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Conditions > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

most disabling and prevalent illness worldwide

A

major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder

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2
Q

unipolar depression

A

without mood variances

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3
Q

major depressive episode

A

minimum 2 week period of depressed or irritable mood

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4
Q

what does BPD involve

A

some degree of elevated mood and at least 1 major depressive episode

can be substance-induced

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5
Q

bipolar disorder |

A

extreme mood swings, mania, depression

manic behaviors: euphoria, grandiosity, decreased sleep

may present with delusions and hallucinations

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6
Q

bipolar disorder ||

A

history of MDD and at least one hypomanic episode

less intense mood and energy elevation

predominantly depressed mood

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7
Q

cyclothymia

A

chronic but less severe mood disturbance, hypomanic and depressive symptoms

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8
Q

major depressive disorder diagnosis

A

major depressive episode + two weeks of symptoms and impaired functioning

sadness, guilt, irritability, hopelessness, cognitive impairments, etc

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9
Q

bipolar spectrum disorder

A

BPD |
BPD ||
cyclothymia

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10
Q

flight of ideas

A
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11
Q

psychomotor agitation

A
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12
Q

psychosis

A
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13
Q

anhedonia

A
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14
Q

euphoria

A
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15
Q

avolition

A
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16
Q

mood disorders etiology

A

no one knows cause

current hypothesis: biological, genetic, psychosocial factors

exposure to chronic stress

substance use

seasonal changes

childbirth

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17
Q

biological factors of mood disorders etiology

A

abnormal brain functioning impacting sleep, mood, behavior, thinking, appetite

abnormal limbic system and lower cortical thickness

neurotransmitters

altered genes

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18
Q

psychosocial risk factors of mood disorders etiology

A

role of stress in life
traumatic events
chronic work stress

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19
Q

mood disorders incidence and prevalence

A

20% lifetime prevalence

greater than 50% relapse rate

7% 12-month prevalence

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20
Q

MDD incidence and prevalence

A

14.8 million adults per year

more in women

lower socioeconomic status correlation

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21
Q

BPD incidence and prevalence

A

5.7 million adults per year

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22
Q

major depressive disorder signs and symptoms

A

depressed mood
altered sleep
feelings of worthless or guilt
thoughts of death or suicide

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23
Q

childhood symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

acting clingy
overly needy
irritability
behavior problems in school

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24
Q

bipolar disorder signs and symptoms

A

grandiosity
minimal need for sleep
flight of ideas
dangerous or risky behavior
excessive goal-directed activity
distractibility
excessively talkative

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25
Q

onset of MDD

A

mid-late 20s
1/3rd are chronic
symptoms may appear anytime
more common in girls post 13
10% in older adults
co-occurring physical illness or pain increasing suicide

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26
Q

onset of BPD

A

17.5 years old
can occur in childhood/early adolescence
recovery from 1st episode is uncommon
first 2 years high risk of relapse, suicidal bx is higher

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27
Q

prodromal period

A

1-7 years pre onset noted by fluctuations in energy increase and dysregulated mood in BPD

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28
Q

prognosis of BPD

A

60% experience recurrence first 2 years
75% experience recurrence first 5 years
early treatment = better prognosis
high suicide rates
60% attempt suicide once and 5% die

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29
Q

medical management of MDD

A

SSRIs
SNRIs
MAOIs first generation

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30
Q

medical management of BD

A

lithium 1st approved for treatment is most commonly used

anticonvulsant medication

electroconvulsive therapy

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific nerve cells in brain

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31
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A

monoamine and serotonin level increase
neurotropic factors increase
anticonvulsant action increase, increased opioids

convulsive therapy
shock therapy
anesthesia
controlled seizure

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32
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

for treatment resistant depression
noninvasive magnet field
repeated daily or weekly
improved remission rates
fewer cognitive and memory side effects than ECT

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33
Q

mood disorders impact on occupational performance

A

sleeping pattern
healthy diet
grooming
healthy leisure
home maintenance
school performance
employment
peer interactions
isolation
family roles

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34
Q

most severe, complex, and debilitating mental health disorder

A

schizophrenia

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35
Q

can be schizophrenia be cured

A

no only treated

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36
Q

schizophrenia etiology

A

no single cause
current research: genetic predisposition, environmental triggers
brain structure abnormalities
abnormal cortical-subcortical brain connectivity
prenatal complications during development or delivery
prenatal complications
chronic cannabis use

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37
Q

neurological findings of schizophrenia

A

decreased frontal lobe/temporal lobe activity
up to 25% loss of gray matter
enlarged ventricles
decreased size of hippocampus and thalamus

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38
Q

schizophrenia prevalence

A

21 million ppl
2.5 mil US adults
lower economic status
higher in males

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39
Q

brain regulation in schizophrenia

A

impulse control
judgement
affect
social skills
self-awareness of disability

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40
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia

A

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized thinking
grossly disorganized behavior or catatonia
diminished emotional expression
avolition
impoverished speech
anhedonia

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41
Q

delusions of schizophrenia

A

paranoia
referential
somatic
religious
erotomania
grandiose
hallucinations
disorganize thinking

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42
Q

hallucinations or schizophrenia

A

auditory is most common
visual
olfactory, tactile, gustatory less common

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43
Q

disorganize thinking or schizophrenia

A

answers begin to veer off track
unrelated comments or answers
world salad

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44
Q

grossly disorganized behavior or catatonia of schizophrenia

A

unpredictable and socially inappropriate behavior
masturbation
angry outbursts
loss of responsiveness to environmental cues
rigid or bizarre postures
resist moving

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45
Q

cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

abstract reasoning and planning skills affected
language
attention
decreased ability to process visual stimuli
lower IQ

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46
Q

affective symptoms of schizophrenia

A

flat or inappropriate affect
dysphoria

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47
Q

schizophrenia prognosis

A

onset gradual or acut
prodromal phase
premorbid functioning
independent or 24 hour care
majority experience continued relapses
negative and cognitive symptoms may increase
delusions intensity decreased in late middle age
cognitive impairments more commonly persist
12-25 years shorter than average
higher risk of death from car accident

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48
Q

age of onset of schizophrenia

A

16 and 30
early onset for males is childhood/adolescence
adolescence onset is 13 with insidious onset
need symptoms for at least 1 month, clinical signs for 6+ months

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49
Q

medical management of schizophrenia

A

reduce or eliminate symptoms
provide environmental support
antipsychotic medication
atypical antipsychotics
thorazine
first-generation-haldol, prolixin, navane
clozapine
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
elctroconvulsive therapy

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50
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

doesn’t last as long as schizophrenia: less than 6 months
occupational performance deficits may not be present
2/3rds later diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective

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51
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

clinical symptoms or schizophrenia
major depressive, manic, or mixed episode
age of onset in early adulthood usually
bipolar and depressive subtype

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52
Q

delusional disorder

A

1 month of nonbizarre delusion symptoms
variable, chronic, or full remission
auditory or visual hallucinations
ADL limited impairment
jealous or persecutory, angry

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53
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

sudden onset of psychotic symptoms for 1 day to 1 month

can emerge in adolescence or early childhood

return to premorbid functioning

catatonic or disorganized

maybe precipitating trauma

increase risk of suicide

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54
Q

psychotic disorder due to medical condition

A

delusions/hallucinations due to:
epilepsy
brain lesions
huntington’s disease
hepatic or renal disease
lupus
auditory or visual nerve injuries
course can be varied, single or recurrent

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55
Q

substance/medication induced psychotic disorder

A

hallucinations or delusions directly to to drug effects or toxin

onset results from single use or prolonged use

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56
Q

catatonia specifier

A

may be associated with other mental disorder
result of medical condition
unspecified catatonia

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57
Q

other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder

A

some psychotic symptoms and functional impairments but don’t meet full criteria

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58
Q

unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder

A

symptoms do not meet full criteria for any disorder
limited diagnosis

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59
Q

schizophrenia impact on occupational performance

A

life-long effects
parenthood
maintaining career
homelessness and incarceration
substance abuse
managing personal health
grooming
academic performance

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60
Q

fear

A

known danger
physiological response
fight or flight
anxiety can cause fear

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61
Q

anxiety

A

unknown
vague
internal
future oriented
physical response to fear
tachycardia
dyspnea

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62
Q

classification of anxiety disorders

A

DSM V:
anxiety disorders
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
trauma and stress-related disorders

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63
Q

panic disorder

A

sudden attacks of fear or terror
fear of losing control
unexpected intense fear
increased heart rate
sweating
feeling of choking
numbness

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64
Q

phobia

A

irrational fear
avoiding certain objects or situations
exposure=intense fear or anxiety

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65
Q

irrational fears in phobia

A

marked and persistent
object or situation
avoidance
must last for 6+ months

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66
Q

5 types of phobia

A

situational
natural environment
blood-injection injury
animal
other: loud sounds, falling, clowns, etc

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67
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

marked, persistent fear or anxiety regarding being in more social situations

meeting unfamiliar people, conversation, being observed, performing

lasts longer than 6 months

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68
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear or marked anxiety in 2 of 5 of:
use of public transportation
being in an open space or enclosed area
crowd or standing in line
alone outside of home
6+ months

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69
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive worry and anxiety for 6+ months

70
Q

GAD symptoms

A

3 or more of:
on edge
easily fatigues
difficulty concentrating
irritability
muscle of tension
sleep difficulty

71
Q

etiology of GAD

A

biological, genetic, psychosocial
life experiences, psychological traits, genetic factors
chronic exposure/response to stress

72
Q

biological etiology of GAD

A

excessive autonomic reaction
increased sympathetic tone
GABA decreased levels cause CNS hyperactivity
serotonin decrease
increased dopaminergic activity
altered neurocircuitry

73
Q

genetic etiology of GAD

A

half have at least one relative with an anxiety disorder

74
Q

psychosocial etiology of GAD

A

childhood fear of disintegration
behavioral
existential theory

75
Q

GAD prevalence

A

40 mil per year in US
6.8 mil US adults in generalized anxiety
6 mil experience panic disorder, women more common
19 mil have phobias, women more likely

76
Q

symptoms of panic disorder

A

heart pounding
sweating
trembling
short of breath
discomfort
nausea
numbness
depersonalization

77
Q

onset of panic disorder

A

typically early to middle adulthood

78
Q

prognosis of panic disorder

A

increased risk of agoraphobia/depression
chronic with 10-20% continue to display symptoms post treatment

79
Q

onset of phobia

A

females 2:1
1/3 comorbid depression
most common anxiety disorder

80
Q

onset social anxiety disorder

A

childhood/adolescence
parental psychopathology significant factor
onset before other psychiatric conditions

81
Q

onset of GAD

A

age is variable, can occur at childhood
1/3 seek psychiatric help
seek relief from other symptoms
co-morbidities
chronic

82
Q

medical management of anxiety disorders

A

OT
antidepressants: benzodiazepines
cognitive-behavioral interventions
relaxation training
cognitive therapy
exposure therapy
social skills training
cognitive restructuring

83
Q

specific panic disorder interventions

A

IADLs
systemic desensitization
relaxation training
visualization

84
Q

CBT treatments for social anxiety disorder

A

exposure therapy
cognitive restructuring
exposure coupled with cognitive restructuring
social skills training
relaxation training

85
Q

GAD interventions

A

cognitive therapy: rational and cognitive approaches with focus on replacing negative thoughts
lifestyle redesign
education
diet
exercise
expressive activities

86
Q

anxiety disorder impact on occupational performance

A

attention
reduced recall
impaired ability to make association
time management
problem solving
decision making
sleep
temperament
energy
muscle tension
headache
tachycardia and hyperventilation
diarrhea
decreased libido

87
Q

panic disorder impact on occupational performance

A

care for others and pets
child rearing
community mobility
shopping
sleep/rest
education
job
anticipation of next attack

88
Q

social anxiety disorder impact on occupational performance

A

affects participation
communication
low self-esteem

89
Q

delirium

A

disturbance cause by a medical condition or developed during intoxication

disturbance in attention with decreased ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention

change in cognition or the development of perceptual disturbance

disturbance quickly develops

severity of symptoms fluctuate throughout the course

caused by one or more underlying medical conditions

fever can facilitate

90
Q

risk factors of delirium

A

increased severity of physical illness
prescription medications
recovery from hip fractures
AIDS
terminal cancer

91
Q

delirium onset

A

80% critical care patients
80% end of life care patients
60% nursing homes

92
Q

delirium signs and symptoms

A

prodromal: anxiety, sleep disturbance
altered arousal
hallucinations
dysgraphia
constructional apraxia
muscle spasms

93
Q

course of delirium

A

rapid onset
course fluctuates
worsen at night
less than 1 week duration
persist with a causing condition

94
Q

medical management of delirium

A

treat underlying cause
neuroleptic haloperidol
antipsychotics
safe quiet environment
family and friends

95
Q

alzheimer’s etiology

A

no perfect biological marker
MRI

96
Q

characteristics of alzheimers

A

cognitive impairment
neurfibrillary tangles
beta-amyloid plaques
neuronal death
contaminated tau protein
abnormal beta-amyloid plaques

97
Q

onset of alzheimers

A

early: before 65
down’s syndrome
neurotransmitter abnormalities

98
Q

alzheimers prevalence

A

5.3. mil americans
200k ppl less than age 65
higher in women

99
Q

alzheimers risk factors

A

low educational level
history of depression
alcohol abuse
analgesic abuse
long-standing physical inactivity
high waist-to-hip ratio
type 2 diabetes
black or hispanic

100
Q

mild stage alzheimers

A

2-3 years
making mistakes
difficulty following written directions
short-term memory significantly impaired
procedural memory intact
aphasia
circumlocution
visuospatial decline
ridged and irritable
depression
delusional thinking

101
Q

moderate stage alzheimers

A

2-10 years
severe impact on function
can’t problem solve
lower recent and remote memory
place/time disorientation
prosopagnosia
concrete thinking
loses fluent language
impulse verbalizations
loss of depth perception
little social standard awareness
anxiety/depression
hallucinations
nighttime wakefulness
wandering and agitation
disinhibition loss

102
Q

severe stage alzheimers

A

8+ years
fully dependent
only respond to pain, hunger, fear
seriously impaired problem-solving
no recognition of family
one to two word speech
no facial expression
moaning/crying
impaired receptive language
falling
bedbound

103
Q

environmental management for alzheimers

A

reduce size of space
simplify visual/auditory stimuli
provide choices/options
increase familiar and meaningful stimuli
provide redundant cues
increase sensory contrasts
avoid too little and too much stimulation
avoid agitation

104
Q

DICE method

A

describe, investigate, create, evaluate
for alzheimers

105
Q

pick’s complex of frontotemporal NCD

A

Pick’s comlex: primary progressive aphasia
corticobasal degeneration
progressive supranuclear palsy
motor neuron disease

106
Q

most prominent feature of frontotemporal NCD

A

change in character and social conduct

107
Q

symptoms of frontotemporal Non-alzheimer’s neurocognitive disorder

A

behavior and language variant
change in character and social conduct
decline in personal grooming and hygiene
mental rigidity
inflexibility
disinhibition behaviours manifested as hypersexuality, hyperoraility
semantic/agrammatica/logopenic variant

108
Q

which NCD is often mistaken for alzheimers

A

frontotemporal NCD

109
Q

NCD with lewy bodies

A

progressive decline of cognition
hallucinations
motor parkinsonism
alertness
repeated falls
syncope
transient loss of consciousness
rapid eye movement

110
Q

complex trauma etiology

A

multiple exposure to traumatic events
inconsistent or absent protective caregiving
abuse

111
Q

risk factors for complex trauma

A

young or single parents
abuse victims
adults with psychiatric disorders
unrealistic expectations of child development
substance abuse
over fussy infants
children with congenital anomalies
acts of disobedience
low income families
unwanted children

112
Q

complex trauma occurs most often in ____

A

home

113
Q

girls experience more ___, boys experience more ___

A

sexual/emotional abuse and neglect
physical

114
Q

normal relationship
provides safety/protection during stressful situations

A

secure attachment

115
Q

chronic rejection
failure to provide basic emotional/physical support from caregiver

A

avoidant attachment

116
Q

patterns of detachment/neglect to excessive intrusiveness from parents

A

ambivalent attachment

117
Q

repeated exposure to uncontrollable/unpredictable stress
without protective caregiving

A

disorganized attachments

118
Q

ability to distinguish/interpret internal states of arousal

difficulty accurately identifying emotions

result of exposure to inconsistent displays of affect/behavior

alexithymia

children may avoid emotional situations

A

affect regulation

119
Q

difficulty adapting to significant stress
difficulty arousal regulation/modulation
prolonged/extreme emotional tantrums
disturbances in sleeping, eating, elimination
poor impulse control
difficulty understanding consequences
head banging, body rocking, masturbation

A

behavioral regulation

120
Q

number of adverse experiences in first ___ of life increase probability to develop significant health challenges later in life

A

18 years

121
Q

impact of complex trauma

A

bathing
toileting
sexual activity
personal hygiene
sleep
academics

122
Q

common characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
repetitive behaviors

123
Q

obsessions

A

persistent, unwanted, intrusive thoughts
resolved by compulsions

124
Q

compulsions

A

irrational excessive behaviors repeated over and over to control

125
Q

related OCD

A

body dysmorphic disorder
hoarding disorder
hair-pulling disorder
skin-picking disorder

126
Q

severe preoccupation with perceived defect in physical appearance

bodily harm to fix results

mirror checking, rumination, camouflaging

depression

A

body dysmorphic disorder

127
Q

impedes ability to discard unnecessary possessions
creates unsafe clutter in living space
extreme distress by throwing away

A

hoarding disorder

128
Q

trichotillomania
increase sense of tension

A

hair-pulling disorder

129
Q

excoriation
triggered by stress, anxiety, boredom, anger, blemishes

A

skin-picking disorder

130
Q

symptoms of hoarding disorder

A

obsessional fear of losing items of significance
urge to save things
excessive acquisition
disorganization
deficits in attention
symptoms occur early in life and severity increases over time

131
Q

management for OCD

A

CBT
exposure response prevention therapy
pharmacotherapy

132
Q

management for BDD

A

motivational interviewing
discourage from seeking surgery
CBT

133
Q

management for hoarding disorder

A

CBT
motivational enhancement techniques
skills training

134
Q

management for hair-pulling/skin-picking

A

habit reversal training
CBT
medication

135
Q

profound refusal to maintain a normal body weight
distorted body image

mostly in younger white women

A

anorexia nervosa

136
Q

binge eating/purging food to avoid weight gain

mostly females at 10:1

A

builimia nervosa

137
Q

recurring episodes of excessive eating
perceived sense of lack of control over eating

equal between genders

A

binge eating disorder

138
Q

self-injurious behavior
appetite for non-nutritive/food substances

frequent in ASD and prader-willi syndrome
equal across everyone

A

pica

139
Q

regurgitation of recently ingested food to mouth

all ages

A

rumination

140
Q

eating only narrow range of foods
restrict food intake

mostly in youth

A

avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

141
Q

OT interventions for eating disorders

A

CBT
self-help groups
family based therapy
ABA

142
Q

symptoms of alcohol use disorder

A

significant psychological distress
cravings
acquiring, using, recovering
efforts to decrease or stop its use

143
Q

symptoms of alcohol intoxiation

A

aggressive behavior
inappropriate sexual behavior
slurred speech
nystagmus
coma
impaired memory

144
Q

symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

A

sweating
increased pulse rate
hand tremors
nausea
DT’s
anxiety

145
Q

symptoms of caffeine intoxication

A

excitement
insomnia
diuresis
cardiac rhythm changes

146
Q

symptoms of caffeine withdrawal

A

difficulty concentrating
depressed mood
headache

147
Q

symptoms of cannabis

A

pleasure high
dopamine reward system
euphoria/relaxation
delusions
anxiety

148
Q

symptoms of hallucinogens

A

found in plants/mushrooms
hallucinations
increased body temperature
long-term cognitive damage
possible flashbacks

149
Q

most powerful hallucinogen

A

LSD

150
Q

symptoms of inhalants

A

chemical vapors
popular with teens
redness
sores around mouth/nose
dizzy appearance
excess salivation
coma or death
brain damage

151
Q

symptoms of opioids

A

block/reduce pain
drowsiness
death from overdose

152
Q

symptoms of CNS depressants

A

decrease activity in brain
anxiety/sleep disorders
calming effect
addiction

153
Q

symptoms of stimulants

A

increase dopamine
heart attacks
death
risky sexual behaviors
nose bleeds
severe paranoia

154
Q

symptoms of tobacco

A

increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiration
increased dopamine production
cancer/stroke

155
Q

symptoms of gambling

A

attempts to conceal
impulsivity
financial risks
returns after significant losses

156
Q

alcohol prognosis

A

comorbid conduct disorder

157
Q

caffeine prognosis

A

increased sleeplessness

158
Q

cannabis prognosis

A

usage before 15 is risk factor for mental health disorders

159
Q

prognosis of hallucinogens

A

suicide or recovery

160
Q

prognosis of inhalents

A

decrease after adolescence
diminished in early adulthood

161
Q

prognosis of opioids

A

periods of use and remission
relapse common
high mortality rate in long term users

162
Q

prognosis of CNS depressants

A

long-term cognitive difficulties

163
Q

prognosis of stimulants

A

daily, episode, binge use
can be rapid progression

164
Q

prognosis of tobacco

A

over 21 to start smoking is rare
only 5% achieve abstinence

165
Q

prognosis of gambling

A

develops gradually
comorbid mental disorders
periods of heavy gambling to total abstinence

166
Q

age of onset of MDD

A

mid-late 20’s

167
Q

age of onset of bipolar disorder

A

17.5

168
Q

age of onset of schizophrenia

A

16 and 30

169
Q

early onset of schizophrenia

A

childhood
adolescent for males

170
Q

adolescent onset of schizophrenia

A

13

171
Q

common medications to treat mood disorders

A

SSRIs: serotonin
SNRIs: serotonin/norepinephrine
MAOIs: monamine oxidase
lithium: most common

172
Q

neurotransmitters in AD

A

ACh
cholinergic neuron
reduced CAT enzyme
norepinephrine
GABA
glutamate
seratonin
dopamine

Conditions (3 decks)

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