Midterm 1 Flashcards
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
At which level does microscopic anatomy turn into macroscopic anatomy?
Tissue level
List 6 types of anatomy
Embryology
Developmental
Regional
Surface
Systemic
Clinical
What are the 2 cavities within the dorsal cavity?
Cranial and spinal cavity
What are the 3 cavities within the ventral cavity?
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Where are the 3 serous membranes found in the body and what are their function?
Pleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal
- reduce friction
What are the 3 components that make up a serous membrane?
Visceral and parietal wall
Cavity with fluid
What are the 3 germ layers that body tissues are derived from?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What are 3 functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection
Control permeability
Produce secretions
How many layers make up the epidermis?
4 layers, but 5 in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
What is unique about the superficial layer of the epidermis? 3
- multiple layers of dead cells
- enucleated
- large amounts of keratin
What type of epithelia tissue is the deep and superficial dermis layer made of?
Superficial: areolar connective tissue
Deep: irregular connective tissue
What are the 4 functions of bones?
- support and protection
- movement
- hemopoiesis
- storage of minerals
What are the 2 overall ways that bones are classified?
- location
- shape
What are the 7 shapes of bone?
- flat
- sutural
- pneumatized
- long
- irregular
- sesmoid
- short bones
Condyle
Large, smooth, rounded articulating surface
Facet
Small, smooth, shallow articulating surface
Trochlea
Smooth, grooved, pulley-like articular process
What do alveolus, fossa, and sulcus all have in common?
They are depression structures
What is the structural function of a crest?
Provides attachment points for ligament and tendon attachment
Ramus
Angular extension of a bone
Spine
Pointed, slender process
Tubercle
Small, round projection for tendon and ligament attachment
Tuberosity
Large, rough projection
What 3 regions is the axial skeleton divided into?
Skull & associated bones
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
What are the 8 cranial bones?
Occipital
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoids
What are the 14 facial bones?
Maxillae
Palantine bones
Nasal bones
Inferior nasal conchae
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones
Vomer
Mandible
List the divisions and amount of vertebrae in the vertebral column
C: 7
T: 12
L: 5
S: 5
C: 1-4
What are the primary curves in the vertebral column? Why are they primary?
Thoracic and sacral
Present during fetal development
What are the secondary curves in the vertebral column?
Lumbar and cervical curves
Kyphosis
Humpback
Lordosis
Swayback
Characteristics of vertebrae 3
- pads of fibrocartilage
- separates vertebral bodies
- acts as shock absorbers
Main characteristic of C1/Atlas
- no body or spinous process
Characteristics of the sacrum
- supports the vertebral column
- site of attachment b/w axial skeleton and lower appendicular skeleton
- apex is the tapering inferior end which has a facet for coccyx articulation
What is the thoracic cage comprised of?
- sternum
- ribs
- costal cartilage
- 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs
What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cage
- protection for contents of the thoracic cavity
- support and attachment for pectoral girdle and muscles of respiration
List the rib numbers for the true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
True: 1-7
False: 8-10
Floating: 11-12
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle
Upper limbs
Pelvic girdle
Lower limbs
What are the structures of the clavicle that connect the scapula and the manubrium?
Acromion process (scapula) and clavicular notch (manubrium)
Which side do the radius and ulna lie on?
Radius - thumb side
Ulna - pinky side
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Protects viscera
Protects fetus
A: superciliary arch
B: supraorbital notch
C: supraorbital margin
D: frontal bone
A: supraorbital notch
B: frontal air cells
C: orbital surface
D: notch for ethmoid
A: mastoid process
B: styloid process
C: n/a
D: zygomatic process
E: external acoustic meatus
A: internal acoustic meatus
B: Petronius part of temporal bone
C: zygomatic process
A: sphenoid
B: mandibular fossa
C: carotid canal
D: jugular foramen
A: greater wing
B: n/a
C: optic canal
D: superior orbital fissure
E: foramen rotundum
F: foramen ovale
G: foramen spinosum
H: sella turcica
A: foramen rotundum
B: foramen ovale
C: foramen spinosum
D: foramen lacerum
A: sphenoidal sinus
B: orbital surface of greater wing
C: pterygoid process
D: medial plate
E: lateral plate
A: crista galli
B: cribiform plate
C: orbital plate
D: perpendicular plate
A: frontal process
B: infra-orbital foramen
C: body
D: alveolar process
A: maxillary sinus
B: alveolar process
C: palatine bone
D: palatal process
A: perpendicular plate
B: horizontal plate
A: nasal bones
B: zygomatic bones
C: frontal process
D: inferior nasal concha
E: maxillary process
A: zygomatic arch
B: temporal process
C: lacrimal bone
A: head
B: coronoid process
C: mandibular foramen
D: alveolar process
E: body
F: head
G: mandibular notch
H: ramus
I: angle
A: greater horn
B: lesser horn
C: body
A: hammer
B: anvil
C: stirrup
A: frontal bone
B: parietal bone
C: anterior fontanel
D: occipital bone
A: mastoid fontanel
B: sphenoidal fontanel
A: body
B: transverse process
C: spinous process
A: pedicle
A: vertebral arch
B: pedicle
C: transverse foramen
D: lamina
A: intervertebral foramen
A: bifid spinous process
B: transverse foramina
A: Acetabular notch
B: acetabulum
C: obturator foramen
D: ischial spine
E: greater sciatic notch
F: posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
G: gluteal line
H: anterior superior iliac spine
I: anterior inferior iliac spine
J: pubic tubercle
A: iliac fossa
B: accurate line
C: anterior inferior iliac spine
D: anterior superior iliac spine
E: iliac tuberosity
F: auricular surface
G: posterior superior iliac spine
H: posterior inferior iliac spine
I: greater sciatic notch
A: superior pubic ramus
B: pectineal line
C: pubic tubercle
D: pubic symphysis
E: inferior pubic ramus
A: inferior ramus of pubis
B: pubic tubercle
C: superior ramus of pubis
A: greater trochanter
B: lesser trochanter
C: head
D: neck
E: intertrochanteric line
F: shaft
A: linea apera
B: neck
C: greater trochanter
D: lesser trochanter
E: intertrochanteric crest
F: pectineal line
G: gluteal tuberosity
A: lateral epicondyle
B: patellar surface
C: lateral condyle
D: medial epicondyle
E: medial condyle
A: linea apera
B: popliteal surface
C: lateral condyle
D: lateral epicondyle
E: adductor tubercle
F: medial epicondyle
G: medial condyle
H: intercondylar fossa
A: lateral tibial condyle
B: medial tibial condyle
C: tibial tuberosity
D: head of fibula
A: lateral malleolus
B: fibulae notch
C: medial malleolus
D: fibula
E: tibia
A: calcaneus
B: talus
C: cuboid
D: navicular
E: lateral cuneiform
F: medial cuneiform
G: medial cuneiform
A: phalanges
B: metatarsals
C: tarsals
D: calcaneus
E: talus
F: cuboid
G: lateral cuneiform
H: navicular
I: intermediate cuneiform
J: medial cuneiform
K: proximal phalanx
L: middle phalanx
M: distal phalanx
A: longitudinal arch
B: calcaneus
C: talus
D: navicular
E: cuneiform bone
F: metatarsals
G: sustenaculum tali
What is the most mobile joint and least mobile joint?
Glenohumeral and sutural
What are the 2 ways that joints are classified?
Structural (organization)
Functional (ROM)
Synarthoses
Immovable joints
What are the 3 synarthroses joint types?
Suture
Synostosis
Synchondrosis
How are suture joints connected?
Fibrous tissue
How are synostosis joints connected and what is one example?
Fusion of bones
Frontal suture
What type of cartilage is found in synchondrosis joints?
Where are 2 places they are found?
Hyaline cartilage
1st rib and sternum & epiphyseal plates
What is the movement capability of amphiarthroses joints?
Slightly moveable
What are the three specific joint types within the amphiarthroses category?
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
Gomphosis
Between teeth and bone
Syndesmosis
Interosseous ligament (radius and ulna & tibia and fibula)
How are symphysis joints connected? Where are 2 places they are found?
Connected by a fibrocartilage pad
Between pubic bones or between vertebrae
What is the most freely moving classification of joints?
Diarthroses
What are the 4 main components of a diarthrosis joint?
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial membrane
What is the function of the articular cartilage?
Protects and cushions
Assists in sliding
What is the function of the joint capsule?
Provides some stability and limits to ROM
What does the synovial membrane produce and what is its function?
Produces synovia (fluid)
Lubrication, protection, and nutrition
What are the 5 accessory structures of diarthrosis joints?
Cartilage
Fat pads
Ligaments
Tendons
Bursae
What are bursae?
Pockets of synovial fluid
Cushioning
What are the 4 factors that affect ROM and stability of joints (diarthrosis)?
Structures of bone
Strength of joint capsule and ligaments
Surrounding musculature
Menisci
What are 2 injuries that can occur to diarthrosis joints?
Dislocation (luxation)
Subluxation (partial dislocation)
What are the 2 ways that diarthrosis joints are classified?
Shape of the surface
Type of movement permitted
What are the 3 types of motion in diarthrosis joints?
Linear (gliding)
Angular movement
Rotation
What kind of movement is seen in a gliding or plane joint?
Linear movement; side to side & back and forth
What are 3 examples of a gliding or plane joint?
AC joint
Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
What is the motion of a hinge joint?
Angular, uniaxial
What is unique about the shape of hinge joints? What is an example of a hinge joint?
Contains a concave and convex surface
Elbow joint
What type of movement is seen in a pivot joint?
Rotation, uniaxial
What is an example of a pivot joint?
Proximal & distal radioulnar joint
What kind of movement and how many DOF is seen in condyloid (knuckle) joints?
Angular & biaxial
What are 2 examples of condyloid joints?
Metacarpophalangeal
Radiocarpal
Why are saddle joints named as such?
Because it is two saddle shaped surfaces on top of each other
What is an example of a saddle joint?
First carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
What type of movement and how many DOF is the ball-and-socket joint?
Angular; 3 DOF
What are the 2 ways of describing movement?
Moving a bone or region & moving a joint
Pterion
Junction of the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones
What is the significance of the pterion articulation?
Weakest part of the skull, major artery underneath
What is unique about the cartilage found at the temporomandibular joint?
It is covered with fibrocartilage rather than hyaline
How is the temporomandibular joint separated and what does each compartment do?
Separated by fibrocartilage pad
Upper: plane movements
Lower: hinge movements
What ligament reinforces the lower part of the TMJ?
lateral (temporomandibular) ligament
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Diarthrosis condyloid
What movements are seen in the atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion/extension and slight lateral motion
What are the supporting ligaments of the atlanto-occipital joint?
Anterior & posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
What type of joint is the atlantoaxial joint?
Diarthrosis
What are the two types of movement seen in the atlantoaxial joint?
Pivot and plane
What are the supporting ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint?
Anterior and posterior atlantoaxial ligament
What are the two categories of joints found in the intervertebral articulations?
Diarthrosis plane: between facets
Amphiarthroses symphysis: between vertebral bodies
What is the nucleus pulposus and where is it found?
It is a gelatinous core within the intervertebral disc
What are the 5 intervertebral ligaments?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
Laminae in the spine
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Spinous processes
What is the supraspinous ligament continuous with above C7?
Ligamentum nuchae
How are vertebrocostal joints divided and what type of joint are they both?
Costovertebral
Costotransverse
Diarthrosis plane
What does the costovertebral section of the vertebrocostal joint connect?
Head of rib with vertebral body
What does the costotransverse section of the vertebrocostal joint connect?
Tubercle of the rib with transverse processes
What type of joint is the costochondral joint?
Synathrosis synchondrosis
What type of joint is the interchondral joint?
Diarthrosis plane
What is another name for sternocostal
Chondrosternal
What type of joint is the sternocostal articulation between the sternum & cartilage of 1st rib and the sternum & cartilage of ribs 2-7?
1st rib: synarthrosis synchondrosis
2-7: diarthrosis plane
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Diarthrosis saddle
What are the 4 extracapsular ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
Anterior & posterior sternoclavicular lig
Interclavicular lig
Costoclavicular lig
What type of joint is the AC joint?
Diarthrosis plane
What type of joint is the shoulder joint?
Diarthrosis ball-and-socket
What does the stability of the glenohumeral joint depend on?
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Biceps and rotator cuff muscles
Glenoid labrum
What are the 2 joints that make up the elbow joint?
Humeroulnar
Humeroradial
What landmarks are involved in the humeroulnar joint?
Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
What landmarks are involved in the humeroradial joint?
Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
What are the 3 joints that connect the radius and ulna?
Superior radio-ulnar joint: diarthrosis pivot
Middle radio-ulnar joint: amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
Inferior radio-ulnar joint: diarthrosis pivot
What forms the SI joint?
Auricular surface of the sacrum and ilium
What type of joint is the SI joint?
Diarthrosis plane
What are 4 ligaments found to reinforce the SI joint?
Anterior sacroiliac lig
Posterior sacroiliac lig
Sacrospinous lig
Sacrotuberous lig
What 2 ligaments reinforce the pubic symphysis?
Superior & inferior pubic ligaments
What is another name for the hip joint?
Coxal or acetabulofemoral joint
What is one reason why the hip joint is very stable?
It has a large capsule
What is the angle of inclination?
The angle that is formed between the shaft and neck of the femur
What is the difference between coxa vara and coxa valga?
Coxa vara: too small of an angle
Coxa valga: too big of an angle; head of femur too high
What are the 2 classifications of joints that make up the knee joint?
Condyloid (femur and tibia)
Plane (patella on femur)
How are the ligaments of the knee joint classified?
Intrinsic and extrinsic
How is the talocrural joint subdivided?
Tibiotalar articulation
Fibulotalar articulation
What is the movement permitted by the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
What does the long plantar ligament connect?
Calcaneus to the cuboid
Where does the short plantar ligament run?
Calcaneus to the inferior surface of the cuboid
What joints are responsible for inversion and eversion?
Talocalcaneal joint
Transverse tarsal joint
What are the types of connective tissue?
Proper
Supporting
Fluid
What are the two subcategories within connective tissue proper and what types of tissues make up each?
Loose
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
Dense
- irregular
- regular
- elastic
What are the 3 germ layers and a system that arises from each?
Ectoderm: Nervous system
Mesoderm: Muscular system
Endoderm: Endocrine
What germ layer does epithelia arise from?
All 3
What germ layer does connective and muscular tissue arise from?
Mesoderm
What germ layer does nervous tissue arise from?
Ectoderm
What are the 6 characteristics of epithelia tissue
No extracellular matrix b/w cells
Polarity
Attachment to basement membrane
Avascular
Innervation
High regeneration capacity
What are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue?
Physical protection
Control permeability
Produce secretions
What is the least specialized type of loose connective tissue proper?
Areolar tissue
What does dense irregular connective tissue proper form in the body?
Periosteum, perichondrium, joint and organ capsules
What does elastic connective tissue proper form in the body?
Walls of blood vessels
Where are chondrocytes found in the cartilage and what is their purpose?
They are found within the lacuna and they prevent the formation of blood vessels
What is the most common and weakest type of cartilage?
Hyaline
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
Synovial joints
B/w ribs and sternum
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
Epiglottis
Where can fibrous cartilage be found?
Menisci of knee
Pubic symphysis
What is the extracellular matrix of bone made of? 2
Collagen and calcium salts
What is the function of the axial skeleton? 3
Supports and protects organs
Protects special sense organs
Attachment site for muscles
What arch of the foot is most important in shock absorption and is also the highest arch?
The medial longitudinal arch
What makes up the transverse arch of the foot?
The cuneiforms, cuboid, and base of metatarsals
What type of joints are within the synarthrosis category?
Suture
Synostosis
Synchondrosis
What joints are within the amphiarthorsis?
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
Symphysis
What are the joint types within the diarthrosis category?
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid/knuckle
Gliding/plane
What are the 2 movements that the temporomandibular joint perform?
Upper: plane (translational)
Lower: hinge (rotational)
What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Diarthrosis condyloid
What are the two types of joints seen in the spine (intervertebral articulations)?
Diarthrosis plane (b/w facets)
Amphiarthrosis symphysis b/w vertebral bodies
What are the 2 articulations seen in the vertebrocostal joints?
Both diarthrosis
- costovertebral
- costotransverse
What are the 2 joint types that make up the knee joint?
Condyloid: tibiofemoral
Plane: patella on femur
What type of joints are the 3 areas between the tibia and fibula (superior, middle, and inferior)?
Superior: diarthrosis plane
Middle: amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
Inferior: diarthrosis plane
