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Vertebrate Anatomy > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are MSCs?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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2
Q

Where are MSCs produced/located?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What can MSCs differentiate into?

A

Adipocyte (fat), Chondrocyte (cartilage), Osteocyte (bone)

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4
Q

What does ECM stand for?

A

Extra cellular matrix

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5
Q

What is a ECM?

A

Space between the cells

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6
Q

What is included in the ECM?

A

Ground substance (fluid matrix), connective tissue fibres, and connective tissue cells.

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7
Q

What are the functions of the ECM?

A

Structural and nutritional support, and white blood cells chill here and fight off infection

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8
Q

What is the ECM comprised of?

A

15% water, 30% collagen fibres, and 55% mineralized crystal salts (calcium phosphate)

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9
Q

What is calcification?

A

Minerals are deposited into the framework of collagen fibres. They crystalize and tissue hardens.

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10
Q

What does the hardness of bone depend on?

A

Crystalized inorganic salts

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11
Q

What does the flexibility of bone depend on?

A

Depends on organic collagen fibres

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12
Q

What are the four main types of bone cells?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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13
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Stem cells that become osteoblasts

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14
Q

What is growth?

A

Change in mass

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15
Q

What is Remodeling?

A

evolution of material properties without change in mass

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16
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

embryonic time where new tissues and cell differentiation occurs

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17
Q

What is a major difference between living on water vs living on land?

A

Gravity

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18
Q

What are the fundamental differences between having large vs small mass?

A

Smaller sizes give a better surface area to volume ratio meaning metabolic activity is usually quicker. This means there is more demand on smaller sizes (changes within the organism occur more quickly).

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19
Q

What is ontogeny?

A

Development of an individual

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20
Q

What does ontogeny rely on?

A

Primarily genetics, but can change via environmental factors

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21
Q

What allometry?

A

ratio changes of certain structures within the organism (can be either positive or negative)

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22
Q

What is isometry?

A

everything grows at the same rate

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23
Q

What is arithmetical growth mean?

A

Grows constant

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24
Q

What is exponential growth mean?

A

Grows quickly

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25
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

Animals must function to
interact with their
environment and meet
physical demands to be
successful!

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26
Q

What are the three parts of a lever system?

A

effort, load, and fulcrum

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27
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connective tissue connecting muscle to bone

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28
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connective tissue connecting bone to bone

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29
Q

What are joints?

A

Any connection between skeletal elements

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30
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous joints (tight together), cartilaginous joints (more flexibility), and synovial joints (free moving)

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31
Q

Why are synovial joints special?

A

Include slippery cartilage with synovial fluid

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32
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Ball and socket- hip
  2. Pivot- atlas and axis
  3. Hinge- elbow, knee
  4. Saddle-shaped- thumb
  5. Planar or gliding-
    carpal bones
  6. Condyloid- wrist
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33
Q

What do lever ratios tell us about appendages?

A

Short arm produces force, long arm produces speed

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34
Q

What types of stress can occur?

A

Compression, tension, and shear

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35
Q

What are tissue responses to stress?

A

Use, disuse, or mechanical loading history

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36
Q

What is Wolffe’s Law?

A

changes in form and function in bones are followed by changes in internal structure

37
Q

What is masticatory myosin?

A

Carnivores have high bite pressure to aid in meat eating

38
Q

What are the three main regions of the tooth?

A

Crown, neck, and root

39
Q

What are teeth of most vertebrates made of?

A

Dentine and enamel

40
Q

Can age be guessed by teeth?

A

YES!

41
Q

What does acrodont mean?

A

Teeth close to surface of bone (not in sockets) (fish, amphibians, and reptiles)

42
Q

What does pleurodont mean?

A

Long tooth roots with weak attatchment (lizards)

43
Q

What does thecodont mean?

A

Teeth in sockets (mammals and crocodiles)

44
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth for heterodonts?

A

Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

45
Q

What does the tooth formula represent?

A

one side upper and one side lower

46
Q

What is a radicular tooth?

A

Hypsodontal tooth with a true root

47
Q

What is an aradicular tooth?

A

Hypsodontal tooth without a true root

48
Q

What is selenodont?

A

Deer teeth that resemble folds (folds of enamel)

49
Q

What is a hypsodont?

A

High crown teeth seen in horses

50
Q

What is a brachydont?

A

Low crown teeth seen in pigs and humans

51
Q

What is a bunodont?

A

molars of
omnivores low rounded blunt
cusp (bears, pigs, and humans)

52
Q

What is a lophodont?

A

Straight-edge teeth are seen in horses and rodents

53
Q

What is a diastema and what is it used for?

A

big space (manipulate food without stopping eating)

54
Q

What is polyphyodont?

A

Teeth keep getting replaced in life

55
Q

What is a diphyodont?

A

Milk teeth and adult teeth

56
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that form bone matrix

57
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature undivided osteoblasts that help maintain bone tissues

58
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large multinucleated cells used in the erosion of bone

59
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Most prominent (80% of bone) type of bone in the body that forms osteons

60
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

(20% of body) consist of trabeculae. Nutrients and waste are transported via diffusion.

61
Q

What are some vertebrate derived characteristics?

A

Bilateral Symmetry
2. Modified integument
3. Internal metamerism
4. Coelom
5. Highly developed brain in a
skull
6. Sense organs with cephalization
7. Respiratory system
8. Closed circulatory system
9. Excretory system
10. Digestive tract with accessory
organs (liver & pancreas)
4

62
Q

Which group of fish gave rise to early tetrapods?

A

Sarcopterygii (lobbed fin boney fish)

63
Q

What 4 bones are seen in both tetrapod limbs and fins of fish?

A

Humorous, radius, ulna, and digits

64
Q

What organism is a link between fish and amphibians?

A

Tiktalik

65
Q

What are the lungs of lungfish made of?

A

Modified swim bladder

66
Q

Besides tiktalik, what is another transitional fossil found?

A

Acanthostega

67
Q

What adaptations do amphibians have for life on land?

A

Thin skin (no scales), and glands

68
Q

What do amnotes have?

A

Amniotic egg (calcium carbonate)

69
Q

What is a periosteal artery?

A

Supply periosteum and outer portion of
diaphyses

70
Q

What is the nutrient artery?

A

Supply the inner parts of compact bone of
diaphysis and red marrow. Enters bone through nutrient forearm

71
Q

What are Metaphyseal and Epiphyseal
Arteries

A

Supply bone tissue of epiphyses and red
marrow.

72
Q

What are the three types of bone cannals?

A

Nutrient foramina (bone surface), perforating canals (diagonal canals), and central canals (vertical canals)

73
Q

What are the 5 types of bones in the body?

A

Flat, long, short, Irregular, and sesamoid

74
Q

What are the two types of bone development?

A

Intramembranous development (occurs within connective tissue membranes) and endochondral development (cartilage replaced by bone)

75
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

Development of ossification centre, calcification, formation of trabeculae, and development of periosteum

76
Q

What are the three types of intramembranous ossification?

A

Dermal bone (ossification within the dermis), sesamoid bones (form directly within tendons, periosteal bone (surface bones)

77
Q

What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?

A

Interstitial growth = bones get longer
Appositional growth= bones get wider

78
Q

What’s the difference between a stress fracture and a pathological fracture?

A

One has to do with abnormal trauma while the other is due to disease

79
Q

What are the basic components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Paired fins/limbs, pectoral girdle (collar bone), and pelvic girdle (hips)

80
Q

What are dermal fin rays?

A

slender
keratinized rods

81
Q

What are ossified fin rays?

A

ossified
or chondrified series that
strengthen fin

82
Q

What are Pterygiophores

A

enlarged
basals (proximal) and
slender radial (distal)
bones

83
Q

What are the two types of paired fins?

A

archipterygial fin and metapterygial fin (most closely related to limbs)

84
Q

Do agnaths have fins?

A

No

85
Q

Do Chondrichthyes have fins?

A

Fusion of basal
elements across midline
produced pubioischiac
and scapulocoracoid

86
Q

Do ray finned fish have fins?

A

Yes. As well as a pectoral girdle and u shaped clavical

87
Q

Do lobbed fin fish have fins?

A

Large muscles and interclavicle

88
Q

Do tetrapods have fins?

A

No they have limbs! Clavicle now not attached to skull. Illium, ishium, and pubis present to aid in fight against gravity

Vertebrate Anatomy (6 decks)

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