium?

A

Parietal pericardium (outer)
Visceral pericardium (inner)

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91
Q

What type of connective tissue is on the parietal layer and what is its name?

A

Dense irregular CT
Fibrous pericardium

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92
Q

How much fluid does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

10-20mL of fluid

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93
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A

Inferiorly to diaphragm
Superiorly to great vessels

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94
Q

What 2 areas is the pericardial fat found in?

A

Pericardial fat (visceral)
Paracardial fat (parietal)

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95
Q

What is the function of the pericardial fat?

A
  • immune barrier
  • mechanical protection
  • source of energy
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96
Q

What are the external boundaries of the heart?

A

Atrioventricular groove
Interventricular groove (anterior & posterior)

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97
Q

What is another name for the auricles? What is their purpose?

A

Atrial appendage
Allows for slight atrial expansion

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98
Q

On which surface of the heart are the pectinate muscles found?

A

Lateral and anterior

99
Q

How many papillary muscles are in the right ventricle and what do they attach to?

A

3, attach to chordae tendineae - one for each cusp of valve

100
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

Structural support and electrical insulator b/w atria and ventricles

101
Q

What kind of connective tissue is the fibrous skeleton of the heart and where is it found?

A

Dense irregular CT, b/w atria and ventricles

102
Q

What is the purpose of the spiral pattern of cardiac muscles?

A

Allows for forceful contraction to eject blood; left ventricle thicker

103
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Stabilizing

104
Q

What are the only branches of the ascending aorta, above the aortic valve?

A

Coronary arteries

105
Q

Which sulcus is the right coronary artery found in?

A

Coronary sulcus

106
Q

What branches originate from the right coronary artery? 3

A

Atrial branch
Anterior cardiac arteries
Right marginal branch

107
Q

What are the major branches of the left coronary artery? 3

A

Circumflex branch
Left marginal branch
Anterior interventricular branch

108
Q

Why are anastomoses beneficial?

A

If the main artery to an area is blocked, smaller arteries may increase in size to compensate

109
Q

What are the 3 types of anastomoses?

A

Arterio-arterial
Veno-venous
Arterio-Venus

110
Q

Where is the coronary sinus found and what does it drain into?

A

Posterior side in the coronary sulcus
Empties into right atrium

111
Q

What are the veins of the heart? 3

A

Small cardiac
Anterior interventricular
Posterior interventricular

112
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch? Medial to lateral

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

113
Q

What does the descending aorta supply?

A

Thorax, abdominopelvic, lower extremity

114
Q

What is the largest branch of the aortic arch? What 2 arteries does it divide into?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

115
Q

What does the external carotid artery divide into? 2

A

Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery

116
Q

What does the maxillary artery turn into? What does this artery supply and what is the pathway?

A

Turns into the middle meningeal artery
Goes through foramen spinosum and supplies dura mater

117
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery and vertebral artery join?

A

Circle of Willis

118
Q

After the first rib, what does the subclavian artery become? At what border does this artery turn into a different artery?

A

At first rib becomes the axillary artery

At the border of the teres major tendon it becomes the brachial artery

119
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into and where does it divide?

A

Radial and ulnar artery, just below the elbow

120
Q

What does the radial artery and ulnar artery form?

A

Radial forms deep palmar arch
Ulnar forms superficial palmar arch

121
Q

At the 4th lumbar vertebrae, what does the abdominal aorta divide into?

A

R & L common iliac arteries

122
Q

What does the common iliac artery divide into? 2
At what level does this occur?

A

Divides into the external and internal iliac artery at the level of the SI joint

123
Q

Does the external iliac artery pass underneath or overtop the inguinal ligament? What does this artery give rise to?

A

Passes under the inguinal ligament, becomes the femoral artery

124
Q

Which canal does the femoral artery go through?

A

Adductor canal

125
Q

Beyond the adductor hiatus, what does the femoral artery become?

A

Popliteal artery

126
Q

What does the popliteal artery divide into? 2

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

127
Q

What is the largest branch of the posterior tibial artery?

A

Fibular artery

128
Q

What 2 arteries does the posterior tibial artery divide into in the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

129
Q

Where do the digital branch arteries of the toes originate from?

A

The plantar arch

130
Q

As the tibialis anterior artery passes the front of the ankle what does it become?

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

131
Q

What branch does the dorsalis pedis artery give off?

A

Arcuate artery which then forms the dorsal arch

132
Q

How do the plantar and dorsal arches connect?

A

Anastomoses

133
Q

What does most cranial venous blood drain through?

A

Dural venous sinuses

134
Q

What sinuses are included in the dural sinus system? 6

A

Superior & inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
L & R transverse sinuses
L & R sigmoid sinuses
Cavernous sinus
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

135
Q

What combines to form the superior vena cava?

A

Right and left Brachiocephalic veins

136
Q

What combines to form the brachiocephalic veins? 2

A

Internal jugular and subclavian veins

137
Q

Where does the external jugular vein receive blood from?

A

Scalp and deep parts of the face
- area supplied by the external carotid artery

138
Q

Where is the external jugular vein in relation to the SCM?

A

Superficial and lateral to it

139
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein receive blood from and where does it exit?

A

Receives from the sinuses before exiting the jugular foramen

140
Q

What is included in the carotid sheath? 3

A

Internal jugular vein, carotid artery, and vagus nerve

141
Q

Where is the vertebral vein formed? What does it pass through?

A

Suboccipital triangle
Passes through the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae and goes into the brachiocephalic trunk

142
Q

How is the respiratory system anatomically divided?

A

Upper and Lower tracts

143
Q

What is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx

144
Q

What is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

145
Q

How is the respiratory system functionally divided?

A

Conduction portion
Respiratory portion

146
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Air movement b/w environment and lungs

147
Q

External respiration

A

Gas exchange b/w atmosphere and blood

148
Q

Internal respiration

A

Gas exchange b/w blood and body cells

149
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Use and production of gases in metabolism

150
Q

What are the 4 bones that sinuses are found in?

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

151
Q

What are the 3 regions that the pharynx is divided into?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

152
Q

What are the 9 cartilage structures in the larynx?

A

3 single: epiglottic, thyroid, and cricoid
3 paired: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

153
Q

Where does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi?

A

Sternal angle

154
Q

What is the trachea supported by? 2

A

C-shaped tracheal cartilage
Annular ligaments

155
Q

What type of muscle is the trachealis?

A

Smooth muscle

156
Q

What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle?

A

C-shape cartilage does not go all the way around the trachea so the muscle bridges the gap at the posterior border

157
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the right lung divided by? 2

A

Horizontal and oblique fissures

158
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the left lung divided by?

A

Oblique fissure

159
Q

What does the left lung have that the right does not?

A

Cardiac notch

160
Q

What do the main bronchi divide into and how many are there on each side?

A

Secondary bronchi
- 3 on the right
- 2 on the left

161
Q

How many tertiary bronchi supply each lung?

A

8-10

162
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

A specific area of the lung that the tertiary bronchi supplies

163
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?

A

Right has 10
Left has 8-9

164
Q

What defines a bronchiole?

A

Being less than 1mm in diameter

165
Q

What do bronchioles lack and what other structure is used to make up for this?

A

They lack cartilage, but they have a thick layer of smooth muscle

166
Q

What does a terminal bronchiole supply air to?

A

A single pulmonary lobule

167
Q

Where is the beginning of the respiratory zone?

A

At the branching of terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles

168
Q

What do respirator bronchioles branch into?

A

2-11 alveolar ducts

169
Q

Where do alveolar ducts terminate?

A

Alveolar sac

170
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Outgrowths from the alveolar sac

171
Q

What is considered the functional unit of the lung?

A

Pulmonary lobule

172
Q

What is an acinus?

A

Round cluster of alveoli, looks like a berry

173
Q

How many alveoli does each lung contain

A

Approx 150mil

174
Q

Where is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Alveoli

175
Q

What allows for passive recoil of alveoli during exhalation?

A

Surrounding elastic fibres

176
Q

What are the skeletal muscles of quiet breathing?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

177
Q

What are the muscles of forced inhalation? 5

A

SCM
Scalenes
Serratus posterior superior
Pectoralis minor
Erector spinae

178
Q

What are the muscles of forced exhalation? 5

A

Transversus thoracis
Serratus posterior inferior
Internal intercostals
External oblique
Transversus abdominis

179
Q

What are some functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion
Motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

180
Q

What do salivary glands release? What does it breakdown?

A

Secrete amylase, breaks down sugar

181
Q

In conjunction with amylase, what allows for antibacterial action in the mouth?

A

Lysozyme

182
Q

Bolus

A

Food mixed with saliva

183
Q

What structures produce saliva?

A

Parotid (25%)
Sublingual (5%)
Submandibular (70%)

184
Q

What structure is inferior to the tongue and separates it?

A

Lingual frenulum

185
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

186
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary phase
Pharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase

187
Q

Where is the esophageal hiatus?

A

Opening in the diaphragm before it connects to the stomach

188
Q

What is the esophagus covered by and what is its purpose?

A

Areolar connective tissue called adventitia, anchors to surrounding tissue

189
Q

Chyme

A

What the bolus is converted into in the stomach

190
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

191
Q

What does the duodenum receive and from where? 2

A

Digestive enzymes from the pancreas
Bile from the liver and gallbladder

192
Q

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

A

Jejunum of the small intestine

193
Q

What is the important function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs fluids and ions, compacts waste and solidifies them

194
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine? 6

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

195
Q

What trunk does the thoracic aorta branch into in the abdomen?

A

Celiac trunk

196
Q

In the abdomen, what does the celiac trunk divide into? 3

A

Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic

197
Q

Below the level of the stomach, what does the thoracic aorta divide into (2)?

A

Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric

198
Q

What are the 2 categories that the veins of the arm and forearm are divided into?

A

Superficial: no corresponding arteries
Deep: corresponding arteries, more valves

199
Q

What are venae comitantes?

A

Smaller arteries that have pairs of veins accompanying them

200
Q

What are 3 examples of venae comitantes?

A

Brachial artery & brachial veins
Radial artery & radial veins
Ulnar artery & ulnar veins

201
Q

Where are the superficial veins of the hand primarily found?

A

Dorsal surface

202
Q

What does the axillary vein become when it surpasses the first rib?

A

Subclavian vein

203
Q

What 2 veins must join to form the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Subclavian and internal jugular vein

204
Q

What 2 veins form the superior vena cava?

A

L and R brachiocephalic veins

205
Q

What veins are a part of the hepatic portal system? 4

A

Gastric veins
Splenic veins
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

206
Q

What are the 2 important superficial veins of the lower extremity?

A

Great saphenous and small saphenous

207
Q

What is the largest blood vessel in the body?

A

Inferior vena cava

208
Q

What forms the inferior vena cava?

A

Common iliac veins

209
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system? 3

A

Immune system
Alternate route for transport of various blood bound substances
Return lymph to venous system

210
Q

Where is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mouth

211
Q

What is the function of rugae found in the stomach?

A

Allows for expansion

212
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine? 6

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

213
Q

Where is the parietal and visceral peritoneum found?

A

Parietal: lines body wall surface
Visceral: lines the internal organs

214
Q

What is the function of the peritoneal fluid?

A

Provides lubrication to prevent friction or irritation

215
Q

What are intraperitoneal organs?

A

Organs in the peritoneal cavity that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum

216
Q

What are 2 examples of intraperitoneal organs?

A

Stomach and liver

217
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Organs that are on the posterior abdominal wall and are only partially covered by peritoneum

218
Q

What are 4 examples of retroperitoneal organs?

A

Kidney, pancreas, ureters, major blood vessels

219
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

Double sheets of peritoneum

220
Q

What are the functions of mesenteries?

A

Support and stabilized GI organs, prevent tangling

221
Q

What are the 3 types of mesenteries?

A

Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
Mesentery proper

222
Q

What does the greater omentum cover?

A

Extends inferiorly like an apron and covers most abdominal organs

223
Q

What is the function of the adipose tissue in the greater omentum?

A

Pads and protects surface of abdomen
Provides insulation to reduce heat loss
Stores lipid reserves

224
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

Peritoneal fold that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

225
Q

What are the major lobes of the liver?

A

Right and left

226
Q

What separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

227
Q

What does the falciform ligament connect?

A

The liver to the anterior abdominal wall

228
Q

Where is the round ligament found?

A

Base of the falciform ligament (remnant of umbilical vein)

229
Q

Superiorly what does the falciform ligament divide into?

A

Coronary ligament

230
Q

What is the name of the triangular surface that the coronary ligament forms?

A

Bare area, lack of peritoneal covering

231
Q

What does the coronary ligament connect?

A

Suspends the liver from the diaphragm

232
Q

Hepatic lobule

A

Unit of the liver

233
Q

What is included in the portal triad?

A

Bile duct
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Branch of hepatic artery

234
Q

What do the bile ductiles form?

A

Bile ducts

235
Q

What do the bile ducts form?

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

236
Q

What are the 3 anatomical sections of the gallbladder?

A

Fundus
Body
Neck

237
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine functions

238
Q

What part of the pancreas performs the endocrine functions?

A

Pancreatic islets (secrete insulin and glucagon)

239
Q

What part of the pancreas performs exocrine functions?

A

Acinar cells (secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum)

240
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system? 7

A

Removing waste
Storage of urine
Excretion of urine
BV regulation
RBC regulation
Ion regulation
Acid-base regulation

241
Q

What are the main components of the urinary system?

A

Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

242
Q

How is the position of the kidneys stabilized?

A

Peritoneum
Adjacent visceral organ
Supporting connective tissue

243
Q

What covers the outer surface of the kidney?

A

Fibrous capsule

Kin 2600 (7 decks)

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